1976 Portuguese legislative election

1976 Portuguese legislative election
25 April 1976
All 263 seats in the Assembly of the Republic
132 seats needed for a majority
Registered6,564,667 Increase 5.4%
Turnout5,483,461 (83.5%)
Decrease 8.2 pp
  First party Second party Third party
 
Leader Mário Soares Francisco Sá Carneiro Diogo Freitas do Amaral
Party PS PPD CDS
Leader since 19 April 1973 6 May 1974 19 July 1974
Leader's seat Lisbon Porto Lisbon
Last election 116 seats, 37.9% 81 seats, 26.4% 16 seats, 7.6%
Seats won 107 73 42
Seat change Decrease 9 Decrease 8 Increase 26
Popular vote 1,912,921 1,335,381 876,007
Percentage 34.9% 24.4% 16.0%
Swing Decrease 3.0 pp Decrease 2.0 pp Increase 8.4 pp
  Fourth party Fifth party
 
Leader Álvaro Cunhal Acácio Barreiros
Party PCP UDP
Leader since 31 March 1961 1976
Leader's seat Lisbon Lisbon
Last election 30 seats, 12.5% 1 seat, 0.8%
Seats won 40 1
Seat change Increase 10 Steady 0
Popular vote 788,830 91,690
Percentage 14.4% 1.7%
Swing Increase 1.9 pp Increase 0.9 pp
Prime Minister before election

Vasco de Almeida e Costa (interim)
Independent

 Prime Minister after election

Mário Soares
PS

The 1976 Portuguese legislative election was held on Sunday 25 April, exactly one year after the previous election, and two years after the Carnation Revolution. With a new Constitution approved, the country's main aim was economic recovery and strengthening its democratic institutions. The election renewed all 263 members of the Assembly of the Republic.

The Socialist Party came in first place with a plurality of votes and seats, almost 35 percent and 107 seats, despite losing some ground compared to the previous year, and its leader, Mário Soares, became prime minister of the first constitutional government, a minority one, on 23 July 1976. However, its minority status, coupled with the country's fragile economic and social situation, led to deadlocks in parliament, later forcing a short-lived and unsuccessful coalition with the CDS, a right-wing party.[1]

The Social Democratic Party (then known as the Democratic People's Party, PPD) obtained the second most votes and seats, 24 percent and 73 seats, but trailed the PS by 10 percentage points and also lost ground compared to the previous year's election. The Portuguese Communist Party (PCP) made some gains that reflected its influence mainly in the south of the country, gaining 14% of the seats and 40 seats. The big surprise in the election was the strong showing of the Democratic and Social Center (CDS), which polled ahead of PCP and gathered 16 percent of the votes and 42 seats. Only 19 years later, in 1995, would the CDS again surpass the PCP in number of votes. The Popular Democratic Union (UDP) was able to hold on to its sole seat.

Voter turnout fell to 83.5 percent, compared with the 91.7 percent just a year before.

Background

Ongoing Revolutionary Process

Vasco Gonçalves speaking during his term as Prime Minister.

The previous election, held on 25 April 1975, elected a constituent assembly to write a new Constitution. The election results gave the two main moderate parties (PS and PPD) a clear majority in Parliament, with almost 38 percent for the PS and more than 26 percent for the PPD. The PCP achieved a weak result, just 12.5 percent, while CDS polled ahead of MDP/CDE.[2] The election results started a conflict of legitimacy between parties, the Armed Forces Movement and the Revolutionary Council.[3] The Ongoing Revolutionary Process was in full swing, which culminated in the Hot Summer of 1975.[4][5]

On 1 May 1975, the PS and the PCP held separate rallies and some violent clashes occurred between their supporters.[6] A few days later, in what was called "the República case", far-left supporters invaded the headquarters of República newspaper. The reason was a strike by typographers and other workers, many close to the far-left UDP, accusing the editorial board of being too aligned with the PS.[7] The case drew widespread international attention, and the PS started a full blown attack against the Communists and prime minister Vasco Gonçalves' government.[8]

Positions become extreme as Vasco Gonçalves led the Ongoing Revolutionary Process, facing big opposition from the so-called "reactionaries" (the Catholic Church, groups close to the former Estado Novo regime and, unofficially, from the PS, PPD and CDS), by imposing his democratic socialism policies, mainly the nationalization of huge parts of the Portuguese economy.[9]

Hot Summer of 1975

Mural about Gonçalves during 1975.

By the beginning of the summer of 1975, the country was deeply divided, and the so-called "Hot summer of 1975" was starting.[5] During this period, huge clashes between left and right supporters spread all across the country, some with great violence,[10] and the possibility of the country entering in a full blown civil war was feared by many.[11] On 19 July 1975, the PS held a massive rally in Lisbon, with the help of the Catholic Church and others, against the PCP and Vasco Gonçalves' government, with party leader Mário Soares accusing the Gonçalves government, and those who support it, of being "paranoids", "demented" and "irresponsibles who do not represent the Portuguese people".[12]

During the summer of 1975, headquarters of the PCP, and other left-wing parties, in many cities in the North and Center of the country were vandalized and destroyed, with many leftwing supporters being also violently beaten by anti-left protesters.[13] The violence and increased tensions across the country were damaging Vasco Gonçalves leadership in the government, and divisions between the Armed Forces Movement and the Revolutionary Council started to appear.[14] When COPCON commander, Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho, withdrew his support from Gonçalves, the government was on its last days,[15] and, on 20 September, Gonçalves leaves the government with Pinheiro de Azevedo being nominated as the new prime minister.[16] Shortly after, on 26 September, the assault of the Spanish embassy in Lisbon by far-left supporters, in retaliation to the attacks on left-wing parties headquarters in the North and Center, drew widespread attention as it was broadcast by US network CBS.[17] By this time, thousands of Portuguese citizens from the African colonies, up to 600,000 and called returnees, were arriving at Portugal, facing discrimination and some difficulties adapting to the country,[18] with the Democratic Social Center (CDS) becoming a leading voice in support for the returnees.[19]

25 November Coup and normalization

1975 mural referent to the 25 of April.

The new government was unable to control tensions in the country and, in mid-November, made the extraordinary announcement that it would go on strike because it was impossible to govern the country.[20] Just before this announcement, construction workers unions laid siege to Parliament and blocked MPs from leaving the building for two days.[21]

All of this came to a head in the events of the coup of 25 November 1975.[22] The coup was a failed attempt by left-wing activists who hoped to hijack the Portuguese transition to democracy in favor of the Communists, and shortly after a counter-coup led by general Ramalho Eanes, a pro-democracy moderate, re-established the democratic process.[23]

By early 1976, the Constituent Assembly finally drafted the text of the Constitution, which was sent for approval in April.[24] The Constitution draft was heavily ideological, with many left-wing references and establishing "the transition to socialism".[25] On 2 April 1976, the new Constitution was approved with the votes of all parties with the exception of CDS, which voted against citing the ideological content of the document,[26] however the party agreed to abide by it in the interim.[27]

Electoral system

The Assembly of the Republic has 263 members elected to four-year terms. The total number of MPs increased to 263 from the 1975 total of 250 MPs. Governments do not require absolute majority support of the Assembly to hold office, as even if the number of opposers of government is larger than that of the supporters, the number of opposers still needs to be equal or greater than 132 (absolute majority) for both the Government's Programme to be rejected or for a motion of no confidence to be approved.[28]

The number of seats assigned to each district depends on the district magnitude.[29] The use of the d'Hondt method makes for a higher effective threshold than certain other allocation methods such as the Hare quota or Sainte-Laguë method, which are more generous to small parties.[30]

For these elections, and compared with the 1975 elections, the MPs distributed by districts were the following:[31]

DistrictNumber of MPsMap
Lisbon(+3)58
Porto(+2)38
Setúbal(+1)17
Aveiro(+1) and Braga15
Santarém13
Coimbra12
Leiria and Viseu(+1)11
Faro9
Castelo Branco, Viana do Castelo(+1) and Vila Real(+1)7
Beja, Évora(+1), Guarda and Funchal6
Bragança(+1)5
Portalegre4
Ponta Delgada3
Angra do Heroísmo, Europe and Outside Europe2
Horta1

Parties

The table below lists the parties represented in the Assembly of the Republic during the Constitutional Assembly (1975–1976) and that also, some, contested the elections:

Name Ideology Political position Leader 1975 result Seats at
dissolution
% Seats
PS Socialist Party
Partido Socialista		 Social
democracy		 Centre-left Mário Soares 37.9%
116 / 250
116 / 250
PPD Democratic People's Party
Partido Popular Democrático		 Liberalism Centre Francisco
Sá Carneiro		 26.4%
81 / 250
60 / 250
PCP Portuguese Communist Party
Partido Comunista Português		 Communism Far-left Álvaro Cunhal 12.5%
30 / 250
30 / 250
CDS Democratic and Social Center
Centro Democrático e Social		 Christian
democracy		 Centre-right Diogo Freitas
do Amaral		 7.6%
16 / 250
16 / 250
MDP/CDE[a] Portuguese Democratic Movement
Movimento Democrático Português		 Left-wing nationalism
Democratic socialism		 Left-wing José Manuel
Tengarrinha		 4.1%
5 / 250
5 / 250
UDP Popular Democratic Union
União Democrática Popular		 Marxism
Socialism		 Left-wing Mário Tomé 0.8%
1 / 250
1 / 250
ADIM[a] Association for the Defense of Macau Interests
Associação para a Defesa dos Interesses de Macau		 Conservatism
Macau interests		 Right-wing Diamantino
Ferreira		 0.0%
1 / 250
1 / 250
Ind. Independent
Independente		 Various PPD members[32]
21 / 250

Seat changes

Campaign period

Issues

The campaign was dominated by the "hangover" from the previous two years, with economic problems, increased violence, social issues, and fierce divisions within and between parties and society, in addition to a halfhearted electorate.[34] Despite this backdrop of uncertainty, during the campaign, Socialist (PS) leader Mário Soares rejected any post-election coalition, preferring a minority government, while the Democratic People's Party (PPD) insisted on the need for governmental stability[35] and showed a propensity for agreements with the conservative Democratic and Social Center (CDS),[34] which criticized the revolutionary process of the two preceding years,[36] and presented itself as the non-socialist alternative.[35] The Communist Party (PCP) campaigned on defeating the "reactionary right".[36] The campaign was also affected by the "Wallraff case", that revealed plans by former president António de Spínola to carry out another coup d'état with the help of far-right elements.[37]

Party slogans

Party or alliance Original slogan English translation Refs
PS « Queremos e podemos reconstruir o país » "We want and we can rebuild the country" [38]
PPD « Portugal com Sá Carneiro » "Portugal with Sá Carneiro" [39]
PCP « Para uma maioria de esquerda » "For a left-wing majority" [40]
CDS « A resposta é muito simples » "The answer is very simple" [41]

Candidates' debates

The day after the elections, a round table was held on RTP1, moderated by Carlos Veiga Pereira, on the electoral results, with the participation of Mário Soares (Socialist Party), Francisco Sá Carneiro, (Social Democratic Party), Diogo Freitas do Amaral (Social Democratic Center), and Filipe Faria (UDP). Álvaro Cunhal (Portuguese Communist Party) declined to participate in the roundtable.

1975 Portuguese Constituent Assembly election
Date Organisers Moderator(s)     P  Present    S  Absent invitee  N  Non-invitee 
PS PPD CDS PCP UDP Refs
26 Apr RTP1 Carlos Veiga Pereira Soares Sá Carneiro Freitas A Faria [42]

Results

National summary

PartyVotes%+/–Seats+/–
Socialist Party1,912,92134.89–2.98107–9
Democratic People's Party1,335,38124.35–2.0473–8
Democratic and Social Centre876,00715.98+8.3742+26
Portuguese Communist Party788,83014.39+1.9340+10
Popular Democratic Union91,6901.67+0.8810
People's Socialist Front42,1620.77–0.3900
Reorganizing Movement of the Party of the Proletariat36,2000.66New0New
Movement of Socialist Left31,3320.57–0.4500
Christian Democratic Party29,8740.54New0New
People's Monarchist Party28,3200.52–0.0500
Internationalist Communist League16,2690.30+0.1100
Communist Party of Portugal15,8300.29New0New
Worker–Peasant Alliance15,7780.29New0New
Workers' Revolutionary Party5,1710.09New0New
Total5,225,765100.00–263[a]+13
Valid votes5,225,76595.30+2.24
Invalid/blank votes257,6964.70–2.24
Total votes5,483,461100.00–
Registered voters/turnout6,564,66783.53–8.13
Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições
Vote share
PS
 
 34.89%
PPD
 
 24.35%
CDS
 
 15.98%
PCP
 
 14.39%
UDP
 
 1.67%
FSP
 
 0.77%
MRPP
 
 0.66%
MES
 
 0.57%
PDC
 
 0.54%
PPM
 
 0.52%
Others
 
 0.97%
Blank/Invalid
 
 4.70%
Parliamentary seats
PS
 
 40.68%
PPD
 
 27.76%
CDS
 
 15.97%
PCP
 
 15.51%
UDP
 
 0.38%

Distribution by constituency

Results of the 1976 election of the Portuguese Assembly of the Republic
by constituency
Constituency%S%S%S%S%S Total
S
PS PPD CDS PCP UDP
Angra do Heroísmo 30.4 1 51.8 1 12.1 - 1.5 - 2
Aveiro 30.8 5 35.2 6 22.5 4 3.7 - 0.9 - 15
Beja 32.0 2 8.2 - 4.2 - 44.0 4 2.2 - 6
Braga 32.3 6 28.6 5 21.2 4 4.2 - 1.0 - 15
Bragança 22.6 1 33.3 2 28.3 2 2.7 - 0.8 - 5
Castelo Branco 36.4 3 22.6 2 19.9 2 6.7 - 1.1 - 7
Coimbra 40.9 6 26.7 4 12.5 1 7.3 1 1.2 - 12
Évora 30.3 2 9.2 - 8.0 - 43.2 4 2.6 - 6
Faro 44.6 6 19.3 2 6.8 - 14.5 1 2.6 - 9
Funchal 24.9 1 53.0 4 13.3 1 1.5 - 1.3 - 6
Guarda 25.2 2 25.7 2 32.1 2 2.9 - 1.1 - 6
Horta 34.2 - 57.0 1 4.3 - 1.5 - 1
Leiria 31.1 4 31.2 4 19.4 2 7.3 1 1.0 - 11
Lisbon 38.3 25 16.4 10 13.2 8 21.8 14 2.6 1 58
Ponta Delgada 35.4 1 45.6 2 11.8 - 1.5 - 3
Portalegre 41.9 3 10.1 - 13.9 - 22.0 1 1.0 - 4
Porto 40.7 18 27.0 11 15.7 6 8.4 3 1.5 - 38
Santarém 38.5 6 19.5 3 13.9 2 16.1 2 1.7 - 13
Setúbal 32.2 7 8.4 1 4.4 - 44.4 9 2.8 - 17
Viana do Castelo 25.5 2 32.8 3 23.5 2 6.6 - 0.9 - 7
Vila Real 26.3 2 39.0 4 18.3 1 3.1 - 0.9 - 7
Viseu 23.0 3 32.2 4 31.2 4 2.3 - 0.9 - 11
Europe 46.1 1 32.2 1 6.9 - 10.1 - 0.8 - 2
Rest of the World 6.3 - 53.2 1 33.7 1 1.4 - 0.4 - 2
Total 34.9 107 24.4 73 16.0 42 14.4 40 1.7 1 263
Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições

5 largest municipalities

Results in the five largest municipalities
Municipality PS PPD CDS PCP UDP Others Turnout
Lisbon 36.9
(205,659)		 17.2
(95,751)		 16.6
(92,250)		 19.2
(106,897)		 2.8
(15,626)		 4.3
(23,571)		 82.8
Porto 38.8
(81,879)		 26.0
(54,892)		 16.4
(34,583)		 12.0
(25,418)		 2.5
(5,239)		 1.9
(3,968)		 88.2
Oeiras 38.9
(61,860)		 14.4
(22,982)		 10.6
(16,899)		 26.6
(42,330)		 3.1
(4,918)		 3.9
(6,230)		 83.5
Loures 41.5
(55,380)		 11.8
(15,754)		 7.2
(9,669)		 29.2
(39,028)		 2.4
(3,183)		 4.6
(6,173)		 84.6
Vila Nova de Gaia 46.6
(58,165)		 25.5
(31,978)		 11.8
(14,862)		 9.0
(11,227)		 1.4
(1,756)		 2.0
(2,501)		 89.5

Highest and lowest by party

Highest and lowest results by party
Party Highest Lowest
Socialist Party (PS) Olhão
(56.0)		 Calheta, Azores
(4.7)
Democratic People's Party (PPD) Ponta do Sol
(84.2)		 Moita
(4.1)
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) Sátão
(50.5)		 Santa Cruz da Graciosa
(1.2)
Portuguese Communist Party (PCP) Moita
(61.8)		 Porto Moniz
(0.3)
Popular Democratic Union (UDP) Borba
(7.4)		 Pedrógão Grande
(0.2)

Maps

Aftermath

Fall of the government

By the fall of 1977, the situation of the Portuguese economy was deteriorating. During that year's summer, Prime Minister Mário Soares asked for a loan from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and several austerity measures were implemented, like the rise of interest rates, the devalue of the Escudo and budget cuts.[43][44] However, the policies were very unpopular and by late 1977, Soares was facing large opposition in Parliament. In November 1977, he proposed a sizeable memorandum between parties and associations to seek common economic and social policies, which was rejected.[45] Because of this rejection, Soares presented a motion of confidence in Parliament, which he lost by a 59 vote margin.[46]

Motion of confidence
Mário Soares (PS)
Ballot → 8 December 1977
Required majority → Simple
Yes
  • • PS (100)
100 / 263
No
159 / 263
Abstentions
0 / 263
Absentees
4 / 263
Result → Rejected X mark
Sources[47][48]

Following this vote, Soares was still able to form a second cabinet, in coalition with the Democratic Social Center (CDS), classified as "putting socialism in the drawer",[1] but it only lasted 8 months as divisions regarding policy, mainly the agrarian reform, led to the collapse of the coalition.[49] Soares was dismissed from office by President Eanes,[50] and after August 1978, a couple of failed presidential appointed cabinets were nominated,[51] culminating in the 2 December 1979 special election.

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 Portuguese Democratic Movement won 5 seats and the Independent Democratic Association of Macau won 1 seat in the 1975 election. Neither party contested this election.

References

  1. 1 2 "Mário Soares e o "socialismo na gaveta"". TSF Rádio Notícias (in Portuguese). 10 January 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  2. ↑ ELEIÇÕES PARA A ASSEMBLEIA CONSTITUINTE (1975), Assembly of the Republic, 2014, retrieved 14 August 2026.
  3. ↑ 1975 – A eleição de todos os portugueses, Público, 19 April 2020, retrieved 14 August 2026.
  4. ↑ 1975 foi ano de PREC, RTP, 2007, retrieved 14 August 2026.
  5. 1 2 O Verão Quente de 1975, RTP, 2012, retrieved 14 August 2026.
  6. ↑ Quando o PS desceu à rua, Público, retrieved 21 September 2020.
  7. ↑ Caso "República", RTP, retrieved 21 September 2020.
  8. ↑ A possibilidade dos partidos, RTP, retrieved 14 August 2026.
  9. ↑ Nacionalizações 1975, Infopédia Porto Editora, retrieved 14 August 2026.
  10. ↑ Verão Quente de 1975: um país a ferro e fogo, Público, 3 August 2025, retrieved 14 August 2026.
  11. ↑ Portugal, o Verão Quente de 1975 visto pela CIA, Sábado, retrieved 21 September 2020.
  12. ↑ O comício da Alameda feito em aliança com a Igreja para combater o PCP, Jornal i, retrieved 21 September 2020.
  13. ↑ O Norte a ferro e fogo, Correio da Manhã, retrieved 21 September 2020.
  14. ↑ O «Verão Quente» e um outono escaldante (Agosto-Setembro), Comissão 50 anos do 25 de Abril, retrieved 14 August 2026.
  15. ↑ Otelo opõe-se a Vasco Gonçalves, Correio da Manhã, 7 August 2026, retrieved 14 August 2026.
  16. ↑ Mas quem é este Vasco Gonçalves?, Expresso, retrieved 21 September 2020.
  17. ↑ 25 de Abril: O assalto à embaixada espanhola e o impacto da revolução no ambiente em Espanha, Expresso, retrieved 21 September 2020.
  18. ↑ Quem eram os “retornados”?, Rádio e Televisão de Portugal, 2011, retrieved 9 August 2026.
  19. ↑ A(s) memórias do retorno, Comissão Comemorativa 50 Anos 25 Abril, retrieved 9 August 2026.
  20. ↑ Governo em greve, RTP, retrieved 21 September 2020.
  21. ↑ O cerco ao Palácio de São Bento (12/13 de novembro), Assembly of the Republic, retrieved 21 September 2020.
  22. ↑ 25 de Novembro, uma tentativa de golpe falhada, RTP, 2012, retrieved 14 August 2026.
  23. ↑ Toda a história do 25 de Novembro, a "dramática aventura" que ditou o fim da Revolução, Expresso, retrieved 21 September 2020.
  24. ↑ 4. O encerramento do processo constituinte e a institucionaçização da democracia, Comissão 50 anos do 25 de Abril, retrieved 14 August 2026.
  25. ↑ Exemplar da Constituição de 1976 raramente sai da Assembleia e capa é hidratada duas vezes ao ano, CNN Portugal, 2 April 2026, retrieved 14 August 2026.
  26. ↑ Abril de 76 – O voto contra do CDS, Expresso, 2 April 2021, retrieved 14 August 2026.
  27. ↑ Constituição da República Portuguesa (PDF), Assembly of the Republic, retrieved 21 September 2020.
  28. ↑ "Constitution of the Portuguese Republic" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2019-12-29.
  29. ↑ "Effective threshold in electoral systems". Trinity College, Dublin. Retrieved 2015-10-21.
  30. ↑ Gallaher, Michael (1992). "Comparing Proportional Representation Electoral Systems: Quotas, Thresholds, Paradoxes and Majorities"
  31. ↑ "Eleição da Assembleia da República de 25 de Abril de 1976". CNE - Comissão Nacional de Eleições - Eleição da Assembleia da República de 25 de Abril de 1976. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
  32. ↑ "Quando as divergências políticas acabavam em cisão no PSD". www.publico.pt (in European Portuguese). 9 September 2018. Retrieved 26 January 2025.
  33. ↑ "Sociais-democratas batem de frente contra Sá Carneiro". www.publico.pt (in European Portuguese). 9 September 2018. Retrieved 26 January 2025.
  34. 1 2 "Portugal at the Polls". The New York Times. 24 April 1976. Retrieved 26 July 2026.
  35. 1 2 "A preparação do acto eleitoral". Comissão 50 anos 25 de Abril (in Portuguese). Retrieved 16 August 2026.
  36. 1 2 "As primeiras eleições para a Assembleia da República (1976)". Assembly of the Republic (in Portuguese). Retrieved 26 July 2026.
  37. ↑ "A campanha eleitoral". Comissão 50 anos 25 de Abril (in Portuguese). Retrieved 16 August 2026.
  38. ↑ "Comunicação Política em eleições legislativas em Portugal: uma análise a partir dos cartazes eleitorais (1975-2009)" (PDF). Francisco Teixeira (in Portuguese). Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  39. ↑ "ELEIÇÕES LEGISLATIVAS DE 1983 – PSD". EPHEMERA (in Portuguese). Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  40. ↑ "Comunicação Política em eleições legislativas em Portugal: uma análise a partir dos cartazes eleitorais (1975-2009)" (PDF). Francisco Teixeira (in Portuguese). Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  41. ↑ "Comunicação Política em eleições legislativas em Portugal: uma análise a partir dos cartazes eleitorais (1975-2009)" (PDF). Francisco Teixeira (in Portuguese). Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  42. ↑ "Legislativas 76: Mesa Redonda". RTP Arquivos (in Portuguese). 26 April 1976. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  43. ↑ "1º Programa de Assistência Económico-Financeira do FMI a Portugal" (in Portuguese). Observatório Nacional de Luta contra a Pobreza. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
  44. ↑ "Comunicação ao país do Primeiro-ministro Mário Soares" (in Portuguese). RTP. 25 August 1977. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
  45. ↑ "Mário Soares" (in Portuguese). Museu da Presidência da Republica. 25 August 1977.
  46. ↑ "Queda do I Governo Constitucional" (in Portuguese). RTP. 8 December 1977.
  47. ↑ "MOÇÕES / CENSURA - CONFIANÇA - REJEIÇÃO DO PROGRAMA" (PDF). Assembly of the Republic (in Portuguese). Lisbon. 10 November 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
  48. ↑ "Debates Parlamentares". Assembly of the Republic (in Portuguese). Lisbon. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
  49. ↑ "Governos de Portugal". RTP (in Portuguese). 21 September 2015. Retrieved 15 August 2026.
  50. ↑ "Mário Soares exonerado por Ramalho Eanes da liderança do II Governo Constitucional" (in Portuguese). RTP. 25 August 1977. Retrieved 8 September 2015.
  51. ↑ "Os erros e os méritos dos Presidentes, de Eanes a Cavaco" (in Portuguese). Expresso. 24 January 2011. Retrieved 15 August 2026.
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