1985 Portuguese legislative election

1985 Portuguese legislative election
6 October 1985
All 250 seats in the Assembly of the Republic
126 seats needed for a majority
Registered7,818,981 Increase 6.6%
Turnout5,798,929 (74.2%)
Decrease 3.6 pp
  First party Second party Third party
 
Leader Aníbal Cavaco Silva Almeida Santos Hermínio Martinho
Party PSD PS PRD
Leader since 2 June 1985 13 July 1985
(designated candidate)		 10 July 1985
Leader's seat Lisbon Porto Santarém
Last election 75 seats, 27.2% 101 seats, 36.1% Did not contest
Seats won 88 57 45
Seat change Increase 13 Decrease 44 Increase 45
Popular vote 1,732,288 1,204,321 1,038,893
Percentage 29.9% 20.8% 17.9%
Swing Increase 2.7 pp Decrease 15.3 pp New party
  Fourth party Fifth party
 
Leader Álvaro Cunhal Francisco Lucas Pires
Party PCP CDS
Alliance APU
Leader since 14 April 1978 20 February 1983
Leader's seat Lisbon Lisbon
Last election 44 seats, 18.1% 30 seats, 12.6%
Seats won 38 22
Seat change Decrease 6 Decrease 8
Popular vote 898,281 577,580
Percentage 15.5% 10.0%
Swing Decrease 2.6 pp Decrease 2.6 pp
Prime Minister before election

Mário Soares
PS

 Prime Minister after election

Aníbal Cavaco Silva
PSD

The 1985 Portuguese legislative election took place on 6 October. The election renewed all 250 members of the Assembly of the Republic.

The election was called after the resignation, in June 1985, of Socialist Party (PS) Prime Minister Mário Soares, following the withdrawal of the center-right Social Democratic Party (PSD) from the Central Bloc government. Soares didn't contest the election, deciding to run for the January 1986 Presidential elections instead.

On election day, the Social Democrats came in first place with nearly 30% of the votes and Cavaco became Prime Minister, while the Socialists achieved their worst result ever, less than 21% of the votes and 57 seats.[1] The election was the first of three consecutive election victories for the Social Democratic Party. The Communists also lost votes and MPs, and the left would only return to the government ten years later, in 1995. CDS as well had a drop in support, following their rejection of a PSD/CDS joint list for the election.[2]

The election results were also prominent because a new party had been formed by supporters of the then-incumbent President Ramalho Eanes, the Democratic Renewal Party (PRD). The party's results were a surprise, gaining more than one million votes and electing 45 MPs, becoming the parliamentary support of Cavaco's government until 1987, when it withdrew its support, causing the government to fall. Compared with the previous election, voter turnout fell, with just over 74% of voters casting a ballot.

Background

Following the 1983 election, the Socialist Party (PS) and the Social Democratic Party (PSD) formed a coalition, the Central Bloc government, which implemented a severe bailout package to rescue the country's economy and public finances.[3]

Government fall

Two years after being formed, the Central Bloc government (PS+PSD) became very unpopular, with deep divisions forming both between the two coalition parties and within them, as growing poverty, budget cuts and unemployment, due to the International Monetary Fund bailout policies, were leading to massive protests.[4] After February 1985, internal problems within the PSD, coupled with unexpected events, led to a leadership dispute that culminated in the election of a new leader, resulting in the party's withdrawal from the government and Soares' resignation as prime minister.[5][6] President Eanes dissolved the Assembly and called a new election for 6 October.[7]

Leadership changes and challenges

Social Democratic Party

By 1985, deep divisions were consuming the PSD regarding their role in the Central Bloc government with the PS[8] and the party's strategy for the 1986 presidential election.[9] Then deputy prime minister and PSD leader Carlos Mota Pinto, resigned from both the government and the party's leadership, and a snap party congress was called.[10] But, Mota Pinto, who was expected to run for the leadership in the snap congress, died suddenly just 10 days before the start of the congress in Figueira da Foz.[11] João Salgueiro, the candidate from "Mota Pinto's wing" was expected to win easily, but former finance minister Aníbal Cavaco Silva surprised the party by announcing a late candidacy, in what is now known as the "testing of Cavaco's new Citroën".[12] Cavaco Silva had the support of the wings against the Central Bloc, also proposing the party's support for Diogo Freitas do Amaral in the 1986 presidential election,[13] and against all odds he defeated Salgueiro by 57 votes.[14] The results were the following:

Ballot: 19 May 1985
Candidate Votes %
Aníbal Cavaco Silva 422 53.6
João Salgueiro 365 46.4
Turnout 787
Source: Results[15]

Socialist Party

After the fall of the Central Bloc government, Mário Soares was acclaimed as the PS candidate for the 1986 Presidential election, and shortly thereafter, António Almeida Santos was selected as the party's candidate for Prime Minister in the 1985 legislative election, defeating a last minute candidacy from Jaime Gama.[16][17]

Ballot: 13 July 1985
Candidate Votes %
António Almeida Santos 30 61.2
Jaime Gama 14 28.6
Abstention 5 10.2
Turnout 49 100.0
Source:[16]

Electoral system

The Assembly of the Republic has 250 members elected to four-year terms. Governments do not require absolute majority support of the Assembly to hold office, as even if the number of opposers of government is larger than that of the supporters, the number of opposers still needs to be equal or greater than 126 (absolute majority) for both the Government's Programme to be rejected or for a motion of no confidence to be approved.[18]

The number of seats assigned to each district depends on the district magnitude.[19] The use of the d'Hondt method makes for a higher effective threshold than certain other allocation methods such as the Hare quota or Sainte-Laguë method, which are more generous to small parties.[20]

For these elections, and compared with the 1983 elections, the MPs distributed by districts were the following:[21]

DistrictNumber of MPsMap
Lisbon56
Porto(+1)39
Setúbal17
Braga16
Aveiro15
Santarém12
Leiria and Coimbra11
Viseu10
Faro9
Castelo Branco, Viana do Castelo and Vila Real6
Azores, Beja, Évora, Guarda and Madeira5
Bragança4
Portalegre(–1)3
Europe and Outside Europe2

Parties

Before the election, the Social Democratic Party (PSD) and the Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) considered running in a joint coalition for the elections, with the PSD "offering" 25 safe seats to CDS on the lists, but this proposal was rejected by CDS and the two parties decided to contest the election separately.[2] The table below lists the parties represented in the Assembly of the Republic during the 3rd legislature (1983–1985) and that also partook in the election:

Name Ideology Political position Leader 1983 result[22]
% Seats
PS Socialist Party
Partido Socialista		 Social democracy Centre-left Almeida Santos 36.1%
94 / 250
UEDS Left-wing Union for the Socialist Democracy
União da Esquerda para a Democracia Socialista		 Democratic Socialism
Workers' self-management		 Left-wing António Lopes Cardoso
4 / 250
ASDI Independent Social-Democratic Action
Acção Social Democrata Independente		 Democratic Socialism
Social democracy		 Centre-left António de Sousa Franco
3 / 250
PPD/PSD Social Democratic Party
Partido Social Democrata		 Liberal conservatism Centre-right Aníbal Cavaco Silva 27.2%
75 / 250
PCP Portuguese Communist Party
Partido Comunista Português		 Communism
Marxism–Leninism		 Far-left Álvaro Cunhal
18.1%
[a]
41 / 250
MDP/CDE Portuguese Democratic Movement
Movimento Democrático Português		 Left-wing nationalism
Democratic socialism		 Left-wing José Manuel Tengarrinha
3 / 250
CDS Democratic and Social Centre
Centro Democrático e Social		 Christian democracy Centre-right
to right-wing		 Francisco Lucas Pires 12.6%
30 / 250

Campaign period

Issues

Following two years of strong austerity and political instability, voter apathy was a concern during the campaign.[23] The Socialist Party (PS), under a new leader, Almeida Santos, blamed the instability on the PSD and sought a majority of its own, with banners asking voters "43% for the PS",[24] but the party was damaged by high unemployment and the IMF bailout measures.[23] On the other hand, the Social Democratic Party (PSD), also under a new leader, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, personalized its campaign around the leader, portraying Cavaco as a strong and stable figure.[23] The campaign was also marked by the "eruption" of the Democratic Renewal Party (PRD), which ran under a populist message, aligned with the popular incumbent President António Ramalho Eanes,[23] and although it was officially led by Hermínio Martinho, the main figure of the party's campaign was first lady Manuela Ramalho Eanes, who campaigned on behalf of her husband.[25][26]

Party slogans

Party or alliance Original slogan English translation Refs
PS « O que prometo, faço. Vamos a isto. » "What I promise, I do. Let's do this." [27]
PSD « Retomar a esperança » "Resuming hope" [28]
APU « Vitória da APU para salvar o país » "Victory for APU to save the country" [29]
CDS « Confiança, razão, força para Portugal » "Trust, reason, strength for Portugal" [30]
PRD « Mais Portugal » "More Portugal" [31]

Candidates' debates

1985 Portuguese legislative election debates
Date Organisers Moderator(s)     P  Present    A  Absent invitee  N  Non-invitee 
PS
Santos		 PSD
Cavaco		 APU
Cunhal		 CDS
Pires		 Refs
3 Sep RTP1 Mário Crespo P A[b] P P [32][33]
5 Sep RTP1 Mário Crespo N A[c] P P [34][35]
10 Sep RTP1 Mário Crespo P P N P [36][37]
12 Sep RTP1 Mário Crespo P P P N [38]
Candidate viewed as "most convincing" in each debate
Date Organisers Polling firm/Link
PS PSD APU CDS Notes
3 Sep RTP1 Expresso 36 N/a 23 25 16% Neither

Opinion polling

The following table shows the opinion polls of voting intention of the Portuguese voters before the election. Included is also the result of the Portuguese general elections in 1983 and 1985 for reference.

  Exit poll / Forecast

Polling firm/Link Date Released PS PSD APU CDS PRD O Lead
1985 legislative election 6 Oct 1985 20.8
57		 29.9
88		 15.5
38		 10.0
22		 17.9
45		 5.9
0		 9.1
RTP1 6 Oct 1985 (22:50) 22.0–26.9 26.8–29.7 15.0–18.1 9.3–10.8 14.5–16.5 – 2.8
4.8
RTP1 6 Oct 1985 (21:10) 23.8–26.9 28.0–29.8 17.3–18.1 9.8–10.7 11.1–14.9 – 2.9
6.0
Rádio Comercial 6 Oct 1985 19–22 29–31 14–16 8–16 18–22 – 9–10
Expresso 4 Oct 1985 28–32 27–31 15–17 9–12 8–11 – 1
Norma 29 Apr 1985 24.7 16.4 18.4 17.1 8.4 15.0 6.3
Norma Mar 1985 21.1 18.4 20.0 19.2 5.5 15.8 1.1
Marktest Feb 1985 15.0 21.3 15.0 17.1 28.6 3.0 7.3
Norma 25 Feb 1985 20.7 21.6 17.8 17.6 10.0 12.3 0.9
Norma 21 Jan 1985 21.3 22.9 20.3 16.2 N/a 19.3 1.6
Marktest Dec 1984 18.6 23.0 14.3 16.2 25.4 2.5 2.4
Norma Dec 1984 23.5 25.2 23.4 13.2 N/a 14.7 1.7
Marktest Nov 1984 19.8 24.0 15.5 14.9 23.3 2.5 0.7
Norma Nov 1984 20.7 22.7 22.4 17.5 N/a 16.7 0.3
Marktest Oct 1984 20.6 23.4 15.8 13.4 25.0 1.8 4.0
Norma 15 Oct 1984 23.9 24.8 23.1 14.7 N/a 13.5 0.9
Marktest Sep 1984 18.8 22.6 15.2 15.7 26.6 1.1 4.0
Marktest Aug 1984 19.2 22.8 13.8 15.6 26.9 1.7 4.1
Marktest Jul 1984 17.9 20.6 16.9 13.4 29.0 2.2 7.7
Norma Jul 1984 21.5 23.6 20.3 15.4 N/a 19.2 2.1
Marktest Jun 1984 19.8 16.7 16.6 16.9 27.5 2.5 7.7
Norma Jun 1984 24.2 21.5 22.1 17.0 N/a 15.2 2.1
Marktest May 1984 25.4 19.8 13.9 14.6 24.6 1.7 0.8
Marktest Apr 1984 28.7 19.5 15.2 10.8 17.7 8.1 9.2
Norma Apr 1984 21.9 26.0 21.4 15.7 N/a 15.0 4.1
Marktest Mar 1984 22.6 16.6 14.1 12.7 15.0 19.0 6.0
Marktest Feb 1984 18.3 15.9 12.4 10.3 20.8 22.3 2.5
Marktest Jan 1984 19.9 15.4 12.5 7.3 22.7 22.2 2.8
Norma Jan 1984 31.8 22.8 21.2 13.3 N/a 10.9 9.0
1983 legislative election 25 Apr 1983 36.1
101		 27.2
75		 18.1
44		 12.6
30		 N/a 6.0
0		 8.9

Results

National summary

PartyVotes%+/–Seats+/–
Social Democratic Party1,732,28829.87+2.6388+13
Socialist Party1,204,32120.77–15.3457–44
Democratic Renewal Party1,038,89317.92New45New
United People Alliance[d]898,28115.49–2.5838–6
Democratic and Social Centre577,5809.96–2.6022–8
Popular Democratic Union73,4011.27+0.7900
Christian Democratic Party41,8310.72+0.0300
Revolutionary Socialist Party35,2380.61+0.3800
Portuguese Workers' Communist Party19,9430.34–0.0300
Workers' Party of Socialist Unity19,0850.33–0.0100
Communist Party (Reconstructed)12,7490.22+0.2200
Total5,653,610100.00–2500
Valid votes5,653,61097.49+0.06
Invalid votes96,6101.67–0.16
Blank votes48,7090.84+0.10
Total votes5,798,929100.00–
Registered voters/turnout7,818,98174.16–3.63
Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições
Vote share
PSD
 
 29.87%
PS
 
 20.77%
PRD
 
 17.92%
APU
 
 15.49%
CDS
 
 9.96%
UDP
 
 1.27%
PDC
 
 0.72%
PSR
 
 0.61%
Others
 
 0.89%
Blank/Invalid
 
 2.51%
Parliamentary seats
PSD
 
 35.20%
PS
 
 22.80%
PRD
 
 18.00%
APU
 
 15.20%
CDS
 
 8.80%

Distribution by constituency

Results of the 1985 election of the Portuguese Assembly of the Republic
by constituency
Constituency%S%S%S%S%S Total
S
PSD PS PRD APU CDS
Azores 48.3 3 20.1 1 15.2 1 4.4 - 6.5 - 5
Aveiro 38.4 6 23.0 4 13.4 2 6.5 1 13.5 2 15
Beja 13.7 1 20.1 1 11.6 - 44.9 3 2.2 - 5
Braga 32.8 6 21.8 4 16.8 3 8.5 1 14.0 2 16
Bragança 39.2 2 22.7 1 6.9 - 5.3 - 17.1 1 4
Castelo Branco 31.2 3 18.5 1 24.4 2 8.9 - 9.6 - 6
Coimbra 29.5 4 28.5 3 16.9 2 10.1 1 8.6 1 11
Évora 19.1 1 14.3 1 15.8 1 41.2 2 3.3 - 5
Faro 28.4 3 22.3 2 20.5 2 15.4 2 6.1 - 9
Guarda 33.6 2 23.3 2 10.9 - 5.2 - 19.5 1 5
Leiria 38.6 5 19.6 2 15.3 2 7.9 1 12.2 1 11
Lisbon 25.6 15 19.8 12 21.3 13 20.1 12 8.1 4 56
Madeira 56.8 4 13.2 1 9.7 - 3.2 - 7.8 - 5
Portalegre 20.9 1 23.7 1 18.9 - 25.2 1 4.9 - 3
Porto 29.3 12 23.6 10 20.5 8 12.1 5 9.8 4 39
Santarém 27.8 4 18.6 2 23.8 3 16.4 2 7.7 1 12
Setúbal 15.4 3 16.5 3 20.4 4 38.2 7 3.8 - 17
Viana do Castelo 33.5 3 18.4 1 16.2 1 8.2 - 16.6 1 6
Vila Real 42.2 3 23.0 2 8.6 - 5.9 - 12.5 1 6
Viseu 37.7 5 20.0 2 10.9 1 5.0 - 19.9 2 10
Europe 24.3 1 24.2 1 7.1 - 18.8 - 17.3 - 2
Outside Europe 40.5 1 7.8 - 3.3 - 2.6 - 37.9 1 2
Total 29.9 88 20.8 57 17.9 45 15.5 38 10.0 22 250
Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições

Maps

Aftermath

Fall of the government

In early 1987, a trip of a Portuguese parliamentary delegation to the Soviet Union created a diplomatic issue as the delegation also traveled to Estonia, a territory that wasn't recognized by the Portuguese State as a Soviet controlled territory. Because of this incident, opposition parties accused Cavaco Silva of disallowing Parliament, and shortly afterwards, the Democratic Renewal Party (PRD) proposed a motion of no confidence against the government.[39] At first, the Socialists (PS) weren't supportive of the PRD's motion, but last-minute negotiations led the PS to also support the motion. On 3 April 1987, the motion was approved by a 134 to 108 vote and the government fell:[40]

Motion of no confidence
Aníbal Cavaco Silva (PSD)
Ballot → 3 April 1987
Required majority → 126 out of 250
No
  • • PSD (86)
  • • CDS (21)
  • • Ind. Rui Oliveira e Costa (1)
108 / 250
Yes
134 / 250
Abstentions
1 / 250
Absentees
7 / 250
Result → Approved check
Sources[41][42]

Mário Soares was on an official trip to Brazil when he was informed of the outcome of the motion, which displeased the President, returning to Lisbon to meet with the parties seated in the Assembly. The PS, PRD and PCP proposed an alternative government to the PSD minority, but Soares rejected this and called a snap general election for 19 July 1987, which resulted in a landslide PSD majority government.[43][44]

See also

Sources

  • Fundação Mário Soares (1985). "Eurico de Melo parte loiça nos estúdios de televisão" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 11 May 2020.

Notes

  1. ↑ The Portuguese Communist Party (PCP) and the Portuguese Democratic Movement (MDP/CDE) contested the 1983 election in a coalition called United People Alliance (APU) and won a combined 18.1% of the vote and elected 44 MPs to parliament.
  2. ↑ Aníbal Cavaco Silva, PSD leader, refused to participate in the debate.
  3. ↑ Aníbal Cavaco Silva, PSD leader, refused to participate in the debate, being replaced by Eurico de Melo, however, the latter was forbidden from participating.Fundação Mário Soares 1985
  4. ↑ Portuguese Communist Party (35 MPs) and Portuguese Democratic Movement (3 MPs) ran in coalition.

References

  1. ↑ "Noite Eleitoral. PS registou o seu pior resultado de sempre nas legislativas de 2025?", Polígrafo, 18 May 2025. Retrieved 22 May 2026.
  2. 1 2 Almeida, São José (2 November 2019). "Para quando a fusão do PSD e do CDS?" (in Portuguese). Público. Retrieved 22 June 2025.
  3. ↑ "Bloco Central" (in Portuguese). Infopédia Porto Editora. Retrieved 8 August 2026.
  4. ↑ "A crise económica que levou Portugal a provar pela primeira vez a receita do FMI" (in Portuguese). Público. 7 April 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
  5. ↑ "A intenção de Mário Soares em demitir-se" (in Portuguese). Diário de Notícias. 14 June 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2026.
  6. ↑ "19 de Maio de 1985: O líder inesperado" (in Portuguese). Expresso. 12 January 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
  7. ↑ "Diário da República Suplemento" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Diário da República. 12 July 1985. Retrieved 4 July 2026.
  8. ↑ "1985 o ano que lançou Cavaco, por Ferreira Fernandes", Diario de Notícias, 9 March 2016. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
  9. ↑ "Bloco Central: já não se fazem acordos como antigamente" (in Portuguese). Público. 7 June 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2026.
  10. ↑ "Bloco Central junta PS e PSD", Diario de Notícias, 7 January 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  11. ↑ "Mota Pinto, o aliado de Soares que militava no PPD", Público, 15 January 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  12. ↑ "19 de Maio de 1985: O líder inesperado ", Expresso, 17 May 2009. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
  13. ↑ "Ascensão no PSD. O homem e as circunstâncias de uma liderança (quase) inesperada" (in Portuguese). Observador. 16 May 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2026.
  14. ↑ "Cavaco Silva e as Eleições Legislativas de 1985: uma Introdução", Alexandre António da Costa Luís, 2013. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
  15. ↑ "Aníbal Cavaco Silva, o PSD e a Evolução da Democracia Portuguesa: o XI Governo Constitucional (1987-1991)", Nuno Marques Freire, UNIVERSIDADE DA BEIRA INTERIOR Faculdade de Ciências Socias e Humanas, October 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
  16. 1 2 "Reunião da Comissão Nacional do PS", RTP, 13 July 1985. Retrieved 27 May 2026.
  17. ↑ "Quando o candidato do PS não foi o líder", Diario de Notícias, 3 June 2014. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
  18. ↑ "Constitution of the Portuguese Republic" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2019-12-29.
  19. ↑ "Effective threshold in electoral systems". Trinity College, Dublin. Retrieved 2015-10-21.
  20. ↑ Gallaher, Michael (1992). "Comparing Proportional Representation Electoral Systems: Quotas, Thresholds, Paradoxes and Majorities"
  21. ↑ "Eleição da Assembleia da República de 6 de Outubro de 1985". CNE - Comissão Nacional de Eleições - Eleição da Assembleia da República de 6 de Outubro de 1985. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
  22. ↑ Composição dos Grupos Parlamentares/Partidos
  23. 1 2 3 4 "SOCIAL DEMOCRATS WIN IN PORTUGAL". The New York Times. 7 October 1985. Retrieved 25 July 2026.
  24. ↑ "Almeida Santos. O príncipe dos bastidores". Expresso (in Portuguese). 19 January 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2026.
  25. ↑ "PRD", Diario de Notícias, 30 May 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
  26. ↑ "Actualidade Política – Parte II", RTP, 3 October 1985. Retrieved 4 July 2026.
  27. ↑ "ELEIÇÕES LEGISLATIVAS DE 1985 – PS". EPHEMERA (in Portuguese). Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  28. ↑ "ELEIÇÕES LEGISLATIVAS DE 1985 – PSD". EPHEMERA (in Portuguese). Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  29. ↑ "ELEIÇÕES LEGISLATIVAS DE 1985 – APU". EPHEMERA (in Portuguese). Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  30. ↑ "ELEIÇÕES LEGISLATIVAS DE 1985 – CDS". EPHEMERA (in Portuguese). Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  31. ↑ "Evolução da Comunicação Política e Eleitoral em Portugal" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  32. ↑ "Líderes partidários em confronto na TV". Fundação Mário Soares (in Portuguese). 1985. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  33. ↑ "Actualidade Política". RTP (in Portuguese). Retrieved 9 Feb 2026.
  34. ↑ "Álvaro Cunhal/Lucas Pires esta noite na RTP". Fundação Mário Soares (in Portuguese). 1985. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  35. ↑ "Actualidade Política". RTP (in Portuguese). 1985. Retrieved 9 Feb 2026.
  36. ↑ "Eleições ganham-se na TV?". Fundação Mário Soares (in Portuguese). 1985. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  37. ↑ "Actualidade Política". RTP (in Portuguese). 1985. Retrieved 9 Feb 2026.
  38. ↑ "Actualidade Política". RTP (in Portuguese). 1985. Retrieved 9 Feb 2026.
  39. ↑ "1987. Da moção de censura à primeira maioria de Cavaco". Ionline (in Portuguese). Jornal i. 30 August 2018. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
  40. ↑ "A única moção de censura e as duas moções de rejeição que derrubaram governos" (in Portuguese). Jornal Económico. 20 February 2019. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
  41. ↑ "MOÇÕES / CENSURA - CONFIANÇA - REJEIÇÃO DO PROGRAMA" (PDF). Assembly of the Republic (in Portuguese). Lisbon. 10 November 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
  42. ↑ "Debates Parlamentares". Assembly of the Republic (in Portuguese). Lisbon. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
  43. ↑ "Crise. Soares dissolveu em 1987. Cavaco não o pode fazer em 2015" (in Portuguese). Jornal i. 16 October 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
  44. ↑ "Uma dissolução do Parlamento por razões de longo prazo" (in Portuguese). Expresso. 12 January 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2026.
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