Ciudad Real (Congress of Deputies constituency)

Ciudad Real
Congress of Deputies
Electoral constituency
Location of Ciudad Real within Spain
ProvinceCiudad Real
Autonomous communityCastilla–La Mancha
PopulationIncrease 492,640 (2024)[1]
ElectorateDecrease 391,495 (2023)
Major settlementsCiudad Real, Puertollano, Tomelloso, Alcázar de San Juan
Current constituency
Created1977
Seats5
Members
  •   PP (2)
  •   PSOE (2)
  •   Vox (1)

Ciudad Real is one of the 52 constituencies represented in the Congress of Deputies, the lower chamber of the Spanish parliament, the Cortes Generales. The constituency (whose boundaries correspond to those of the homonymous province) currently elects five deputies. The electoral system uses the D'Hondt method and closed-list proportional voting, with a minimum threshold of three percent.

Electoral system

The constituency was created as per the Political Reform Law and was first contested in the 1977 general election. The Law provided for the provinces of Spain to be established as multi-member districts in the Congress of Deputies,[2] with this regulation being maintained under the Spanish Constitution of 1978.[3] Additionally, the Constitution requires for any modification of the provincial limits to be approved under an organic law, needing an absolute majority in the Cortes Generales.[4]

Voting is based on universal suffrage, comprising all Spanish nationals over 18 years of age with full political rights, provided that they have not been deprived of the right to vote by a final sentence.[5] The only exception was in 1977, when this was limited to nationals over 21 years of age and in full enjoyment of their political and civil rights.[6][7] Amendments in 2011 required non-resident citizens to apply for voting, a system known as "begged" voting (Spanish: Voto rogado).[8][9] which was abolished in 2022.[10] Further, amendments in 2018 granted the right to vote to those legally incapacitated.[11] The Congress of Deputies has a minimum of 300 and a maximum of 400 seats, with electoral provisions fixing its size at 350. Of these, 348 are elected in 50 multi-member constituencies corresponding to the provinces of Spain—each of which is assigned an initial minimum of two seats and the remaining 248 distributed in proportion to population—using the D'Hondt method and closed-list proportional voting, with a three percent-threshold of valid votes (including blank ballots) in each constituency. The remaining two seats are allocated to Ceuta and Melilla as single-member districts elected by plurality voting.[12] The use of this electoral method may result in a higher effective threshold depending on district magnitude and vote distribution.[13] The law does not provide for by-elections to fill vacant seats; instead, any vacancies arising after the proclamation of candidates and during the legislative term are filled by the next candidates on the party lists or, when required, by designated substitutes.[14]

The electoral law allows for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, alliances and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form an alliance are required to inform the relevant electoral commission within 10 days of the election call—15 before 1985—whereas groupings of electors need to secure the signature of at least one percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they seek election—one permille of the electorate, with a compulsory minimum of 500 signatures, until 1985—disallowing electors from signing for more than one list. Also since 2011, parties, federations or alliances that have not obtained a mandate in either chamber of the Cortes at the preceding election are required to secure the signature of at least 0.1 percent of electors in the aforementioned constituencies.[15] Amendments in 2007 required a balanced composition of men and women in the electoral lists, so that candidates of either sex made up at least 40 percent of the total composition; further amendments in 2024 required the use of a zipper system.[16]

Deputies

Deputies 1977–present
Key to parties
  PSOE
  Cs
  UCD
  PP
  CP
  AP
  Vox
Legislature Election Distribution
Constituent 1977
2 3
1st 1979
2 3
2nd 1982
3 2
3rd 1986
3 2
4th 1989
3 2
5th 1993
3 2
6th 1996
2 3
7th 2000
2 3
8th 2004
3 2
9th 2008
2 3
10th 2011
2 3
11th 2015
2 3
12th 2016
2 3
13th 2019 (Apr)
2 1 1 1
14th 2019 (Nov)
2 2 1
15th 2023
2 2 1

General elections

2023

Summary of the 23 July 2023 Congress of Deputies election results in Ciudad Real
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 114,70940.54+12.68 2±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 100,10235.37+1.10 2±0
Vox (Vox) 46,04616.27–4.60 1±0
Unite (Sumar)1 17,4056.15–2.13 0±0
Animalist Party with the Environment (PACMA)2 1,3190.47–0.20 0±0
Workers' Front (FO) 4470.16New 0±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J) 3650.13–0.05 0±0
Zero Cuts (Recortes Cero) 2330.08–0.09 0±0
Blank ballots 2,3530.83–0.05
Total 282,979 5±0
Valid votes 282,97998.64+0.06
Invalid votes 3,9161.36–0.06
Votes cast / turnout 286,89573.28+4.44
Abstentions 104,60026.72–4.44
Registered voters 391,495
Sources[17]
Footnotes:

November 2019

Summary of the 10 November 2019 Congress of Deputies election results in Ciudad Real
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 92,04634.27±0.00 2±0
People's Party (PP) 74,83527.86+4.19 2+1
Vox (Vox) 56,05020.87+7.15 1±0
United We Can (Podemos–IU) 22,2508.28–0.89 0±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs) 18,3376.83–10.43 0–1
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 1,7880.67–0.13 0±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J) 4840.18New 0±0
Zero Cuts–Green Group–PCAS–TC (Recortes Cero–GV–PCAS–TC) 4470.17–0.01 0±0
Blank ballots 2,3570.88+0.04
Total 268,594 5±0
Valid votes 268,59498.58±0.00
Invalid votes 3,8761.42±0.00
Votes cast / turnout 272,47068.84–6.35
Abstentions 123,31531.16+6.35
Registered voters 395,785
Sources[17]

April 2019

Summary of the 28 April 2019 Congress of Deputies election results in Ciudad Real
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 100,72034.27+5.02 2±0
People's Party (PP) 69,55923.67–19.86 1–2
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs) 50,73317.26+5.40 1+1
Vox (Vox) 40,31313.72New 1+1
United We Can (Podemos–IU–Equo) 26,9529.17–4.26 0±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 2,3600.80–0.04 0±0
Zero Cuts–Green Group–PCAS–TC (Recortes Cero–GV–PCAS–TC) 5290.18+0.02 0±0
European Retirees Social Democratic Party–Centre Unity (PDSJE–UdeC) 2770.09New 0±0
Blank ballots 2,4640.84+0.15
Total 293,907 5±0
Valid votes 293,90798.58–0.27
Invalid votes 4,2411.42+0.27
Votes cast / turnout 298,14875.19+4.63
Abstentions 98,36224.81–4.63
Registered voters 396,510
Sources[17]

2016

Summary of the 26 June 2016 Congress of Deputies election results in Ciudad Real
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 121,62243.53+5.15 3±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 81,72829.25–1.86 2±0
United We Can (Podemos–IU–Equo)1 37,51013.43–2.38 0±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's) 33,12611.86–0.48 0±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 2,3340.84+0.18 0±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) 6790.24–0.31 0±0
Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV) 4580.16+0.03 0±0
Blank ballots 1,9390.69–0.08
Total 279,396 5±0
Valid votes 279,39698.85±0.00
Invalid votes 3,2381.15±0.00
Votes cast / turnout 282,63470.56–3.84
Abstentions 117,91829.44+3.84
Registered voters 400,552
Sources[17]
Footnotes:

2015

Summary of the 20 December 2015 Congress of Deputies election results in Ciudad Real
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 113,45138.38–16.85 3±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 91,95931.11–0.86 2±0
We Can (Podemos) 36,87912.48New 0±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's) 36,47712.34New 0±0
United Left–Popular Unity in Common (IU–UPeC) 9,8343.33–2.07 0±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 1,9490.66+0.38 0±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) 1,6250.55–3.84 0±0
Vox (Vox) 5600.19New 0±0
Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV) 3860.13New 0±0
National Democracy (DN) 1740.06New 0±0
Blank ballots 2,2820.77–0.58
Total 295,576 5±0
Valid votes 295,57698.85+0.26
Invalid votes 3,4271.15–0.26
Votes cast / turnout 299,00374.40–0.36
Abstentions 102,88225.60+0.36
Registered voters 401,885
Sources[17]

2011

Summary of the 20 November 2011 Congress of Deputies election results in Ciudad Real
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 164,77655.23+7.45 3±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 95,37531.97–14.80 2±0
United Left of Castilla–La Mancha–The Greens: Plural Left (IUCLM–LV) 16,1165.40+2.78 0±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) 13,1064.39+3.57 0±0
Equo (Equo) 1,5170.51New 0±0
Blank Seats (EB) 1,2250.41New 0±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 8360.28+0.17 0±0
Citizens of Democratic Centre (CCD) 4690.16New 0±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 4230.14+0.09 0±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J) 3810.13+0.05 0±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 1010.03New 0±0
Blank ballots 4,0161.35+0.31
Total 298,341 5±0
Valid votes 298,34198.59–0.67
Invalid votes 4,2641.41+0.67
Votes cast / turnout 302,60574.76–3.78
Abstentions 102,15925.24+3.78
Registered voters 404,764
Sources[17]

2008

Summary of the 9 March 2008 Congress of Deputies election results in Ciudad Real
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 148,36347.78+1.21 3+1
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 145,22546.77–1.35 2–1
United Left–Alternative (IU) 8,1372.62–0.18 0±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) 2,5460.82New 0±0
The Greens of Europe (LVdE) 7840.25New 0±0
Anti-Bullfighting Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 3530.11New 0±0
Social Democratic Party (PSD) 2950.10New 0±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J) 2490.08New 0±0
Citizens for Blank Votes (CenB) 2380.08–0.08 0±0
Castilian Unity (UdCa) 1980.06–0.14 0±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE de las JONS) 1830.06+0.01 0±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 1450.05–0.01 0±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's) 1180.04New 0±0
Commoners' Land (TC) 1130.04–0.04 0±0
National Democracy (DN) 830.03–0.01 0±0
Spanish Alternative (AES) 800.03New 0±0
Family and Life Party (PFyV) 560.02New 0±0
Humanist Party (PH) 540.02–0.07 0±0
Spain 2000 (E–2000) 430.01New 0±0
Carlist Traditionalist Communion (CTC) 190.01New 0±0
Blank ballots 3,2431.04–0.50
Total 310,525 5±0
Valid votes 310,52599.26+0.18
Invalid votes 2,3280.74–0.18
Votes cast / turnout 312,85378.54–0.03
Abstentions 85,49021.46+0.12
Registered voters 398,343
Sources[17]

2004

Summary of the 14 March 2004 Congress of Deputies election results in Ciudad Real
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 147,27148.12+5.56 3+1
People's Party (PP) 142,50846.57–5.12 2–1
United Left–Left of Castilla–La Mancha (IU–ICAM) 8,5812.80–0.92 0±0
Castilian Unity (UdCa) 6010.20New 0±0
Citizens for Blank Votes (CenB) 4850.16New 0±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 3510.11–0.02 0±0
Humanist Party (PH) 2880.09–0.03 0±0
Commoners' Land–Castilian Nationalist Party (TC–PNC) 2470.08–0.08 0±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 1920.06New 0±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE de las JONS) 1410.05New 0±0
Spanish Democratic Party (PADE) 1400.05+0.01 0±0
The Phalanx (FE) 1320.04–0.04 0±0
National Democracy (DN) 1280.04New 0±0
Republican Left (IR) 1080.04New 0±0
Republican Social Movement (MSR) 850.03New 0±0
Authentic Phalanx (FA) 620.02New 0±0
Blank ballots 4,7211.54+0.29
Total 306,041 5±0
Valid votes 306,04199.08–0.13
Invalid votes 2,8560.92+0.13
Votes cast / turnout 308,89778.57+3.81
Abstentions 84,26321.43–3.81
Registered voters 393,160
Sources[17]

2000

Summary of the 12 March 2000 Congress of Deputies election results in Ciudad Real
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 150,84251.69+6.66 3+1
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party–Progressives (PSOE–p) 124,18042.56–2.66 2–1
United Left (IU) 10,8433.72–4.46 0±0
Natural Law Party (PLN) 5520.19New 0±0
Commoners' Land–Castilian Nationalist Party (TC–PNC) 4590.16+0.11 0±0
Centrist Union–Democratic and Social Centre (UC–CDS) 3840.13–0.14 0±0
Humanist Party (PH) 3390.12+0.03 0±0
The Phalanx (FE) 2410.08New 0±0
Spain 2000 Platform (ES2000) 1840.06New 0±0
Spanish Democratic Party (PADE) 1200.04New 0±0
Blank ballots 3,6551.25+0.41
Total 291,799 5±0
Valid votes 291,79999.21–0.15
Invalid votes 2,3230.79+0.15
Votes cast / turnout 294,12274.76–7.51
Abstentions 99,29725.24+7.51
Registered voters 393,419
Sources[17]

1996

Summary of the 3 March 1996 Congress of Deputies election results in Ciudad Real
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 142,10145.22–3.79 3±0
People's Party (PP) 141,49445.03+5.28 2±0
United Left–Left of Castilla–La Mancha (IU–ICAM) 25,6898.18+0.89 0±0
Centrist Union (UC) 8620.27–1.86 0±0
Regionalist Party of Castilla–La Mancha (PRCM) 7880.25New 0±0
Humanist Party (PH) 2900.09+0.05 0±0
Workers' Revolutionary Party (PRT) 2080.07New 0±0
Commoners' Land–Castilian Nationalist Party (TC–PNC) 1490.05–0.01 0±0
Blank ballots 2,6320.84+0.15
Total 314,213 5±0
Valid votes 314,21399.36+0.03
Invalid votes 2,0150.64–0.03
Votes cast / turnout 316,22882.27+1.44
Abstentions 68,12917.73–1.44
Registered voters 384,357
Sources[17]

1993

Summary of the 6 June 1993 Congress of Deputies election results in Ciudad Real
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 146,86749.01–3.35 3±0
People's Party (PP) 119,12339.75+9.78 2±0
United Left (IU) 21,8567.29+0.98 0±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 6,3832.13–5.80 0±0
The Greens (Verdes)1 1,4810.49–0.26 0±0
The Ecologists (LE) 7170.24–0.25 0±0
Ruiz-Mateos Group–European Democratic Alliance (ARM–ADE) 5500.18–0.62 0±0
Commoners' Land–Castilian Nationalist Party (TC–PNC) 1870.06New 0±0
Natural Law Party (PLN) 1620.05New 0±0
Coalition for a New Socialist Party (CNPS)2 1540.05–0.02 0±0
Humanist Party (PH) 1210.04–0.02 0±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 00.00New 0±0
Blank ballots 2,0550.69+0.15
Total 299,656 5±0
Valid votes 299,65699.33+0.24
Invalid votes 2,0330.67–0.24
Votes cast / turnout 301,68980.83+5.73
Abstentions 71,54919.17–5.73
Registered voters 373,238
Sources[17]
Footnotes:

1989

Summary of the 29 October 1989 Congress of Deputies election results in Ciudad Real
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 143,41652.36+0.78 3±0
People's Party (PP)1 82,07429.97–2.05 2±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 21,7177.93–1.42 0±0
United Left (IU) 17,2856.31+2.66 0±0
Ruiz-Mateos Group (Ruiz-Mateos) 2,1930.80New 0±0
The Greens–Green List (LV–LV) 2,0630.75New 0±0
The Ecologist Greens (LVE) 1,3510.49New 0±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST) 9480.35+0.05 0±0
Workers' Party of Spain–Communist Unity (PTE–UC)2 5010.18–0.42 0±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 3880.14New 0±0
Alliance for the Republic (AxR)3 1950.07–0.06 0±0
Humanist Party (PH) 1680.06New 0±0
Centrist Unity–Democratic Spanish Party (PED) 1050.04New 0±0
Blank ballots 1,4800.54–0.05
Total 273,884 5±0
Valid votes 273,88499.09+0.57
Invalid votes 2,5050.91–0.57
Votes cast / turnout 276,38975.10+1.69
Abstentions 91,65524.90–1.69
Registered voters 368,044
Sources[17]
Footnotes:

1986

Summary of the 22 June 1986 Congress of Deputies election results in Ciudad Real
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 138,56851.58–2.38 3±0
People's Coalition (AP–PDP–PL)1 86,03132.02+3.81 2±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 25,1289.35+7.37 0±0
United Left (IU)2 9,7933.65+0.93 0±0
Democratic Reformist Party (PRD) 2,1610.80New 0±0
Communists' Unity Board (MUC) 1,6250.60New 0±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 1,5680.58+0.29 0±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST) 8140.30–0.12 0±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 6040.22+0.17 0±0
Republican Popular Unity (UPR) 4220.16New 0±0
Internationalist Socialist Workers' Party (POSI) 3440.13New 0±0
Blank ballots 1,5820.59+0.21
Total 268,640 5±0
Valid votes 268,64098.52+0.33
Invalid votes 4,0341.48–0.33
Votes cast / turnout 272,67473.41–10.02
Abstentions 98,76926.59+10.02
Registered voters 371,443
Sources[17]
Footnotes:

1982

Summary of the 28 October 1982 Congress of Deputies election results in Ciudad Real
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 151,16853.96+14.59 3+1
People's Alliance–People's Democratic Party (AP–PDP)1 79,03728.21+23.43 2+2
Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) 29,44310.51–30.87 0–3
Communist Party of Spain (PCE) 7,6272.72–5.14 0±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 5,5431.98New 0±0
New Force (FN)2 3,2221.15–2.95 0±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST) 1,1820.42New 0±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 8090.29New 0±0
Spanish Communist Workers' Party (PCOE) 4020.14New 0±0
Spanish Solidarity (SE) 2360.08New 0±0
Revolutionary Communist League (LCR) 1540.05New 0±0
Communist League–Internationalist Socialist Workers' Coalition (LC (COSI)) 1490.05New 0±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 1400.05New 0±0
Blank ballots 1,0620.38+0.19
Total 280,174 5±0
Valid votes 280,17498.19–0.85
Invalid votes 5,1521.81+0.85
Votes cast / turnout 285,32683.43+15.18
Abstentions 56,68316.57–15.18
Registered voters 342,009
Sources[17]
Footnotes:

1979

Summary of the 1 March 1979 Congress of Deputies election results in Ciudad Real
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) 100,89641.38+0.13 3±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)1 95,99639.37+1.78 2±0
Communist Party of Spain (PCE) 19,1717.86+1.59 0±0
Democratic Coalition (CD)2 11,6594.78–7.84 0±0
National Union (UN)3 10,0044.10+2.86 0±0
Party of Labour of Spain (PTE)4 2,2380.92+0.44 0±0
Workers' Revolutionary Organization (ORT) 1,2960.53New 0±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (Authentic) (FE–JONS(A)) 9100.37New 0±0
Communist Organization of Spain (Red Flag) (OCE–BR) 8400.34New 0±0
Carlist Party (PC) 3880.16New 0±0
Blank ballots 4530.19–0.02
Total 243,851 5±0
Valid votes 243,85199.04+0.22
Invalid votes 2,3520.96–0.22
Votes cast / turnout 246,00368.25–12.61
Abstentions 114,54431.75+12.61
Registered voters 360,747
Sources[17]
Footnotes:

1977

Summary of the 15 June 1977 Congress of Deputies election results in Ciudad Real
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) 102,36241.25n/a 3n/a
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 79,71532.12n/a 2n/a
People's Alliance (AP) 31,31012.62n/a 0n/a
Communist Party of Spain (PCE) 15,5626.27n/a 0n/a
People's Socialist Party–Socialist Unity (PSP–US) 13,5825.47n/a 0n/a
National Alliance July 18 (AN18) 3,0851.24n/a 0n/a
Democratic Left Front (FDI) 1,2030.48n/a 0n/a
Democratic Socialist Alliance (ASDCI) 8110.33n/a 0n/a
Blank ballots 5120.21n/a
Total 248,142 5n/a
Valid votes 248,14298.82n/a
Invalid votes 2,9731.18n/a
Votes cast / turnout 251,11580.86n/a
Abstentions 59,43219.14n/a
Registered voters 310,547
Sources[17]

References

  1. ↑ "Real Decreto 1210/2024, de 28 de noviembre, por el que se declaran oficiales las cifras de población resultantes de la revisión del Padrón municipal referidas al 1 de enero de 2024". Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 December 2024.
  2. ↑ Law 1/1977 (1977), trans. prov. 1.
  3. ↑ Constitution (1978), art. 68.
  4. ↑ Constitution (1978), art. 141.
  5. ↑ LOREG (1985), arts. 2–3.
  6. ↑ Law 1/1977 (1977), art. 2 & trans. prov. 1; Royal Decree-Law 20/1977 (1977), art. 2.
  7. ↑ Carreras de Odriozola & Tafunell Sambola 2005, p. 1077.
  8. ↑ LOREG (1985), art. 75.
  9. ↑ Reig Pellicer, Naiara (16 December 2015). "Spanish elections: Begging for the right to vote". cafebabel.co.uk. Archived from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
  10. ↑ Araque Conde, Pilar (8 June 2022). "El Congreso acaba con el voto rogado: diez años de trabas burocráticas para los residentes en el extranjero". Público (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 31 July 2022.
  11. ↑ Marcos, José (18 October 2018). "El Congreso reconoce el derecho a votar de 100.000 discapacitados intelectuales". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 13 March 2026.
  12. ↑ Constitution (1978), art. 68; Law 1/1977 (1977), art. 2 & trans. prov. 1; Royal Decree-Law 20/1977 (1977), arts. 19–20; LOREG (1985), arts. 162–164.
  13. ↑ Gallagher, Michael (30 July 2012). "Effective threshold in electoral systems". Dublin: Trinity College Dublin. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  14. ↑ Royal Decree-Law 20/1977 (1977), arts. 20 & 29–30; LOREG (1985), arts. 46, 48 & 164.
  15. ↑ Royal Decree-Law 20/1977 (1977), arts. 30–31 & 34; LOREG (1985), arts. 44 & 169.
  16. ↑ LOREG (1985), art. 44 bis.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 "Elecciones celebradas. Resultados electorales" (in Spanish). Ministry of the Interior. Retrieved 24 December 2024.

Bibliography

39°00′N 4°00′W / 39.000°N 4.000°W / 39.000; -4.000