List of Columbiformes by population

This is a list of Columbiformes species by global population. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology.

This list is not comprehensive, as not all Columbiformes have had their populations quantified.

The IOC World Bird List (version 15.1) recognizes 352 species of Columbiformes, 13 of which are extinct.[1] This list follows IUCN classifications for species names and taxonomy. Where IUCN classifications differ from other ornithological authorities, alternative names and taxonomies are noted.

Some members of Columbiformes are extinct:

Species by global population

Common name Binomial name Population Status Trend Notes Image
Purple-winged ground doveClaravis geoffroyi0-49[16]CR[16]?[16]May be extinct. Only one sighting since 2008.[16]
Negros fruit dovePtilinopus arcanus0-49[17]CR[17]?[17]May be extinct. Last and only specimen collected in 1953.[17]
Silvery pigeonColumba argentina1-49[18]CR[18]Decrease[18]May be an underestimate, due to difficulty of identification.[18]
Sulu bleeding-heartGallicolumba menagei1-49[19]CR[19]?[19]May be extinct. Last and only specimens were collected in 1891.[19]
Tooth-billed pigeonDidunculus strigirostris25-75[20]CR[20]Decrease[20]Total population is estimated to be 50-150 individuals.[20]
Mindoro bleeding-heartGallicolumba platenae50-249[21]CR[21]Decrease[21]Total population is estimated to be 70-400 individuals.[21]
Negros bleeding-heartGallicolumba keayi50-249[22]CR[22]Decrease[22]Total population is estimated to be 70-400 individuals.[22]
Black-naped pheasant-pigeon Otidiphaps insularis 50-249[23] CR[23] Decrease[23] IOC taxonomy maintains this species (O. n. insularis) as a subspecies of the pheasant pigeon (O. nobilis).[1]
Marquesan ground dovePampusana rubescens50-249[24]EN[24]Steady[24]
Blue-eyed ground doveColumbina cyanopis70-180[25]CR[25]Decrease[25]Total population is estimated to be 110-260 individuals.[25]
Rapa fruit dovePtilinopus huttoni97-162[26]CR[26]Decrease[26]Total population is estimated to be 145-243 individuals.[26]
Grenada doveLeptotila wellsi136-182[27]CR[27]Decrease[27]
Socorro doveZenaida graysoni150[28]EW[28]N/AValue is an approximate value of individuals in captivity. Not recorded in the wild since 1972. Re-introductions are planned.[28]
Polynesian ground dovePampusana erythroptera150[29]CR[29]Decrease[29]Total population is estimated to be 200 individuals.[29]
Nuku Hiva imperial pigeonDucula galeata200-249[30]EN[30]Increase[30]Total population is estimated to be at least 300 individuals.[30]
Caroline Islands ground dove

(White-fronted ground dove)

Pampusana kubaryi200-500[31]EN[31]Decrease[31]Total population is estimated to be 312-715 individuals.[31]
Santa Cruz ground dovePampusana sanctaecrucis218-1,070[32]EN[32]Decrease[32]Total population is estimated to be 300-1,600 individuals.[32]
Palau ground dovePampusana canifrons250-999[33]EN[33]Decrease[33]Total population is likely lower than 500 individuals.
Tuxtla quail-doveZentrygon carrikeri250-999[34]EN[34]Decrease[34]Total population is estimated to be 350-1,500 individuals.[34]
Chatham Islands pigeon Hemiphaga chathamensis 250-999[35] VU[35] Increase[35]
Pink pigeonNesoenas mayeri250-999[36]VU[36] Steady[36] Total population is estimated to fall approximately between 300-500 individuals.[36]
Makatea fruit dovePtilinopus chalcurus300-1,500[37]VU[37]Steady[37]Best estimate for number of mature individuals is 650-750. Total population is estimated to be approximately 1,000 individuals.[37]
Tawitawi brown dovePhapitreron cinereiceps500-2,500[38]EN[38]Decrease[38]
Polynesian imperial pigeonDucula aurorae570-1,200[39]EN[39]Increase[39]Total population is estimated to be 867-1,677 individuals.[39]
White-fronted quail-dove Geotrygon leucometopia 600-1,700[40] EN[40] Decrease[40] Total population is estimated to be 1,000-2,499 individuals.[40]
Purple quail-dove Geotrygon purpurata 600-1,700[41] EN[41] Decrease[41] Total population is estimated to be 1,000-2,499 individuals.[41]
Blue-headed quail-doveStarnoenas cyanocephala600-1,700[42]EN[42]Decrease[42]Total population is estimated to be 1,000-2,499 individuals.[42]
Timor green pigeonTreron psittaceus660-2,000[43]EN[43]Decrease[43]Total population is estimated to be 1,000-3,000 individuals.[43]
Mindoro imperial pigeonDucula mindorensis800-3,000[44]NT[44]?[44]Estimate is a preliminary and somewhat arbitrary, based on best guess of species density.[44]
Russet-crowned quail-dove Zentrygon goldmani 800-6,400[45] NT[45] Steady[45]
Vanuatu imperial pigeonDucula bakeri800-23,000[46]LC[46]?[46]Best estimate for number of mature individuals in 2,500-23,000. Total population is estimated to be 1,200 - 35,000 individuals.[46]
Raiatea fruit dove Ptilinopus chrysogaster 1,000-2,499[47] EN[47] Decrease[47]
Comoro green pigeon Treron griveaudi 1,000-2,499[48] EN[48] Decrease[48]
New Britain bronzewingHenicophaps foersteri1,000-2,499[49]VU[49]Decrease[49]Total population is estimated to be less than 5,000 individuals.[49]
Rarotonga fruit dove

(Lilac-crowned fruit dove)

 Ptilinopus rarotongensis1,000-2,499[50]NT[50]Steady[50]Total population is estimated to be 560-3,400 individuals.[50]
White-tailed laurel pigeon

(Laurel pigeon)

Columba junoniae1,000-2,500[51]NT[51]?[51]Total population is estimated to be 1,500-3,800 individuals, though this may be an underestimate.[51]
Plain pigeonPatagioenas inornata1,000-4,100[52]NT[52]Decrease[52]Total population is estimated to be 1,500-6,100 individuals.[52]
Chestnut-bellied imperial pigeonDucula brenchleyi1,100-19,999[53]NT[53]Decrease[53]
Spotted imperial pigeonDucula carola1,200-3,200[54]VU[54]Decrease[54]Best estimate for number of mature individuals is 2,000-3,200.[54]
Taiwan green pigeon Treron formosae 1,250-2,000[55] NT[55] Decrease[55]
Wetar ground dovePampusana hoedtii1,500-7,000[56]EN[56]Decrease[56]Total population is estimated to be 2,500-9,999 individuals.[56]
Grey-fronted quail-doveGeotrygon caniceps1,500-7,000[57]VU[57]Decrease[57]Total population is estimated to be 2,500-9,999 individuals.[57]
Comoro olive pigeonColumba pollenii1,500-7,000[58]NT[58]Decrease[58]Total population is estimated to be 2,500-9,999 individuals.[58]
Yellow-legged pigeonColumba pallidiceps2,500-9,999[59]VU[59]Decrease[59]
Pale-capped pigeonColumba punicea2,500-9,999[60]VU[60]Decrease[60]Total population is estimated to be 3,500-15,000 individuals.[60]
Sri Lanka wood pigeonColumba torringtoniae2,500-9,999[61]VU[61]Decrease[61]Total population is estimated to be 3,500-15,000 individuals.[61]
Western crowned pigeonGoura cristata2,500-9,999[62]VU[62]Decrease[62]Total population is estimated to be 3,500-15,000 individuals.[62]
Scheepmaker's crowned pigeonGoura scheepmakeri2,500-9,999[63]VU[63]Decrease[63]The southern crowned pigeon has been split into this species and Sclater's crowned pigeon (G. sclateri).
Ochre-bellied doveLeptotila ochraceiventris2,500-9,999[64]VU[64]Decrease[64]Total population is estimated to be 3,500-15,000 individuals.[64]
Ring-tailed pigeonPatagioenas caribaea2,500-9,999[65]VU[65]Decrease[65]Total population is estimated to be 3,500-15,000 individuals.[65]
Dark-eared brown dove

(Mindanao brown dove)

 Phapitreron brunneiceps2,500-9,999[66]VU[66]Decrease[66]
Carunculated fruit dovePtilinopus granulifrons2,500-9,999[67]VU[67]Decrease[67]
Flores green pigeonTreron floris2,500-9,999[68]VU[68]Decrease[68]Total population is estimated to be 3,500-15,000 individuals.[68]
Pemba green pigeonTreron pembaensis2,500-9,999[69]VU[69]Decrease[69]Total population is estimated to be 3,500-15,000 individuals, but this may be a large overestimate.[69]
Andaman wood pigeon Columba palumboides 2,500-9,999[70] NT[70] Decrease[70]
Enggano imperial pigeon Ducula oenothorax 2,500-9,999[71] NT[71] Steady[71] Total population is estimated to be 3,500-15,000 individuals.[71]
Enggano cuckoo-dove Macropygia cinnamomea 2,500-9,999[72] NT[72] Decrease[72]
Peruvian pigeon

(Maranon pigeon)

 Patagioenas oenops2,500-9,999[73]NT[73]Decrease[73]
Black cuckoo-doveTuracoena modesta2,500-9,999[74]NT[74]Decrease[74]
Grey-green fruit dove Ptilinopus purpuratus 2,500-9,999[75] LC[75] ?[75]
Dark-tailed laurel pigeon

(Bolle's pigeon)

 Columba bollii2,500-10,000[76]LC[76]Increase[76]
Micronesian imperial pigeon Ducula oceanica 2,500-12,200[77] VU[77] Decrease[77] Best estimate for number of mature individuals in 8,000. Total population is estimated to be 3,800-18,200 individuals[77]
São Tomé olive pigeonColumba thomensis2,600-3,700[78]EN[78]Decrease[78]Total population is estimated to be 3,893-5,497 individuals.[78]
Atoll fruit dove Ptilinopus coralensis 2,800-5,600[79] NT[79] Decrease[79] Total population is estimated to be 4,200-8,400 individuals.[79]
Henderson Island fruit dove

(Henderson fruit dove)

 Ptilinopus insularis 3,000-4,000[80] VU[80] Steady[80]
Whistling dovePtilinopus layardi3,000-10,000[81]NT[81]Decrease[81]Total population is estimated to be 5,000-15,000 individuals.[81]

IUCN/BirdLife International give the binomial name Chrysoena viridis.
Silver-capped fruit dove Ptilinopus richardsii 3,300-11,500[82] LC[82] Steady[82] Precautionary estimate.[82]
Pink-bellied imperial pigeon Ducula poliocephala 5,000-15,000[83] NT[83] Decrease[83]
Luzon bleeding-heart Gallicolumba luzonica 5,000-25,000[84] NT[84] Decrease[84]
Cream-bellied fruit dove

(Cream-breasted fruit dove)

 Ptilinopus merrilli 5,000-30,000[85] NT[85] Decrease[85] IUCN/BirdLife International place species in genus Ramphiculus.
Red-naped fruit dovePtilinopus dohertyi5,600-6,000[86]VU[86]Decrease[86]
Mariana fruit dovePtilinopus roseicapilla7,500-12,500[87]NT[87]Decrease[87]Best estimate for number of mature individuals is 10,000. Total population is estimated to be 16,230 individuals.[87]
Timor imperial pigeonDucula cineracea7,500-20,000[88]NT[88]Decrease[88]
Grey imperial pigeonDucula pickeringii7,500-26,500[89]NT[89]Decrease[89]Total population is estimated to be 9,300-33,000 individuals.[89]
Flame-breasted fruit dovePtilinopus marchei8,000-15,000[90]NT[90]Decrease[90]IUCN/BirdLife International place species in genus Ramphiculus.
Mindanao bleeding-heartGallicolumba crinigera>10,000[91]VU[91]Decrease[91]Population has not been formally estimated, but is "likely to exceed 10,000 mature individuals".[91]
Andaman green pigeon Treron chloropterus >10,000[92] NT[92] Decrease[92] Highly uncertain estimate, given unknown impacts of hunting on population.[92]
Madeira laurel pigeon

(Trocaz pigeon)

 Columba trocaz10,000-14,000[93]LC[93]Steady[93]
Sumba green pigeonTreron teysmannii10,000-15,000[94]NT[94]Decrease[94]
Yellow-eyed pigeonColumba eversmanni10,000-19,999[95]VU[95]Decrease[95]Total population is estimated to be 15,000-30,000 individuals.[95]
Large green pigeonTreron capellei10,000-19,999[96]VU[96]Decrease[96]Preliminary estimate.[96]
Finsch's imperial pigeonDucula finschii10,000-19,999[97]NT[97]Decrease[97]Total population is estimated to be 15,000-30,000 individuals.[97]
Victoria crowned pigeonGoura victoria10,000-19,999[98]NT[98]Decrease[98]
Tolima doveLeptotila conoveri10,000-19,999[99]NT[99]Decrease[99]Total population is estimated to be 16,000-44,000 individuals.[99]
White-throated ground dove Pampusana xanthonura 10,000-19,999[100] NT[100] ?[100]
Pied cuckoo-doveReinwardtoena browni10,000-19,999[101]NT[101]Decrease[101]Total population is estimated to be 15,000-30,000 individuals.[101]
Buru green pigeon Treron aromaticus 10,000-19,999[102] NT[102] Decrease[102]
Nilgiri wood pigeonColumba elphinstonii10,000-50,000[103]LC[103]?[103]
Olive-backed quail-dove Leptotrygon veraguensis 20,000-49,999[104] LC[104] Decrease[104]
Chiriquí quail-dove Zentrygon chiriquensis 20,000-49,999[105] LC[105] Decrease[105]
Buff-fronted quail-dove Zentrygon costaricensis 20,000-49,999[106] LC[106] Decrease[106]
Purplish-backed quail-dove Zentrygon lawrencii 20,000-49,999[107] LC[107] Decrease[107]
Buru mountain pigeonGymnophaps mada20,000-50,000[108]LC[108]Steady[108]
São Tomé green pigeonTreron sanctithomae24,670-72,840[109]EN[109]Decrease[109]Total population is estimated to be 37,007-109,255 individuals.[109]
Christmas Island imperial pigeon

(Christmas imperial pigeon)

Ducula whartoni35,000-66,000[110]LC[110]Steady[110]Best estimate for mature individuals is 50,000.[110]
Bridled quail-dove Geotrygon mystacea 36,000-240,000[111] LC[111] Decrease[111] Total population is estimated to be 45,000-300,000 individuals.[111]
Yellowish imperial pigeonDucula subflavescens38,000-249,000[112]NT[112]Decrease[112]Total population is estimated to be 57,000-373,000 individuals.[112]
Brown-backed dove

(Azuero dove)

 Leptotila battyi50,000-99,999[113]VU[113]Decrease[113]
Blue-capped fruit dove Ptilinopus monacha 50,000-99,999[114] LC[114] Decrease[114] Total population is estimated to be 150,000 individuals.[114]
Violaceous quail-dove Geotrygon violacea 50,000-499,999[115] LC[115] Decrease[115]
Grey-chested doveLeptotila cassinii50,000-499,999[116]LC[116]Decrease[116]
Caribbean doveLeptotila jamaicensis50,000-499,999[117]LC[117]Decrease[117]
Grey-headed dove Leptotila plumbeiceps 50,000-499,999[118] LC[118] Decrease[118]
Maroon-chested ground doveParaclaravis mondetoura50,000-499,999[119]LC[119]Decrease[119]
White-faced quail-doveZentrygon albifacies50,000-499,999[120]LC[120]Decrease[120]
Ruddy quail-doveGeotrygon montana50,000-500,000[121]LC[121]Decrease[121]
Short-billed pigeonPatagioenas nigrirostris50,000-500,000[122]LC[122]Decrease[122]
Partridge pigeonGeophaps smithii81,800-145,400[123]LC[123]Decrease[123]Best estimate for number of mature individuals is 116,500. Populations given for two subspecies: G. smithii smithi (108,000) & G. smithii blaauwi (8,500).[123]
Cloven-feathered doveDrepanoptila holosericea100,000-140,000[124]LC[124]Decrease[124]Total population is estimated to be > 140,000 individuals.[124]
New Caledonian imperial pigeon

(Goliath imperial pigeon)

 Ducula goliath100,000-220,000[125]NT[125]Decrease[125]
Red-knobbed imperial pigeonDucula rubricera150,000-750,000[126]LC[126]Decrease[126]Tentative estimate based on assumption that suitable habitat is 25-40% occupied.[126]
Spectacled imperial pigeonDucula perspicillata500,000-999,999[127]LC[127]Decrease[127]
Grey-fronted dove Leptotila rufaxilla 500,000-4,999,999[128] LC[128] Decrease[128] Values given are for total population.[128]
Zenaida doveZenaida aurita500,000-4,999,999[129]LC[129]Steady[129]
Blue ground doveClaravis pretiosa500,000-5,000,000[130]LC[130]Decrease[130]
Plain-breasted ground doveColumbina minuta500,000-5,000,000[131]LC[131]Steady[131]
Scaled pigeonPatagioenas speciosa500,000-5,000,000[132]LC[132]Decrease[132]
White-crowned pigeon Patagioenas leucocephala 550,000[133] NT[133] Decrease[133]
Stock dove Columba oenas 1,700,000-2,860,000[134] LC[134] Increase[134]
Red-billed pigeon Patagioenas flavirostris 2,000,000[135] LC[135] Decrease[135]
Laughing dove Spilopelia senegalensis 2,400,000-8,200,000[136] LC[136] Steady[136] Preliminary estimate extrapolating from European population data.[136]
Inca dove Columbina inca 4,700,000[137] LC[137] Decrease[137]
Ruddy ground dove Columbina talpacoti 5,000,000-50,000,000[138] LC[138] Increase[138]
Pale-vented pigeonPatagioenas cayennensis5,000,000-50,000,000[139]LC[139]Decrease[139]
Ruddy pigeon Patagioenas subvinacea 5,000,000-50,000,000[140] LC[140] Decrease[140]
Northern band-tailed pigeon

(Band-tailed pigeon)

 Patagioenas fasciata 6,100,000[141] LC[141] Increase[141] IUCN/BirdLife International split the band-tailed pigeon into two species, this one and southern band-tailed pigeon (P. albilinea).[142]

IOC taxonomy maintains both within P. fasciata.[1]
Common ground dove Columbina passerina 11,000,000[143] LC[143] Steady[143]
European turtle doveStreptopelia turtur12,800,000 - 47,600,000[144]VU[144]Decrease[144]
White-winged dove Zenaida asiatica 14,000,000[145] LC[145] Increase[145]
White-tipped dove Leptotila verreauxi 20,000,000[146] LC[146] Steady[146]
Eurasian collared doveStreptopelia decaocto40,000,000-75,000,000[147]LC[147]Increase[147]Total population is estimated to be 60-110 million individuals. Includes population in introduced range.[147]
Common wood pigeon Columba palumbus 51,000,000-73,000,000[148] LC[148] Increase[148] Preliminary estimate extrapolating from European population data.[148]
Rock doveColumba livia140,000,000[149]LC[149]?[149]Value given is for total population, which includes feral pigeon populations.[149]
Mourning doveZenaida macroura120,000,000-140,000,000[150]LC[150]Decrease[150]

Species without population estimates

Common name Binomial name Population Status Trend Notes Image
White-naped pheasant-pigeon Otidiphaps aruensis unknown[151] VU[151] Decrease[151] IOC taxonomy maintains this species (O. n. aruensis) as a subspecies of the pheasant pigeon (O. nobilis).[1]
Sclater's crowned pigeon Goura sclaterii unknown[152] NT[152] Decrease[152] The southern crowned pigeon has been split into this species and Scheepmaker's crowned pigeon (G.scheepmakeri).
Grey-naped pheasant-pigeon Otidiphaps cervicalis unknown[153] LC[153] Decrease[153] IOC taxonomy maintains this species (O. n. cervicalis) as a subspecies of the pheasant pigeon (O. nobilis).[1]
Green-naped pheasant-pigeon Otidiphaps nobilis unknown[154] LC[154] Decrease[154] IOC taxonomy maintains this species (O. n. nobilis) as a subspecies of the pheasant pigeon (O. nobilis).[1]
Shy ground dovePampusana stairiunknown[155]LC[155]Decrease[155]Population may be ~10,000 mature individuals, but recent surveys have failed to find numbers to support this; likely lower.[155]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Pigeons – IOC World Bird List". www.worldbirdnames.org. Retrieved 2026-01-17.
  2. ↑ BirdLife International (2023). "Columba versicolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2023 e.T22690218A228153391. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T22690218A228153391.en.
  3. ↑ BirdLife International (2023). "Columba jouyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2023 e.T22690222A228150824. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T22690222A228150824.en.
  4. ↑ BirdLife International (2019). "Ectopistes migratorius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019 e.T22690733A152593137. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22690733A152593137.en.
  5. ↑ BirdLife International (2024). "Nesoenas rodericanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024 e.T22728722A261913120. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22728722A261913120.en.
  6. ↑ BirdLife International (2023). "Caloenas maculata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2023 e.T22734732A228022431.
  7. ↑ del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E., eds. (2023). "Norfolk Ground Dove (Pampusana norfolkensis)". Birds of the World. Ithaca, NY, USA.: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 2026-01-18.
  8. ↑ Forshaw, Joseph (2015). Pigeons and Doves in Australia.
  9. ↑ BirdLife International (2023). "Pampusana ferruginea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2023 e.T22691052A228008609. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T22691052A228008609.en.
  10. ↑ BirdLife International (2023). "Pampusana salamonis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2023 e.T22691056A228004766. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T22691056A228004766.en.
  11. ↑ BirdLife International (2023). "Microgoura meeki". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2023 e.T22691086A228013744. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T22691086A228013744.en.
  12. ↑ BirdLife International (2024). "Raphus cucullatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024 e.T22690059A261916273. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22690059A261916273.en.
  13. ↑ BirdLife International (2024). "Pezophaps solitaria". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024 e.T22690062A261927718. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22690062A261927718.en.
  14. ↑ BirdLife International (2023). "Ptilinopus mercierii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2023 e.T22691495A228024595. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T22691495A228024595.en.
  15. ↑ BirdLife International (2024). "Alectroenas nitidissimus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024 e.T22691601A261969150. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22691601A261969150.en.
  16. 1 2 3 4 BirdLife International (2025). "Paraclaravis geoffroyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2025 e.T22690819A161737866. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22690819A161737866.en.
  17. 1 2 3 4 BirdLife International (2024). "Ptilinopus arcanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024 e.T22691568A216481099. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22691568A216481099.en.
  18. 1 2 3 4 BirdLife International (2019). "Columba argentina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019 e.T22690195A155300126. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22690195A155300126.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  19. 1 2 3 4 BirdLife International (2021). "Gallicolumba menagei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22691005A203927952. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t22691005a203927952.en.
  20. 1 2 3 4 BirdLife International (2025). "Didunculus strigirostris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2025 e.T22691890A266433917. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22691890A266433917.en.
  21. 1 2 3 4 BirdLife International (2018) [amended version of 2016 assessment]. "Gallicolumba platenae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018 e.T22690985A125475425.
  22. 1 2 3 4 BirdLife International (2021). "Gallicolumba keayi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22690988A181469833. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t22690988a181469833.en.
  23. 1 2 3 BirdLife International (2022). "Otidiphaps insularis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022 e.T22726273A216252040.
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  30. 1 2 3 4 BirdLife International (2023). "Ducula galeata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2023 e.T22691674A218092219. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T22691674A218092219.en.
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  35. 1 2 3 BirdLife International (2022). "Hemiphaga chathamensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022 e.T22732918A214005740. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T22732918A214005740.en.
  36. 1 2 3 4 BirdLife International (2021). "Nesoenas mayeri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22690392A179390191. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22690392A179390191.en.
  37. 1 2 3 4 BirdLife International (2022). "Ptilinopus chalcurus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022 e.T22691485A217933799. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T22691485A217933799.en.
  38. 1 2 3 BirdLife International (2025). "Phapitreron cinereiceps". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2025 e.T22691121A269528624. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22691121A269528624.en.
  39. 1 2 3 4 BirdLife International (2017). "Ducula aurorae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017 e.T22691668A118663538. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2017-3.rlts.t22691668a118663538.en.
  40. 1 2 3 4 BirdLife International (2020). "Geotrygon leucometopia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T22729909A178320963. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22729909A178320963.en.
  41. 1 2 3 4 BirdLife International (2020). "Geotrygon purpurata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T22728282A178029202. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22728282A178029202.en.
  42. 1 2 3 4 BirdLife International (2020). "Starnoenas cyanocephala". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T22690970A178419260. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22690970A178419260.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  43. 1 2 3 4 BirdLife International (2021). "Treron psittaceus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22691186A198435213. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22691186A198435213.en.
  44. 1 2 3 4 BirdLife International (2024). "Ducula mindorensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024 e.T22691622A253954493. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22691622A253954493.en.
  45. 1 2 3 BirdLife International (2023). "Zentrygon goldmani". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2023 e.T22690942A182272808. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T22690942A182272808.en.
  46. 1 2 3 4 BirdLife International (2021). "Ducula bakeri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22691749A196239344. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t22691749a196239344.en.
  47. 1 2 3 BirdLife International (2018). "Ptilinopus chrysogaster". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018 e.T60760066A131388042. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2018-2.rlts.t60760066a131388042.en.
  48. 1 2 3 BirdLife International (2021). "Treron griveaudi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22728176A191512211. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t22728176a191512211.en.
  49. 1 2 3 4 BirdLife International (2018). "Henicophaps foersteri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018 e.T22690664A131925883. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22690664A131925883.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  50. 1 2 3 4 BirdLife International (2021). "Ptilinopus rarotongensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22691465A196449443. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t22691465a196449443.en.
  51. 1 2 3 4 BirdLife International (2025). "Columba junoniae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2025 e.T22690122A206819404. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22690122A206819404.en.
  52. 1 2 3 4 BirdLife International (2020). "Patagioenas inornata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T22690312A178305283. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22690312A178305283.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  53. 1 2 3 BirdLife International (2021). "Ducula brenchleyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22691744A196153100. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t22691744a196153100.en.
  54. 1 2 3 4 BirdLife International (2022). "Ducula carola". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022 e.T22691634A219121788. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T22691634A219121788.en.
  55. 1 2 3 BirdLife International (2023). "Treron formosae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2023 e.T22727539A154687344. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T22727539A154687344.en.
  56. 1 2 3 4 BirdLife International (2021). "Alopecoenas hoedtii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22691076A180472915. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22691076A180472915.en.
  57. 1 2 3 4 BirdLife International (2020). "Geotrygon caniceps". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T22729904A178317449. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22729904A178317449.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  58. 1 2 3 4 BirdLife International (2017). "Columba pollenii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017 e.T22690152A118619451. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22690152A118619451.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  59. 1 2 3 BirdLife International (2018). "Columba pallidiceps". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018 e.T22690226A131925376. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22690226A131925376.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  60. 1 2 3 4 BirdLife International (2020). "Columba punicea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T22690191A180939007. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22690191A180939007.en.
  61. 1 2 3 4 BirdLife International (2021). "Columba torringtoniae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22690178A181016348. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t22690178a181016348.en.
  62. 1 2 3 4 BirdLife International (2018). "Goura cristata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018 e.T22691865A131926965. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22691865A131926965.en.
  63. 1 2 3 BirdLife International (2021). "Goura scheepmakeri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T45014473A195859393. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T45014473A195859393.en.
  64. 1 2 3 4 BirdLife International (2020). "Leptotila ochraceiventris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T22690895A178032389. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22690895A178032389.en.
  65. 1 2 3 4 BirdLife International (2020). "Patagioenas caribaea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T22690281A178296493. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22690281A178296493.en.
  66. 1 2 3 BirdLife International (2025). "Phapitreron brunneiceps". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2025 e.T22724523A267400584. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22724523A267400584.en.
  67. 1 2 3 BirdLife International (2023). "Ptilinopus granulifrons". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2023 e.T22691539A227783308. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T22691539A227783308.en.
  68. 1 2 3 4 BirdLife International (2020). "Treron floris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T22691170A177699445. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22691170A177699445.en.
  69. 1 2 3 4 BirdLife International (2022). "Treron pembaensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022 e.T22691236A208408136. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2022-1.rlts.t22691236a208408136.en.
  70. 1 2 3 BirdLife International (2017). "Columba palumboides". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017 e.T22690201A118217922. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2017-3.rlts.t22690201a118217922.en.
  71. 1 2 3 4 BirdLife International (2021). "Ducula oenothorax". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22725573A177351258. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t22725573a177351258.en.
  72. 1 2 3 BirdLife International (2023). "Macropygia cinnamomea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2023 e.T232610475A234980772. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T232610475A234980772.en.
  73. 1 2 3 BirdLife International (2022). "Patagioenas oenops". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022 e.T22690302A208235691. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T22690302A208235691.en.
  74. 1 2 3 BirdLife International (2023). "Turacoena modesta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2023 e.T22690609A177759496. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T22690609A177759496.en.
  75. 1 2 3 BirdLife International (2025). "Ptilinopus purpuratus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2025 e.T60759996A263602418. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T60759996A263602418.en.
  76. 1 2 3 BirdLife International (2025). "Columba bollii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2025 e.T22690117A280992184. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22690117A280992184.en.
  77. 1 2 3 4 BirdLife International (2022). "Ducula oceanica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022 e.T22691663A216253173.
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  79. 1 2 3 4 BirdLife International (2023). "Ptilinopus coralensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2023 e.T22691480A232148521. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T22691480A232148521.en.
  80. 1 2 3 BirdLife International (2022). "Ptilinopus insularis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022 e.T22691490A218345463. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T22691490A218345463.en.
  81. 1 2 3 4 BirdLife International (2023). "Chrysoena viridis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2023 e.T22691581A209525653. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T22691581A209525653.en.
  82. 1 2 3 4 BirdLife International (2019). "Ptilinopus richardsii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019 e.T22691445A157038889. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2019-3.rlts.t22691445a157038889.en.
  83. 1 2 3 BirdLife International (2025). "Ducula poliocephala". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2025 e.T22691611A259765134. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22691611A259765134.en.
  84. 1 2 3 BirdLife International (2024). "Gallicolumba luzonica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024 e.T22690979A223388034. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22690979A223388034.en.
  85. 1 2 3 BirdLife International (2024). "Ramphiculus merrilli". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024 e.T22691322A259498100. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22691322A259498100.en.
  86. 1 2 3 BirdLife International (2024). "Ptilinopus dohertyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024 e.T22691307A227854859. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22691307A227854859.en.
  87. 1 2 3 4 BirdLife International (2022). "Ptilinopus roseicapilla". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022 e.T22691435A210892456. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2022-1.rlts.t22691435a210892456.en.
  88. 1 2 3 BirdLife International (2025). "Ducula cineracea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2025 e.T22691794A224747025. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22691794A224747025.en.
  89. 1 2 3 4 BirdLife International (2025). "Ducula pickeringii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2025 e.T22691710A270007328. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22691710A270007328.en.
  90. 1 2 3 BirdLife International (2025). "Ramphiculus marchei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2025 e.T22691317A228074717. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22691317A228074717.en.
  91. 1 2 3 4 BirdLife International (2023). "Gallicolumba crinigera". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2023 e.T22690991A219164912. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T22690991A219164912.en.
  92. 1 2 3 4 BirdLife International (2021). "Treron chloropterus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22726279A198251435. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22726279A198251435.en.
  93. 1 2 3 BirdLife International (2017). "Columba trocaz". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017 e.T22690112A118618501. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22690112A118618501.en.
  94. 1 2 3 BirdLife International (2022). "Treron teysmannii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022 e.T22691178A219163862. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T22691178A219163862.en.
  95. 1 2 3 4 BirdLife International (2022). "Columba eversmanni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022 e.T22690097A217014626. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T22690097A217014626.en.
  96. 1 2 3 4 BirdLife International (2022). "Treron capellei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022 e.T22691198A217936434. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T22691198A217936434.en.
  97. 1 2 3 4 BirdLife International (2018). "Ducula finschii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018 e.T22691729A131926698. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2018-2.rlts.t22691729a131926698.en.
  98. 1 2 3 BirdLife International (2021). "Goura victoria". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22691874A181555952. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22691874A181555952.en.
  99. 1 2 3 4 BirdLife International (2020). "Leptotila conoveri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T22690898A153948092. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22690898A153948092.en.
  100. 1 2 3 BirdLife International (2023). "Pampusana xanthonura". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2023 e.T22691037A218088160. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T22691037A218088160.en.
  101. 1 2 3 4 BirdLife International (2018). "Reinwardtoena browni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018 e.T22690596A132062362. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22690596A132062362.en.
  102. 1 2 3 BirdLife International (2023). "Treron aromaticus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2023 e.T22726297A185811911. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T22726297A185811911.en.
  103. 1 2 3 BirdLife International (2025). "Columba elphinstonii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2025 e.T22690173A250437157. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22690173A250437157.en.
  104. 1 2 3 BirdLife International (2020). "Leptotrygon veraguensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T22690928A139754965. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22690928A139754965.en.
  105. 1 2 3 BirdLife International (2020). "Zentrygon chiriquensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T22690936A163498569. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22690936A163498569.en.
  106. 1 2 3 BirdLife International (2020). "Zentrygon costaricensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T22690908A163496250. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22690908A163496250.en.
  107. 1 2 3 BirdLife International (2020). "Zentrygon lawrencii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T22728963A163496799. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22728963A163496799.en.
  108. 1 2 3 BirdLife International (2025). "Gymnophaps mada". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2025 e.T45448755A280939277. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T45448755A280939277.en.
  109. 1 2 3 4 BirdLife International (2021). "Treron sanctithomae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22691227A176255708. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t22691227a176255708.en.
  110. 1 2 3 4 BirdLife International (2022). "Ducula whartoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022 e.T22691699A210749243. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2022-1.rlts.t22691699a210749243.en.
  111. 1 2 3 4 BirdLife International (2025). "Geotrygon mystacea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2025 e.T22690958A172359038. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22690958A172359038.en.
  112. 1 2 3 4 BirdLife International (2022). "Ducula subflavescens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022 e.T22691828A216252470.
  113. 1 2 3 BirdLife International (2020). "Leptotila battyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T22690868A178324856. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22690868A178324856.en.
  114. 1 2 3 4 BirdLife International (2023). "Ptilinopus monacha". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2023 e.T22691415A223382607. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T22691415A223382607.en.
  115. 1 2 3 BirdLife International (2020). "Geotrygon violacea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T22690962A163493772. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22690962A163493772.en.
  116. 1 2 3 BirdLife International (2020). "Leptotila cassini". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T22690891A152215408. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22690891A152215408.en.
  117. 1 2 3 BirdLife International (2020). "Leptotila jamaicensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T22690883A163495033. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22690883A163495033.en.
  118. 1 2 3 BirdLife International (2020). "Leptotila plumbeiceps". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T22690862A152216147. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22690862A152216147.en.
  119. 1 2 3 BirdLife International (2020). "Claravis mondetoura". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T22690814A166785651. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22690814A166785651.en.
  120. 1 2 3 BirdLife International (2020). "Zentrygon albifacies". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T22690932A163497522. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22690932A163497522.en.
  121. 1 2 3 BirdLife International (2020). "Geotrygon montana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T22690966A139747376. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22690966A139747376.en.
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