2011 Portuguese legislative election

2011 Portuguese legislative election
5 June 2011
All 230 seats in the Assembly of the Republic
116 seats needed for a majority
Opinion polls
Registered9,624,354 Increase 1.1%
Turnout5,585,054 (58.0%)
Decrease 1.7 pp
  First party Second party Third party
 
Leader Pedro Passos Coelho José Sócrates Paulo Portas
Party PSD PS CDS–PP
Leader since 26 March 2010 26 September 2004 21 April 2007
Leader's seat Vila Real Castelo Branco Aveiro
Last election 81 seats, 29.1% 97 seats, 36.6% 21 seats, 10.4%
Seats won 108 74 24
Seat change Increase 27 Decrease 23 Increase 3
Popular vote 2,159,181 1,566,347 653,888
Percentage 38.7% 28.0% 11.7%
Swing Increase 9.6 pp Decrease 8.6 pp Increase 1.3 pp
  Fourth party Fifth party
 
Leader Jerónimo de Sousa Francisco Louçã
Party PCP BE
Alliance CDU
Leader since 27 November 2004 24 March 1999
Leader's seat Lisbon Lisbon
Last election 15 seats, 7.9% 16 seats, 9.8%
Seats won 16 8
Seat change Increase 1 Decrease 8
Popular vote 441,147 288,923
Percentage 7.9% 5.2%
Swing Steady 0.0 pp Decrease 4.6 pp
Prime Minister before election

José Sócrates
PS

 Prime Minister after election

Pedro Passos Coelho
PSD

The 2011 Portuguese legislative election was held on 5 June, to elect all 230 members of the Assembly of the Republic.[1] Pedro Passos Coelho led the centre-right Social Democratic Party to victory over the Socialist Party, led by incumbent Prime Minister José Sócrates.[2] Despite a low turnout of less than 60 percent of registered voters, the right-wing won a clear mandate, winning nearly 130 MPs, more than 56 percent of the seats, and just over 50 percent of the vote. While the People's Party, continuing the trend they began in 2009, achieving their best score since 1983, the Social Democrats result exceeded opinion poll forecasts. Of the twenty districts of the country, Pedro Passos Coelho's party won seventeen, including Lisbon, Porto, Faro, Portalegre, Castelo Branco, Coimbra, Santarém and the Azores, that tend to favor the Socialist Party.

The defeat of the PS was severe, as they lost in eleven districts and fell below 30 percent of the votes cast, a first since the election of 1991. This heavy defeat led José Sócrates to resign as General Secretary of the party on election night. However, it was not the Socialists' worst result, which dated back to 1987 when they polled 30 points behind the Social Democrats. The Socialists were also beaten in José Sócrates district, Castelo Branco, that he dominated since 1995.

For the left-wing parties, the result was mixed. On one hand, the Left Bloc faced a huge setback, losing half of its MPs and regaining its 2005 numbers, where they obtained however, one more percentage point in a context of greater participation. As a whole, the Portuguese left-wing parties trails by ten points to the right-wing parties, the biggest lead since the absolute majority of the Social Democrat Aníbal Cavaco Silva in the 1990s.

Voter turnout was one of the lowest in Portuguese election history, with just 58 percent of the electorate casting their ballot on election day.

Background

The previous parliamentary election was held in September 2009, and, as such, technically no election was due until September or October 2013. However, the 2009 election resulted in a hung parliament, as the Socialist Party (PS) continued to be the most voted force but lost the majority it previously had in the chamber.[3] A minority government supported by the PS and headed by José Sócrates was formed,[4] relying on negotiations with the opposition parties (namely the major opposition party PSD) to approve the most important and/or controversial bills, such as the State Budgets for 2010 and 2011,[5] at a time of profound fiscal problems and recession.[6] On social issues, same-sex marriages was legalized by Parliament in June 2010. As it was the case in his first term, Sócrates name was involved in a new corruption investigation, Face Oculta,[7] and although he was cleared of any wrongdoing,[8] authorities continued to investigate the then Prime Minister, which ended in the case that would lead to his arrest in 2014.[9]

Fall of the government

In March 2011, when the government had tried to introduce a Stability and Growth Pact without consultation with the president and parliament, opposition parties called for a resolution vote.[10] The vote came over proposed spending cuts and tax hikes that had been demanded by the EU to offer a bailout over Portugal's debt levels amidst the European sovereign debt crisis. PM José Sócrates had previously said that if the measure failed he would not be able to govern anymore.[10] All five opposition parties combined to vote down the measure. With all other parties voting against the government, the Socialist Party was unable to avoid defeat as it only had 97 MPs in the 230-seat parliament. Following the vote in parliament on the evening of 23 March, Sócrates stepped down, reiterating that he could no longer govern the country:[2] "Today every opposition party rejected the measures proposed by the government to prevent that Portugal resort to external aid. The opposition removed from the government the conditions to govern. As a result, I have tendered my resignation to the president." The main opposition party, the Social Democratic Party (PSD), tipped the scales against the government by voting against the package, despite having abstained when voting previous austerity measures, thus allowing them to pass.[11]

Following the vote, European markets read the move as making a possible 50–70 billion euro[12] bailout "inevitable" the day before a European Union summit concerning the debt crisis. German Chancellor Angela Merkel praised Socrates for his "far-reaching" austerity bill in parliament. Portuguese two-year bond yields also increased to the most since 1999 on speculation of possible further credit downgrades.[13][14][15]

President Aníbal Cavaco Silva then met with the various political parties to either resolve the crisis, or dissolve the parliament and call an early election, which, according to the Portuguese Constitution, can be held no sooner than 55 days after the announcement.[16][17] On 1 April, the president set 5 June as the date for an early election, deeming it the only way to create conditions for a new government.[18]

Following the call for an election, Socrates finally did make a request to the EU for a bailout on 6 April as the country's sovereign bond yield hit a record high; Portugal became the third EU state after Greece and Ireland, respectively, to request an EU bailout. Socrates said that "I tried everything but we came to a moment that not taking this decision would bring risks we can't afford. The Social Democrats' Pedro Passos Coelho said that his party would support the aid request; the International Monetary Fund also added that it was ready to support assistance that Portugal requested.[19] Socrates said in a nationwide television address that his caretaker government had formally requested a bailout as it was "inevitable" and that "I tried everything, but in conscience we have reached a moment when not taking this decision would imply risks that the country should not take." His Finance Minister Fernando Teixeira dos Santos also said that Portugal would need the European Union support to avoid defaulting on its debt. In response, the European Commissioner for Economic and Monetary Affairs Olli Rehn said the action was "a responsible move" and that the specific amount of aid money would soon be determined.[20] European Union officials suggested that they hoped a deal would be finalised by the middle of May with an expected bailout of around 80 billion euros.[21]

Leadership changes and challenges

Social Democratic Party

The then PSD leader Manuela Ferreira Leite declined to run for another term, and a new election to elect a new party leader was called for 26 March 2010.[22] Pedro Passos Coelho, second place holder in 2008, won the elections by a landslide.[23] The results were the following:

Ballot: 26 March 2010
Candidate Votes %
Pedro Passos Coelho 31,671 61.2
Paulo Rangel 17,821 34.4
José Pedro Aguiar Branco 1,769 3.4
Castanheira Barros 138 0.3
Blank/Invalid ballots 349 0.7
Turnout 51,748 66.26
Source: Official Results

Socialist Party

Then party leader, and Prime Minister, José Sócrates ran for another term as leader, and faced a challenge from three party members: Jacinto Serrão, Fonseca Ferreira and António Brotas. The ballot was held on 25 and 26 March 2011, just two days after Sócrates announced his resignation following a negative vote on his policy measures in Parliament.[24] Sócrates was re-elected with 92% of the votes, while the other candidates all polled below 4%.[25]

Ballot: 25 and 26 March 2011
Candidate Votes %
José Sócrates 26,713 91.7
Jacinto Serrão 954 3.3
Fonseca Ferreira 728 2.5
António Brotas 257 0.9
Blank/Invalid ballots 489 1.7
Turnout 29,141 89.95
Source:[25]

Electoral system

Official logo of the election.

The Assembly of the Republic has 230 members elected to four-year terms. Governments do not require absolute majority support of the Assembly to hold office, as even if the number of opposers of government is larger than that of the supporters, the number of opposers still needs to be equal or greater than 116 (absolute majority) for both the Government's Programme to be rejected or for a motion of no confidence to be approved.[26]

The number of seats assigned to each district depends on the district magnitude.[27] The use of the d'Hondt method makes for a higher effective threshold than certain other allocation methods such as the Hare quota or Sainte-Laguë method, which are more generous to small parties.[28]

For these elections, and compared with the 2009 elections, the MPs distributed by districts were the following:[29]

DistrictNumber of MPsMap
Lisbon47
Porto39
Braga19
Setúbal17
Aveiro16
Leiria and Santarém10
Viseu, Coimbra(–1) and Faro(+1)9
Madeira and Viana do Castelo6
Azores and Vila Real5
Castelo Branco and Guarda4
Beja, Bragança and Évora3
Portalegre, Europe and Outside Europe2

Parties

As in previous elections, the possibility of a joint PSD/CDS–PP coalition resurfaced, but was again rejected by the Social Democrats (PSD),[30] while CDS–PP showed openness to the idea.[31] The table below lists the parties represented in the Assembly of the Republic during the 11th legislature (2009–2011) and that also partook in the election:

Name Ideology Political position Leader 2009 result
% Seats
PS Socialist Party
Partido Socialista		 Social democracy
Third Way		 Centre-left to Centre José Sócrates 36.6%
97 / 230
PPD/PSD Social Democratic Party
Partido Social Democrata		 Conservatism
Classical liberalism		 Centre-right Pedro Passos Coelho 29.1%
81 / 230
CDS–PP CDS – People's Party
Centro Democrático e Social – Partido Popular		 Christian democracy
Conservatism		 Centre-right
to right-wing		 Paulo Portas 10.4%
21 / 230
BE Left Bloc
Bloco de Esquerda		 Democratic socialism
Anti-capitalism		 Left-wing Francisco Louçã 9.8%
16 / 230
PCP Portuguese Communist Party
Partido Comunista Português		 Communism
Marxism–Leninism		 Far-left Jerónimo de Sousa
7.9%
[a]
13 / 230
PEV Ecologist Party "The Greens"
Partido Ecologista "Os Verdes"		 Eco-socialism
Green politics		 Left-wing Heloísa Apolónia
2 / 230

Concurrent issues

Popular anger arose during the electoral process leading to mass protests in multiple cities around the country.

External influence

EU bailout

In what was read as external interference during the campaign, EU commissioner Olli Rehn said Portugal must make even stronger budget cuts than the measures that failed in parliament, which led to the fall of the government. EU finance ministers said that about 80 billion euros could be available by mid-May should the austerity measures they demanded pass. Rehn also said that the measures would be "a starting point" and that it was "indeed essential in Portugal to reach a cross-party agreement ensuring that such a programme can be adopted [by] May."[32] On 16 May, the EU endorsed a 78-billion euro joint package with the IMF.[33]

Finnish influence

Facing an election of his own, Finnish finance minister Jyrki Katainen said that Portugal's deficit-reduction steps should be even stronger than what was proposed in parliament prior to the election call. "The package must be really strict because otherwise it doesn't make any sense. The package must be harder and more comprehensive than the one the parliament voted against", he said.[34] The surge in popularity of the True Finns prior to the election as also a threat Portugal's bailout.[35] Finland's support for the bailout was important because it would need unanimous support to pass.[36]

Economic outlook

On 5 April, Moody's cut Portugal's debt grade for the second time in a week, citing it as "driven primarily by increased political, budgetary and economic uncertainty, which increased the risk that the government will be unable to achieve [its] ambitious deficit reduction targets." The debt rating was decreased from A3 to Baa1, which was three grades above junk bond status.[37]

IMF bailout

On 20 May, the IMF approved a €26 billion bailout for Portugal as part of joint support mechanisms with the EU. Of the total €6.1 billion would be made available immediately.[33]

Campaign period

Issues

The campaign was completely dominated by the severe economic crisis and the IMF–Eurozone financial bailout, in which tax hikes and austerity measures, privatizations, labor market reforms, plus the need for stability to enact this policies, were center stage.[38] Also during the campaign, an already lengthy corruption investigation into the purchase of submarines, during the tenure of CDS–PP leader Paulo Portas as Minister of Defence in 2004, became a topic of discussion and would remain one in the following years.[39][40][41]

Party slogans

Party or alliance Original slogan English translation Refs
PS "Defender Portugal" "Defending Portugal" [42]
PSD "Está na hora de mudar" "It's time to change" [43]
CDS–PP "Este é o momento" "This is the moment" [44]
BE "Mudar de futuro" "Changing the future" [45]
CDU "Agora CDU" "CDU Now" [46]

Candidates' debates

With parties represented in Parliament

2011 Portuguese legislative election debates
Date Organisers Moderator(s)     P  Present    A  Absent invitee  N  Non-invitee 
PS
Sócrates		 PSD
Passos		 CDS–PP
Portas		 BE
Louçã		 CDU
Jerónimo		 Refs
6 May RTP1 Vítor Gonçalves N N P N P [47]
9 May TVI Júdite de Sousa P N P N N [47]
10 May TVI Júdite de Sousa N P N N P [47]
11 May SIC Clara de Sousa P N N P N [47]
12 May RTP1 Vítor Gonçalves N N N P P [47]
13 May SIC Clara de Sousa N P P N N [47]
16 May SIC Clara de Sousa P N N N P [47]
17 May TVI Júdite de Sousa N P N P N [47]
19 May SIC Clara de Sousa N N P P N [47]
20 May RTP1 Vítor Gonçalves P P N N N [47]
Candidate viewed as "most convincing" in each debate
Date Organisers Polling firm/Link
PS PSD CDS–PP BE CDU Notes
20 May RTP1 UCP–CESOP 33.9 46.4 N/a N/a N/a 12.7% Tie; 7.0% Undecided

With parties not represented in Parliament

A debate between parties not represented in Parliament was also broadcast on RTP1. The debate was marked by protests from the Portuguese Labour Party candidate, José Manuel Coelho, who sported banners and made numerous interruptions that disrupted the debate several times.[48]

2011 Portuguese legislative election debates
Date Organisers Moderator(s)     P  Present    A  Absent invitee  N  Non-invitee   S  Surrogate  
PCTP
Pereira		 MEP
Marques		 PNR
Coelho		 MPT
Graça		 PTP
M. Coelho		 PPM
Estevão		 PAN
Borges		 Refs
19 May RTP1 Sandra Sousa P P P P P P P [49]

Opinion polling

00.10.20.30.40.59/27/20096/8/20102/3/20115/26/2011PSPSDCDS-PPBECDUOpinion polling for the 2011 Portuguese legi...
View source data.

Voter turnout

The table below shows voter turnout throughout election day including voters from Overseas.

Turnout Time
12:00 16:00 19:00
2009 2011 ± 2009 2011 ± 2009 2011 ±
Total 21.29% 20.01% Decrease 1.28 pp 43.30% 41.98% Decrease 1.32 pp 59.68% 58.03% Decrease 1.65 pp
Sources[50][51]

Results

Anti-incumbency led to the defeat of the ruling party, even more than polls predicted. Pedro Passos Coelho of the Social Democratic Party was the Prime Minister-designate.

National summary

PartyVotes%+/–Seats+/–
Social Democratic Party2,159,18138.66+9.55108+27
Socialist Party1,566,34728.05–8.5174–23
CDS – People's Party653,88811.71+1.2824+3
Unitary Democratic Coalition[b]441,1477.90+0.0416+1
Left Bloc288,9235.17–4.648–8
Portuguese Workers' Communist Party62,6101.12+0.1900
Party for Animals and Nature57,9951.04New0New
Earth Party22,7050.41+0.1900
Hope for Portugal Movement21,9420.39–0.0700
National Renovator Party17,5480.31+0.1100
Portuguese Labour Party16,8950.30+0.2100
People's Monarchist Party14,6870.26–0.0100
New Democracy Party11,8060.21–0.1800
Portugal Pro-Life Party8,2090.15–0.0000
Workers' Party of Socialist Unity4,5720.08+0.0000
Democratic Party of the Atlantic4,5690.08New0New
Humanist Party3,5880.06—0—
Total5,356,612100.00–2300
Valid votes5,356,61295.92–0.98
Invalid votes79,3991.42+0.07
Blank votes148,6182.66+0.92
Total votes5,584,629100.00–
Registered voters/turnout9,624,35458.03–1.65
Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições
Vote share
PSD
 
 38.66%
PS
 
 28.05%
CDS-PP
 
 11.71%
CDU
 
 7.90%
BE
 
 5.17%
PCTP/MRPP
 
 1.12%
PAN
 
 1.04%
Others
 
 2.27%
Blank/Invalid
 
 4.08%
Parliamentary seats
PSD
 
 46.96%
PS
 
 32.17%
CDS-PP
 
 10.43%
CDU
 
 6.96%
BE
 
 3.48%

Distribution by constituency

Results of the 2011 election of the Portuguese Assembly of the Republic
by constituency
Constituency%S%S%S%S%S Total
S
PSD PS CDS–PP CDU BE
Azores 47.2 3 25.7 2 12.1 - 2.5 - 4.4 - 5
Aveiro 44.5 8 25.9 5 12.9 2 4.1 - 5.0 1 16
Beja 23.7 1 29.8 1 7.3 - 25.4 1 5.2 - 3
Braga 40.1 9 32.9 7 10.4 2 4.9 1 4.2 - 19
Bragança 52.1 2 26.1 1 11.1 - 2.6 - 2.3 - 3
Castelo Branco 37.9 2 34.8 2 9.6 - 4.9 - 4.2 - 4
Coimbra 40.1 5 29.2 3 9.9 1 6.2 - 5.8 - 9
Évora 27.6 1 29.0 1 8.7 - 22.0 1 4.9 - 3
Faro 37.0 4 23.0 2 12.7 1 8.6 1 8.2 1 9
Guarda 46.3 3 28.3 1 11.2 - 3.6 - 3.4 - 4
Leiria 47.0 6 20.7 3 12.8 1 5.0 - 5.4 - 10
Lisbon 34.1 18 27.5 14 13.8 7 9.6 5 5.7 3 47
Madeira 49.4 4 14.7 1 13.7 1 3.7 - 4.0 - 6
Portalegre 32.5 1 32.4 1 10.2 - 12.8 - 4.5 - 2
Porto 39.2 17 32.0 14 10.0 4 6.2 2 5.1 2 39
Santarém 37.7 5 25.9 3 12.3 1 9.0 1 5.8 - 10
Setúbal 25.2 5 26.9 5 12.1 2 19.6 4 7.1 1 17
Viana do Castelo 43.6 3 26.2 2 13.4 1 4.9 - 4.4 - 6
Vila Real 51.4 3 29.1 2 8.7 - 3.1 - 2.3 - 5
Viseu 48.4 5 26.7 3 12.4 1 2.9 - 2.9 - 9
Europe 29.2 1 39.6 1 5.5 - 4.4 - 3.3 - 2
Outside Europe 55.1 2 18.0 - 4.1 - 0.8 - 1.1 - 2
Total 38.7 108 28.1 74 11.7 24 7.9 16 5.2 8 230
Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições

Maps

Aftermath

Government formation

On 6 June 2011, President Aníbal Cavaco Silva called on Pedro Passos Coelho to form a government with "majority support in parliament" and asked for urgency in its formation.[52] Given the election results and the impossibility of forming a majority government with the parliamentary support of a single party, the Social Democratic Party (PSD), led by Pedro Passos Coelho, signed, on 16 June 2011, an agreement to form a coalition government with the CDS – People's Party, led by Paulo Portas.[53] The XIX Constitutional Government took office on 21 June 2011.[54]

2013 political crisis

On 3 July 2013, secretary of state for treasury Maria Luís Albuquerque replaced Vítor Gaspar as the finance minister. As a result, CDS–PP leader, and foreign affairs minister, Paulo Portas created a politcal crisis by tendering his "irrevocable" resignation from the government, citing that the change in the finance ministry would offer "mere continuity", regarding austerity measures for deficit reduction plans.[55] Following this announcement, Passos Coelho refused to accept Portas' resignation or to resign from his position himself,[56] adding: "I will try to clarify and guarantee, together with the CDS, all the conditions for governmental stability and to continue the strategy of overcoming the national crisis." Furthermore, he said that the government had a "tight-knit majority in Parliament to support it" and that the coalition agreement indicated that it was "essential to change the troika's memorandum through renegotiation to find a payment method that does not hinder the country's economic growth."[57] A few days later, both men reached a deal in which Portas would become deputy prime minister,[58] however, this deal was rejected by President Cavaco Silva, who attempted to push for the formation of a national unity government with the Socialists.[59] Nevertheless, talks between the major parties collapsed and Cavaco Silva was forced to accept the original deal between Passos and Portas.[60] In the meantime, a motion of no confidence against the government, called by Green party, was rejected on 18 July 2013.[61]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The Portuguese Communist Party (PCP) and the Ecologist Party "The Greens" (PEV) contested the 2009 election in a coalition called Unitary Democratic Coalition (CDU) and won a combined 7.9% of the vote and elected 15 MPs to parliament.
  2. ↑ Portuguese Communist Party (14 MPs) and "The Greens" (2 MPs).

References

  1. ↑ Taylor, Simon. "Portugal to hold election on 5 June". Europeanvoice.com. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
  2. 1 2 "Portugal PM quits after losing austerity vote", Al Jazeera, 23 March 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2011.
  3. ↑ "PS vence sem maioria absoluta". Público (in Portuguese). Lisbon. 27 September 2009. Retrieved 15 August 2026.
  4. ↑ "Novo Executivo de José Sócrates tomou posse". RTP (in Portuguese). Lisbon. 26 October 2009. Retrieved 15 August 2026.
  5. ↑ "Orçamento negociado à direita e contestado à esquerda". RTP (in Portuguese). Lisbon. 21 October 2010. Retrieved 15 August 2026.
  6. ↑ "Austeridade gera recessão e obriga a medidas adicionais de mil milhões". Público (in Portuguese). Lisbon. 27 December 2010. Retrieved 15 August 2026.
  7. ↑ "Face Oculta: Sócrates classifica notícias como "jornalismo de buraco de fechadura"". RTP. 6 February 2010. Retrieved 13 September 2024.
  8. ↑ "Despacho do PGR". RTP. 19 February 2010. Retrieved 13 September 2024.
  9. ↑ "Investigação Marquês: corrupção de Sócrates vem de longe". Expresso. 6 April 2007. Retrieved 13 September 2024.
  10. 1 2 Fontevecchia, Agustino (23 March 2011). "Portuguese Parliament Rejects Austerity Plan, PM Socrates Resigns". Forbes. Retrieved 24 May 2011.
  11. ↑ "Portugal PM quits after losing austerity vote - Europe". Al Jazeera English. 23 March 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
  12. ↑ Neuger, James; Lima, Joao; "Portugal Is Said to Require as Much as $99 Billion in Any European Bailout", Bloomberg, 25 March 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2011
  13. ↑ Lima, Joao; Reis, Anabela; "Portugal Pushed Closer to EU Bailout After Socrates Budget Cuts Defeated", Bloomberg, 24 March 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2011.
  14. ↑ Kansas, Dave; "Portugal's Government Falls on Budget Dispute, Stocks Rise", The Wall Street Journal, 24 March 2011, accessed 24 March 2011.
  15. ↑ Campos, Rodrigo; "GLOBAL MARKETS-World shares jump; euro up on Portugal optimism", Reuters, 24 March 2011. Accessed 24 March 2011.
  16. ↑ Tremlett, Giles; "Portugal in crisis after prime minister resigns over austerity measures", The Guardian, 23 March 2011. Accessed 24 March 2011.
  17. ↑ Lewis, Jeffrey T.; MacDonald, Alex; Kowsmann, Patricia; "Portuguese Leaders Scramble to Avoid Bailout", WSJ, 25 March 2011. Accessed 1 April 2011.
  18. ↑ Kowsmann, Patricia; MacDonald, Alex; "Portugal Sets Vote as Crisis Deepens", WSJ, 1 April 2011. Accessed 1 April 2011.
  19. ↑ Lima, Joao (7 April 2011). "Portugal Set to Start Talks on $107 Billion Bailout as Spain Threat Eases". Bloomberg. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
  20. ↑ "Portugal asks EU for bailout - Europe". Al Jazeera English. 6 April 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
  21. ↑ "Finnish election results may spark euro jitters". MarketWatch. 17 April 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
  22. ↑ "Militantes do PSD escolhem 18º líder, sucessor de Ferreira Leite ", SIC Notícias, 26 March 2010. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  23. ↑ "Passos Coelho, novo líder do PSD, convida Rangel e Aguiar-Branco para órgãos nacionais ", SIC Notícias, 27 March 2010. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  24. ↑ "Sócrates reeleito líder do PS com 93.3% dos votos". Expresso (in Portuguese). 27 March 2011. Retrieved 3 March 2026.
  25. 1 2 "José Sócrates reeleito líder do PS com 93,3% dos votos". Público (in Portuguese). 27 March 2011. Retrieved 3 March 2026.
  26. ↑ "Constitution of the Portuguese Republic" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
  27. ↑ "Effective threshold in electoral systems". Trinity College, Dublin. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
  28. ↑ Gallaher, Michael (1992). "Comparing Proportional Representation Electoral Systems: Quotas, Thresholds, Paradoxes and Majorities"
  29. ↑ "Mapa Oficial n.º 4/2011" (PDF). CNE - Comissão Nacional de Eleições - Mapa Oficial nº 4/2011, publicado no DR, 1.ª Série - nº 71 - de 11 de Abril de 2011. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
  30. ↑ "PSD rejeita coligação pré-eleitoral". Correio da Manhã. 29 March 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2026.
  31. ↑ "Portas aspira a formar "movimento político" com o PSD". RTP. 26 January 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2026.
  32. ↑ Neuger, James G. (9 April 2011). "Portugal Told to Make Deeper Deficit Cuts to Gain $116 Billion EU Bailout". Bloomberg. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
  33. 1 2 Rastello, Sandrine (20 May 2011). "IMF Board Approves $36.8 Billion Loan to Portugal". Bloomberg.
  34. ↑ "Portugal to Face Strict EU Aid Terms Amid Political Storm". Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
  35. ↑ Moen, Arild (14 April 2011). "'True Finns' Threaten EU Bailout Plans - The Source - WSJ". Blogs.wsj.com. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
  36. ↑ "Finnish Nationalists Challenge EU Bailouts in Election that has Europe on Edge". The Washington Post.
  37. ↑ "Credit agency raises pressure on Portugal - Business". Al Jazeera English. 5 April 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
  38. ↑ "Legislativas 2011: campanha na estrada - CNN Portugal - IOL". CNN Portugal (in Portuguese). 22 May 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2026.
  39. ↑ "Submarinos: Ministério Público não esclarece se Portas está a ser investigado invocando segredo de justiça". Público (in Portuguese). 18 March 2011. Retrieved 27 July 2026.
  40. ↑ "Eleições: Portas diz que submarinos "emergem" nas eleições e desvaloriza prolongamento do segredo de justiça". Visão (in Portuguese). 28 May 2011. Retrieved 27 July 2026.
  41. ↑ "As 16 verdades de Portas sobre os submarinos". Observador (in Portuguese). 17 September 2014. Retrieved 27 July 2026.
  42. ↑ "ELEIÇÕES LEGISLATIVAS DE 2011 – PS". EPHEMERA (in Portuguese). Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  43. ↑ "ELEIÇÕES LEGISLATIVAS DE 2011 – PSD". EPHEMERA (in Portuguese). Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  44. ↑ "ELEIÇÕES LEGISLATIVAS DE 2011 – CDS". EPHEMERA (in Portuguese). Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  45. ↑ "ELEIÇÕES LEGISLATIVAS DE 2011 – BE". EPHEMERA (in Portuguese). Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  46. ↑ "ELEIÇÕES LEGISLATIVAS DE 2011 – CDU". EPHEMERA (in Portuguese). Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  47. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Calendário dos debates televisivos para as legislativas". Diário de Notícias (in Portuguese). 6 May 2011. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  48. ↑ "Debate entre pequenos partidos marcado por incidente". Diário de Notícias (in Portuguese). 19 May 2011. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
  49. ↑ "Debate "quente" entre os representantes dos pequenos partidos". Rádio TSF (in Portuguese). 19 May 2011. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
  50. ↑ "Legislativas 2011 - Afluência". eleicoes.mai.gov.pt/legislativas2011/index.html (in Portuguese). Ministry of Internal Administration. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
  51. ↑ "Legislativas 2009 - Afluência". eleicoes.mai.gov.pt/legislativas2009/index.html (in Portuguese). Ministry of Internal Administration. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
  52. ↑ "Cavaco dá luz verde para Passos formar Governo". Público. 6 June 2011. Retrieved 17 August 2026.
  53. ↑ "Novo Governo: Acordo entre PSD e CDS-PP inclui consulta mútua relativamente às autárquicas de 2013 (ATUALIZADA)". SIC Notícias. 16 June 2011. Retrieved 17 August 2026.
  54. ↑ "Governo de Passos Coelho já tomou posse" (in Portuguese). Público. 21 June 2011. Retrieved 17 August 2026.
  55. ↑ "Paulo Portas afirma que a decisão de se demitir é irrevogável". RTP (in Portuguese). Lisbon. Retrieved 17 August 2026.
  56. ↑ "Passos não se demite, nem aceitou ainda a demissão de Portas". Público (in Portuguese). Lisbon. 3 July 2013. Retrieved 17 August 2026.
  57. ↑ Reis, Anabela; Lima, Joao (3 July 2013). "Portugal's Coalition Splinters on Austerity Fatigue". Bloomberg.
  58. ↑ "Portas é vice-primeiro-ministro com coordenação económica, troika e reforma do Estado". Público (in Portuguese). Lisbon. 6 July 2013. Retrieved 17 August 2026.
  59. ↑ "Cavaco quer conclusão das negociações entre partidos "num prazo muito curto" (act)". Jornal de Negócios (in Portuguese). Lisbon. 12 July 2013. Retrieved 17 August 2026.
  60. ↑ "Cavaco aceita Governo remodelado com Portas em vice-primeiro-ministro". RTP (in Portuguese). Lisbon. 23 July 2013. Retrieved 17 August 2026.
  61. ↑ "Chumbada moção de censura d'Os Verdes ao Governo". 18 July 2013. Retrieved 17 August 2026.
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