1993 Spanish general election

1993 Spanish general election
6 June 1993
All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies and 208 (of 256) seats in the Senate
176 seats needed for a majority in the Congress of Deputies
Opinion polls
Registered31,030,511 Increase 4.8%
Turnout23,718,816 (76.4%)
Increase 6.7 pp
  First party Second party Third party
 
Leader Felipe González José María Aznar Julio Anguita
Party PSOE PP IU
Leader since 28 September 1979 2 September 1989 12 February 1989
Leader's seat Madrid Madrid Madrid
Last election 177 seats, 40.1%[a] 107 seats, 25.8% 17 seats, 9.1%
Seats won 159 141 18
Seat change Decrease 18 Increase 34 Increase 1
Popular vote 9,150,083 8,201,463 2,253,722
Percentage 38.8% 34.8% 9.6%
Swing Decrease 1.3 pp Increase 9.0 pp Increase 0.5 pp
  Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party
 
Leader Miquel Roca Iñaki Anasagasti Luis Mardones
Party CiU EAJ/PNV CC
Leader since 4 July 1982 1986 18 April 1986
Leader's seat Barcelona Biscay Santa Cruz de Tenerife
Last election 18 seats, 5.0% 5 seats, 1.2% 1 seats, 0.3%
Seats won 17 5 4
Seat change Decrease 1 Steady 0 Increase 3
Popular vote 1,165,783 291,448 207,077
Percentage 4.9% 1.2% 0.9%
Swing Decrease 0.1 pp Steady 0.0 pp Increase 0.6 pp
Map of Spain showcasing winning party's strength by constituency
Map of Spain showcasing winning party's strength by autonomous community
Map of Spain showcasing seat distribution by Congress of Deputies constituency
Prime Minister before election

Felipe González
PSOE

 Prime Minister after election

Felipe González
PSOE

A general election was held in Spain on 6 June 1993 to elect the members of the 5th Cortes Generales under the Spanish Constitution of 1978. All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies were up for election, as well as 208 of 256 seats in the Senate.

The outcome of the 1989 election—amid accusations of irregularities and a re-run in Melilla—had seen the ruling Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) under Prime Minister Felipe González forming a de facto majority government, thanks to Herri Batasuna's policy of abstentionism. His third term saw Spain's participation in the Gulf War, the completion of major infrastructure works such as the Madrid–Seville high-speed rail line, the hosting of events such as the Seville Expo '92 and the 1992 Barcelona Olympics, and the signing of the Maastricht Treaty (which led to the adoption of an austerity agenda to meet the euro convergence criteria). This period also saw the unveiling of scandals affecting the ruling PSOE: the Juan Guerra affair (which led to Alfonso Guerra's resignation as deputy prime minister), the Ibercorp affair (involving suspicions of misconduct by the Bank of Spain), and a judicial probe on the alleged illegal funding of PSOE campaigns (the Filesa affair). The outset of the early 1990s recession and the 1992 European Monetary System crisis, and their impact on the Spanish economy—amid rising inflation and unemployment—forced the government to devalue the peseta three times. The mounting crises and political tensions prompted González to call a snap election for June 1993.

Opinion polling predictions of a very close result and economic uncertainty polarized the campaign and fueled a large voter turnout of 76.4%, the highest since 1982. González's PSOE overperformed expectations and emerged as the largest party for a fourth consecutive time, gaining one million votes from 1989, though it lost the overall majority it had held after one decade in power. In contrast, the People's Party (PP) under José María Aznar benefitted from the collapse of the Democratic and Social Centre, making significant inroads by increasing its support to almost 35% of the vote with three million more votes, but it slightly underperformed expectations (which hinted at the PP securing the most seats); this was attributed to González being perceived as decisively defeating Aznar in the second of two head-to-head leaders' debates.[1][2] United Left (IU) remained stagnant, with party leader Julio Anguita having suffered a stroke that prevented him from campaigning.[3] In his victory speech, an emotional González proclaimed having "understood the message" and the citizens' desire for "change upon change".[4]

For the first time since 1979, the election brought in a hung parliament, but parliamentary arithmetics meant that the PSOE remained the only party able to form a government. His animosity with IU's Anguita forced González to seek the support from peripheral nationalist groups—such as Convergence and Union (CiU) and the Basque Nationalist Party (PNV)—in order to renew his tenure, in exchange for concessions on regional autonomy. His fourth government was a minority one, in spite of coalition offerings made to CiU and PNV being rejected.

Background

The 175-seat victory of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) in the 1989 general election (exactly half of Congress), together with Herri Batasuna's policy of abstentionism, allowed Felipe González to form a de facto majority government in Spain.[5][6] Reports of election irregularities over the electoral roll in a number of constituencies saw a re-run in Melilla and only 332 lawmakers being sworn-in by the time of González's investiture as prime minister of Spain,[7] prompting him to submit (and win) a confidence motion in April 1990.[8][9][10]

On the international stage, Spain participated in the multinational military coalition formed in response to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait leading to the Gulf War (which saw an increase in conscientious objectors to compulsory military service in Spain),[11][12] and in the signing of the Maastricht Treaty, which established the European Union (EU) and provided a roadmap towards a common currency.[13] Domestically, González's third government oversaw the liberalization of the television market (seeing the first private TV channels in Spain—Antena 3, Telecinco and Canal+—challenge RTVE's monopoly on television broadcasting),[14][15][16] and a tax harmonization with the European Communities (seeing reforms in VAT and excise taxes such as alcohol, tobacco or fuel).[17][18][19] Reforms were enacted in 1991 to improve the procedures for election petition and electoral roll updating.[20] The establishment of a "European citizenship" by Maastricht required a constitutional reform (the first since the approval of the 1978 Constitution) to introduce active and passive suffrage in local elections for nationals of EU member states.[21][22][23] These years also saw the country hosting events such as the Madrid Conference of 1991,[24] the Seville Expo '92 (celebrating the Columbus Quincentenary), Madrid's European Capital of Culture designation and the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona (which served as a demonstration of Spain's soft power),[25][26][27] as well as the completion of major infrastructure works such as the Madrid–Seville high-speed rail line and the establishment of the first AVE service.[28]

A Renfe Series 100 in Sevilla Santa Justa station
The Spanish economy temporarily weathered the impact of the early 1990s recession thanks to investments in the Seville Expo '92, the Barcelona Olympics or the Madrid–Seville high-speed rail line.

The ETA group intensified its attacks in the run up to the Barcelona Olympics to gain wider attention,[29] seeing the 1990 Sabadell bombing,[30] the 1991 Mutxamel and Vic bombings (the latter killing 5 children),[31][32][33] and the 1992 Madrid bombing,[34] as well as a number of attacks in the Netherlands.[35][36] A major Franco–Spanish police operation in March 1992 resulted in the arrest of the ETA leadership at the time in the French commune of Bidart.[37][38][39] The 1992 Citizen Security Protection Law, aimed both at repealing outdated public security legislation (in force since Franco's dictatorship) and helping the fight against drug-related crimes (which in June 1990 had already seen major action against the Galician mafia),[40][41] was criticized due to it empowering law enforcement forces to enter a home without the need for a warrant.[42][43] These provisions (which earned the bill the "Kick in the Door Law" nickname)[44] would be eventually struck by the Spanish Constitutional Court in November 1993, prompting the resignation of the interior minister and the law's promoter, José Luis Corcuera.[45][46]

Photo of Alfonso Guerra
The Juan Guerra affair forced Alfonso Guerra's resignation as deputy prime minister.

Divisions formed within the PSOE over strategy after one decade in power.[47] The party's apparatus under deputy leader Alfonso Guerra (referred to as guerristas) reasserted its control in the 1990 congress (which also formalized the party's separation from the Workers' General Union),[48][49][50] but a schism arose with those advocating for the government's political autonomy and greater openness (influenced by González).[47][51] The rift between the two leaders and the Juan Guerra affair (involving Guerra's brother in a nepotism, influence peddling and tax evasion scandal)[52][53] prompted Guerra's resignation as deputy prime minister in January 1991.[54][55][56] Opposition to the Socialist government coalesced around the People's Party (PP) and its new party leader, José María Aznar.[57] The 1991 local and regional elections saw the PSOE losing important local councils to PP-supported coalitions, such as Valencia and Seville,[58][59] as well as the collapse of the Democratic and Social Centre and the farewell of its leader, Adolfo Suárez, from active politics.[60]

During this period, a string of political scandals undermined the government's public image.[61][62] The Juan Guerra affair was joined in May 1991 by the unveiling of the Filesa affair (the illegal funding of PSOE campaigns in the 1980s, using money funnelled through various party-linked companies in exchange for fictitious consultancy works).[63][64][65] Julián García Valverde was forced to resign as health minister in January 1992 after it was revealed that RENFE—the state-owned company operating the national Iberian-gauge railway network, which he had presided between 1985 and 1991—had purchased overpriced lands hinting at a possible embezzlement.[66][67] The Ibercorp affair in February 1992 saw the governor of the Bank of Spain, Mariano Rubio, accused of owning stock shares in the Ibercorp investment bank and concealing these from the National Securities Market Commission;[68][69] while Rubio denied all accusations, he was not renewed for a new term in the post.[70][71] November that year saw the uncovering of an illegal kickback-for-contract scheme involving the overpriced purchase of newsprint for the Official State Gazette (BOE), in what would become known as the BOE affair.[72][73]

From 1992 onwards—amid González's efforts to meet the euro convergence criteria,[74][75][76] which earned him a general strike in 1992 over cuts to unemployment benefits and a proposed Law on Strikes[77][78][79][80]—the Spanish economy was severely affected by the early 1990s worldwide recession, the high debt incurred by public administrations and companies over the investments in events and public works (which had temporarily helped Spain weather the crisis's impact),[81][82] and rising inflation stemming from the 1992 European Monetary System crisis (aggravated by the outcome of the 1992 Danish Maastricht Treaty referendum and the Bundesbank's raise of German interest rates in response to excess expenditure on German reunification).[83][84][85] The currency crisis and the economic slowdown strained the Bank of Spain's reserves and led to a sharp increase in the unemployment rate,[86][87][88] worsening economic forecasts,[89][90] and the country entering recession in Q4 1992.[82][91] This forced the government to devalue the peseta three times in nine months (on 17 September and 21 November 1992, and 13 May 1993; the latter becoming known as "Black Thursday"),[92][93][94] approve broad budget cuts,[95][96] and freeze civil servants' wages for 1993 (partially reversed in January that year).[97][98][99]

The last months of the legislative term were dominated by an increasingly hostile opposition from the PP (fueled by improving ratings and the government's growing unpopularity in opinion polls),[100][101][102] mounting revelations in the ongoing scandals affecting the ruling party,[103][104][105] and the continuation of internal problems within the PSOE (with a growing confrontation between González and the guerrista faction and doubts about the prime minister's willingness to stand for re-election).[106][107][108][109] Polling predictions of a hung parliament also increased the role of regionalist and peripheral nationalist parties as prospective kingmakers (particularly Convergence and Union and the Basque Nationalist Party),[110][111][112] with the PP trying a rapprochement with these to overcome the party's perceived difficulty in securing an outright majority.[113][114][115] González ultimately chose to run for a fourth term and to advance the election to June 1993, in an effort to prevent further erosion to his party.[116][117]

Overview

Under the 1978 Constitution, the Spanish Cortes Generales were conceived as an imperfect bicameral system.[118][119] The Congress of Deputies held greater legislative power than the Senate, having the ability to grant or withdraw confidence from a prime minister and to override Senate vetoes by an absolute majority.[120] Nonetheless, the Senate retained a limited number of specific functions—such as ratifying international treaties, authorizing cooperation agreements between autonomous communities, enforcing direct rule, regulating interterritorial compensation funds, and taking part in constitutional amendments and in the appointment of members to the Constitutional Court and the General Council of the Judiciary—which were not subject to override by Congress.[121]

Date

The term of each chamber of the Cortes Generales—the Congress and the Senate—expired four years from the date of their previous election, unless they were dissolved earlier.[122] The election decree was required to be issued no later than 25 days before the scheduled expiration date of parliament and published on the following day in the Official State Gazette (BOE), with election day taking place between 54 and 60 days after the decree's publication.[123] The previous election was held on 29 October 1989, which meant that the chambers' terms would have expired on 29 October 1993. The election decree was required to be published in the BOE no later than 5 October 1993, setting the latest possible date for election day on 4 December 1993.[124]

The prime minister had the prerogative to propose the monarch to dissolve both chambers at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election, provided that no motion of no confidence was in process, no state of emergency was in force and that dissolution did not occur before one year after a previous one.[125] Additionally, both chambers were to be dissolved and a new election called if an investiture process failed to elect a prime minister within a two-month period from the first ballot.[126] Barring this exception, there was no constitutional requirement for simultaneous elections to the Congress and the Senate.[127] Still, as of 2026, there has been no precedent of separate elections taking place under the 1978 Constitution.

Speculation on whether a snap election would be called had been ongoing for over one year before the actual date.[128] In February 1992, González rejected using the 1992 events (the "wonderful year") to gain electoral advantage through an early dissolution.[129] Amid a worsening economic outlook and falling approval ratings for the government and his party,[130][131] González rejected in June and August 1992 that he was considering an early election.[128][132] In November 1992, the prevailing view was that both González and his government preferred to serve out their term in the face of the adverse economic and political situation.[133] Renewed speculation emerged in January 1993 after the government reserved several sports pavilions from April to July and from September to December to house computer facilities for electoral organization,[134] despite González's insistence of an autumn election.[135][136] Ultimately and amid growing economic and political pressure,[137][138] González U-turned and announced the election for 6 June 1993—half-a-year earlier than scheduled—justifying it in the need to solve "tensions in Spanish political life" that prevented his government from "addressing the economic crisis".[116][139]

The Cortes Generales were officially dissolved on 13 April 1993 with the publication of the corresponding decree in the BOE, setting election day for 6 June and scheduling for both chambers to reconvene on 29 June.[140]

Electoral system

Voting for each chamber of the Cortes Generales was based on universal suffrage, comprising all Spanish nationals over 18 years of age with full political rights, provided that they had not been deprived of the right to vote by a final sentence, nor were legally incapacitated.[141][142]

The Congress of Deputies had a minimum of 300 and a maximum of 400 seats, with electoral provisions fixing its size at 350. Of these, 348 were elected in 50 multi-member constituencies corresponding to the provinces of Spain—each of which was assigned an initial minimum of two seats and the remaining 248 distributed in proportion to population—using the D'Hondt method and closed-list proportional voting, with a three percent-threshold of valid votes (including blank ballots) in each constituency. The remaining two seats were allocated to Ceuta and Melilla as single-member districts elected by plurality voting.[143] The use of this electoral method resulted in a higher effective threshold depending on district magnitude and vote distribution.[144]

As a result of the aforementioned allocation, each Congress multi-member constituency was entitled the following seats:[145]

Seats Constituencies[b]
34 Madrid(+1)
32 Barcelona
16 Valencia
12 Seville
10 Alicante, Málaga
9 Asturias, Biscay(–1), Cádiz, La Coruña, Murcia
8 Pontevedra
7 Balearics(+1), Córdoba, Granada, Las Palmas, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Zaragoza
6 Badajoz, Guipúzcoa(–1), Jaén, Tarragona(+1)
5 Almería, Cáceres, Cantabria, Castellón, Ciudad Real, Girona, Huelva, León, Lugo, Navarre, Toledo, Valladolid
4 Álava, Albacete, Burgos, La Rioja, Lleida, Orense(–1), Salamanca
3 Ávila, Cuenca, Guadalajara, Huesca, Palencia, Segovia, Soria, Teruel, Zamora

208 Senate seats were elected using open-list partial block voting: voters in constituencies electing four seats could choose up to three candidates; in those with two or three seats, up to two; and in single-member districts, one. Each of the 47 peninsular provinces was allocated four seats, while in insular provinces—such as the Balearic and Canary Islands—the districts were the islands themselves, with the larger ones (Mallorca, Gran Canaria and Tenerife) being allocated three seats each, and the smaller ones (Menorca, Ibiza–Formentera, Fuerteventura, La Gomera, El Hierro, Lanzarote and La Palma) one each. Ceuta and Melilla elected two seats each. Additionally, autonomous communities could appoint at least one senator each and were entitled to one additional seat per million inhabitants.[147][148]

The law did not provide for by-elections to fill vacant seats; instead, any vacancies arising after the proclamation of candidates and during the legislative term were filled by the next candidates on the party lists or, when required, by designated substitutes.[149]

Outgoing parliament

The tables below show the composition of the parliamentary groups in both chambers at the time of dissolution.[150][151]

Candidates

Nomination rules

Spanish citizens with the right to vote could run for election, provided that they had not been criminally imprisoned by a final sentence or convicted—whether final or not—of offences that involved loss of eligibility or disqualification from public office (such as rebellion or terrorism, when involving crimes against life, physical integrity or personal freedom). Additional causes of ineligibility applied to the following officials:[154]

Other ineligibility provisions also applied to a number of territorial officials in these categories within their areas of jurisdiction, as well as to employees of foreign states and members of regional governments.[154]

Incompatibility rules included those of ineligibility, and also barred running in multiple constituencies or lists, and combining legislative roles (deputy, senator, and regional lawmaker) with each other or with:[155]

Parties and lists

The electoral law allowed for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, alliances and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form an alliance were required to inform the relevant electoral commission within 10 days of the election call, whereas groupings of electors needed to secure the signature of at least one percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they sought election, disallowing electors from signing for more than one list.[156]

Below is a list of the main parties and alliances which contested the election:

Candidacy Parties and
alliances		 Leading candidate Ideology Previous result Gov. Ref.
Congress Senate
Vote % Seats Vote % Seats
PSOE Felipe González Social democracy
40.1%
[a]		 177
40.7%
[e]		 107 15 [157]
[158]
[159]
PP José María Aznar Conservatism
Christian democracy		 25.8% 107 26.1% 78 15 [160]
[161]
CiU Miquel Roca Catalan nationalism
Centrism		 5.0% 18 5.3% 10 15 [162]
IU Julio Anguita Socialism
Communism		 9.1% 17 8.8% 1 15 [163]
[164]
[165]
CDS Rafael Calvo Ortega Centrism
Liberalism		 7.9% 14 7.6% 1 15 [166]
EAJ/PNV
List
 Iñaki Anasagasti Basque nationalism
Christian democracy		 1.2% 5 1.3% 4 15 [167]
HB Jon Idigoras Basque independence
Abertzale left
Revolutionary socialism		 1.1% 4 1.1% 3 15
PA
List
 Salvador Pérez Bueno Andalusian nationalism
Social democracy		 1.0% 2 1.2% 0 15
UV
List
 Vicente González Lizondo Blaverism
Conservatism		 0.7% 2 0.6% 0 15
EA–EuE
List
 Xabier Albistur Basque nationalism
Social democracy		 0.7% 2 0.7% 0 15
PAR
List
 José María Mur Regionalism
Centrism		 0.4% 1 0.4% 0 15
CC Lorenzo Olarte Regionalism
Canarian nationalism
Centrism
0.3%
[f]		 1
0.2%
[f]		 4 15
ERC Pilar Rahola Catalan independence
Left-wing nationalism
Social democracy		 0.4% 0 0.4% 0 15

Campaign

Party slogans

Party or alliance Original slogan English translation Ref.
PSOE « Vota futuro »
« Por el progreso de la mayoría »		 "Vote for the future"
"For the progress of the majority"		 [168]
PP « Ahora. Gobierno para todos » "Now. Government for everyone" [169]
CiU « Ara, decidirem » "Now, we shall decide" [170]
IU « Izquierda Unida, sí. La alternativa necesaria » "United Left, yes. The necessary alternative" [171]
CDS « Ahora más que nunca, el centro es necesario »
« Esta vez, el voto útil es al auténtico centro »		 "Now more than ever, the centre is necessary"
"This time, tactical voting is for the true centre"		 [172]

Debates

The 1993 election was the first in Spanish history to see the use of leaders' debates.[173][174]

1993 Spanish general election debates
Date Organizer(s) Moderator(s)     P  Present[g]    S  Surrogate[h]  
 NI  Not invited   I  Invited    A  Absent invitee 
PSOE PP Audience Ref.
24 May Antena 3 Manuel Campo Vidal P
González		 P
Aznar		 61.8%
(9,625,000)		 [174]
[175]
31 May Tele 5 Luis Mariñas P
González		 P
Aznar		 75.3%
(10,526,000)		 [174]
[175]

Opinion polls

Candidate viewed as "performing best" or "most convincing" in each debate
Debate Polling firm/Commissioner PSOE PP Tie None Question
24 May Demoscopia/El País[176] 21.0 50.0 29.0
Opina/La Vanguardia[177] 18.4 42.5 8.1 13.9 17.2
Sigma Dos/El Mundo[178] 28.0 49.8 22.2
31 May Demoscopia/El País[179] 48.0 18.0 34.0
Opina/La Vanguardia[180] 36.2 15.3 17.4 13.6 17.5

Opinion polls

Local regression trend line of poll results from 29 October 1989 to 6 June 1993, with each line corresponding to a political party.

Results

Congress of Deputies

← Summary of the 6 June 1993 Congress of Deputies election results →
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)1 9,150,08338.78−1.33 159−18
People's Party (PP) 8,201,46334.76+8.97 141+34
United Left (IU) 2,253,7229.55+0.48 18+1
Convergence and Union (CiU) 1,165,7834.94−0.10 17−1
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 414,7401.76−6.13 0−14
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) 291,4481.24±0.00 5±0
Canarian Coalition (CC)2 207,0770.88+0.45 4+3
Popular Unity (HB) 206,8760.88−0.18 2−2
Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) 189,6320.80+0.39 1+1
The Greens (Verdes)3 185,9400.79−0.11 0±0
Aragonese Party (PAR) 144,5440.61+0.26 1±0
Basque Solidarity–Basque Left (EA–EuE) 129,2930.55−0.12 1−1
Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG) 126,9650.54+0.31 0±0
Valencian Union (UV) 112,3410.48−0.23 1−1
Andalusian Party (PA) 96,5130.41−0.63 0−2
The Ecologists (LE) 68,8510.29−0.38 0±0
Ruiz-Mateos Group–European Democratic Alliance (ARM–ADE) 54,5180.23−0.84 0±0
Andalusian Progress Party (PAP) 43,1690.18New 0±0
Valencian People's Union (UPV) 41,0520.17−0.03 0±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST) 30,0680.13−0.27 0±0
Union for the Progress of Cantabria (UPCA) 27,0050.11New 0±0
Nationalists of the Balearic Islands (PSM–ENE) 20,1180.09+0.05 0±0
Regionalist Party of Cantabria (PRC) 18,6080.08New 0±0
Alavese Unity (UA) 16,6230.07New 0±0
Liberal Independent Group (GIL) 16,4520.07New 0±0
Party of Gran Canaria (PGC) 15,2460.06New 0±0
Leonese People's Union (UPL) 13,0970.06New 0±0
Natural Law Party (PLN) 11,3920.05New 0±0
Asturianist Party (PAS) 11,0880.05+0.02 0±0
United Extremadura (EU) 10,6530.05±0.00 0±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 10,2330.04−0.27 0±0
Majorcan, Menorcan and Pityusic Union (UMMP) 10,0530.04New 0±0
Ecologist Party of Catalonia–VERDE (PEC–VERDE) 9,2490.04−0.06 0±0
Humanist Party (PH) 8,8340.04−0.04 0±0
Revolutionary Workers' Party (POR) 8,6670.04±0.00 0±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 8,0000.03−0.09 0±0
Coalition for a New Socialist Party (CNPS)4 7,9910.03−0.03 0±0
Riojan Party (PR) 7,5320.03New 0±0
Aragonese Union (CHA) 6,3440.03+0.01 0±0
Galician Nationalist Convergence (CNG) 4,6630.02New 0±0
Commoners' Land–Castilian Nationalist Party (TC–PNC) 4,6470.02New 0±0
Galician Alternative (AG) 3,2860.01New 0±0
Spanish Democratic Republican Action (ARDE) 3,0630.01+0.01 0±0
Regionalist Unity of Castile and León (URCL) 2,7150.01New 0±0
Party of El Bierzo (PB) 2,6810.01New 0±0
Extremaduran Regionalist Party (PREx) 2,0860.01New 0±0
Health and Ecology in Solidarity (SEES) 1,9590.01New 0±0
Madrilenian Independent Regional Party (PRIM)5 1,9170.01−0.01 0±0
Gray Panthers of Spain (ACI) 1,6440.01New 0±0
Valencian Nationalist Left (ENV) 1,5170.01±0.00 0±0
Independent Spanish Phalanx (FEI) 1,4150.01+0.01 0±0
People's Palentine Group (APP) 1,4100.01New 0±0
Rainbow (Arcoiris) 1,4070.01New 0±0
The Greens of the Alicantine Country (PVPA) 1,3750.01New 0±0
Cantonal Party (PCAN) 1,3000.01New 0±0
Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL) 1,1930.01±0.00 0±0
Spanish Catholic Movement (MCE) 1,1780.00New 0±0
Tenerife Assembly (ATF) 1,1590.00New 0±0
Socialist Party of the People of Ceuta (PSPC) 1,1550.00New 0±0
Insular Group of Gran Canaria (AIGRANC) 1,0090.00New 0±0
Castilianist Union (UC) 9490.00New 0±0
Andecha Astur (AA) 7870.00New 0±0
Authentic Spanish Phalanx (FEA) 7470.00New 0±0
Alicantine Democratic Union (UniDA) 7150.00New 0±0
Progressive Front of Spain (FPE) 6410.00New 0±0
Union of Autonomies (UDLA) 5940.00New 0±0
Socialist October (OS) 5400.00New 0±0
Independent Council of Asturias (Conceyu) 5280.00New 0±0
Integration Party for Almeria and its Peoples (PIAP) 4660.00New 0±0
Spanish Balearic Alternative (ABE) 4160.00New 0±0
Referendum Tolerant Independent Political Party (PITRCG) 4080.00New 0±0
Party of The People (LG) 3850.00New 0±0
Nationalist Party of Cantabria (PNC) 3830.00New 0±0
Federated Independents of Aragon (IF) 3030.00New 0±0
Radical Balearic Party (PRB) 2820.00New 0±0
Tagoror Party (Tagoror) 2780.00±0.00 0±0
Regionalist Party of Guadalajara (PRGU) 2670.00±0.00 0±0
Social Democratic Spanish Christian Monarchy (MCES) 2440.00New 0±0
Progressive Sorian Union (US) 980.00New 0±0
Nationalist Party of Castile and León (PANCAL) 700.00−0.01 0±0
Initiative for Ceuta (INCE) 420.00New 0±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 00.00New 0±0
Coalition for Free Canaries (CCL) 00.00New 0±0
Centrist Unity–Democratic Spanish Party (PED) 00.00−0.02 0±0
Freixes Independent Group (Freixes) 00.00New 0±0
Blank ballots 188,6790.80+0.11
Total 23,591,864 350±0
Valid votes 23,591,86499.46+0.20
Invalid votes 126,9520.54−0.20
Votes cast / turnout 23,718,81676.44+6.70
Abstentions 7,311,69523.56−6.70
Registered voters 31,030,511
Sources[181][182][183][184]
Footnotes:
Popular vote
PSOE
 
 38.78%
PP
 
 34.76%
IU
 
 9.55%
CiU
 
 4.94%
CDS
 
 1.76%
EAJ/PNV
 
 1.24%
CC
 
 0.88%
HB
 
 0.88%
ERC
 
 0.80%
PAR
 
 0.61%
EA–EUE
 
 0.55%
UV
 
 0.48%
Others
 
 3.97%
Blank ballots
 
 0.80%
Seats
PSOE
 
 45.43%
PP
 
 40.29%
IU
 
 5.14%
CiU
 
 4.86%
EAJ/PNV
 
 1.43%
CC
 
 1.14%
HB
 
 0.57%
ERC
 
 0.29%
PAR
 
 0.29%
EA–EUE
 
 0.29%
UV
 
 0.29%

Senate

← Summary of the 6 June 1993 Senate of Spain election results →
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)1 25,441,60539.02−1.66 96−11
People's Party (PP) 22,467,23634.46+8.40 93+15
United Left (IU) 6,172,2559.47+0.70 0−1
Convergence and Union (CiU) 3,458,4195.30+0.01 10±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 1,189,8771.82−5.78 0−1
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) 846,6051.30−0.04 3−1
Popular Unity (HB) 599,7440.92−0.22 1−2
The Greens (Verdes)2 570,7930.88+0.24 0±0
Aragonese Party (PAR) 465,1620.71+0.28 0±0
Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG) 402,5490.62+0.36 0±0
Canarian Coalition (CC)3 396,7990.61+0.37 5+1
Basque Solidarity–Basque Left (EA–EuE) 381,3560.58−0.14 0±0
Valencian Union (UV) 347,5930.53−0.08 0±0
Andalusian Party (PA) 312,3840.48−0.67 0±0
Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) 239,5460.37−0.06 0±0
Ruiz-Mateos Group–European Democratic Alliance (ARM–ADE) 180,1390.28−0.43 0±0
Union for the Progress of Cantabria (UPCA) 144,7840.22New 0±0
Valencian People's Union (UPV) 138,1830.21−0.03 0±0
Andalusian Progress Party (PAP) 133,5140.20New 0±0
The Ecologists (LE) 70,5890.11−0.43 0±0
Liberal Independent Group (GIL) 60,0710.09New 0±0
Leonese People's Union (UPL) 57,7970.09New 0±0
Ecologist Party of Catalonia (PEC) 52,0530.08New 0±0
Alavese Unity (UA) 49,1200.08New 0±0
United Extremadura (EU) 48,1130.07−0.01 0±0
Asturianist Party (PAS) 43,5380.07+0.04 0±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST) 43,0440.07−0.15 0±0
Nationalists of the Balearic Islands (PSM–ENE) 40,4780.06+0.03 0±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 35,6180.05−0.22 0±0
Party of Gran Canaria (PGC) 30,2850.05New 0±0
Regionalist Party of Cantabria (PRC) 28,7690.04New 0±0
Aragonese Union (CHA) 28,1860.04+0.02 0±0
Riojan Party (PR) 27,3830.04New 0±0
Majorcan, Menorcan and Pityusic Union (UMMP) 24,4500.04New 0±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 22,8450.04−0.09 0±0
Commoners' Land–Castilian Nationalist Party (TC–PNC) 17,9530.03New 0±0
Galician Nationalist Convergence (CNG) 16,4050.03New 0±0
Coalition for a New Socialist Party (CNPS)4 13,7330.02−0.02 0±0
Regionalist Unity of Castile and León (URCL) 13,0410.02New 0±0
Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL) 12,1470.02−0.01 0±0
Spanish Democratic Republican Action (ARDE) 11,8300.02+0.01 0±0
Humanist Party (PH) 11,1760.02−0.05 0±0
Galician Alternative (AG) 10,8490.02New 0±0
Independent Spanish Phalanx (FEI) 10,7680.02+0.02 0±0
Madrilenian Independent Regional Party (PRIM)5 10,7130.02−0.02 0±0
Gray Panthers of Spain (ACI) 10,6810.02New 0±0
Revolutionary Workers' Party (POR) 10,2580.02+0.01 0±0
Extremaduran Regionalist Party (PREx) 10,2530.02New 0±0
Green Social Unity (USV) 9,8020.02New 0±0
Spanish Vertex Ecological Development Revindication (VERDE) 9,7040.01−0.17 0±0
Spanish Catholic Movement (MCE) 9,5070.01−0.02 0±0
Rainbow (Arcoiris) 5,4190.01New 0±0
Party of El Bierzo (PB) 5,1510.01New 0±0
People's Palentine Group (APP) 4,8690.01New 0±0
Valencian Nationalist Left (ENV) 4,6170.01±0.00 0±0
The Greens of the Alicantine Country (PVPA) 4,4390.01New 0±0
Natural Law Party (PLN) 4,4220.01New 0±0
Cantonal Party (PCAN) 4,3330.01New 0±0
Federal Socialist Party (PSF) 4,1680.01New 0±0
Health and Ecology in Solidarity (SEES) 4,0830.01New 0±0
Centrist Unity–Democratic Spanish Party (PED) 4,0470.01±0.00 0±0
Alicantine Democratic Union (UniDA) 3,6110.01New 0±0
Authentic Spanish Phalanx (FEA) 3,4080.01New 0±0
Andecha Astur (AA) 3,0680.00New 0±0
Castilianist Union (UC) 3,0130.00New 0±0
Tenerife Assembly (ATF) 2,6380.00New 0±0
Spanish Action (AE) 2,5950.00±0.00 0±0
Independent Council of Asturias (Conceyu) 2,3260.00New 0±0
Navarrese Regionalists (RN) 2,2130.00New 0±0
Insular Group of Gran Canaria (AIGRANC) 2,0980.00New 0±0
Socialist Party of the People of Ceuta (PSPC) 1,9610.00New 0±0
Socialist October (OS) 1,7510.00New 0±0
Regionalist Party of Guadalajara (PRGU) 1,6410.00±0.00 0±0
Nationalist Party of Cantabria (PNC) 1,5660.00New 0±0
Natural Culture (CN) 1,5570.00−0.01 0±0
Blue Party of Progressive Rightwing (PADP) 1,0860.00New 0±0
Integration Party for Almeria and its Peoples (PIAP) 1,0260.00New 0±0
Tagoror Party (Tagoror) 1,0160.00±0.00 0±0
Social Democratic Spanish Christian Monarchy (MCES) 1,0090.00New 0±0
Federated Independents of Aragon (IF) 8420.00New 0±0
Spanish Balearic Alternative (ABE) 7170.00New 0±0
Referendum Tolerant Independent Political Party (PITRCG) 5830.00New 0±0
Proverist Party (PPr) 4670.00±0.00 0±0
Radical Balearic Party (PRB) 4600.00±0.00 0±0
Nationalist Party of Castile and León (PANCAL) 3520.00−0.02 0±0
Progressive Sorian Union (US) 3470.00New 0±0
Initiative for Ceuta (INCE) 700.00New 0±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 00.00New 0±0
Freixes Independent Group (Freixes) 00.00New 0±0
Blank ballots[i] 376,8291.63−0.04
Total 65,203,500 208±0
Valid votes 23,189,17497.70+1.13
Invalid votes 546,8212.30−1.13
Votes cast / turnout 23,735,99576.49+6.62
Abstentions 7,294,51623.51−6.62
Registered voters 31,030,511
Sources[151][181][182][183][184][185]
Footnotes:
Popular vote
PSOE
 
 39.02%
PP
 
 34.46%
IU
 
 9.47%
CiU
 
 5.30%
CDS
 
 1.82%
EAJ/PNV
 
 1.30%
HB
 
 0.92%
CC
 
 0.61%
Others
 
 6.52%
Blank ballots
 
 1.63%
Seats
PSOE
 
 46.15%
PP
 
 44.71%
CiU
 
 4.81%
CC
 
 2.40%
EAJ/PNV
 
 1.44%
HB
 
 0.48%

Maps

Aftermath

Government formation

Investiture
Congress of Deputies
Nomination of Felipe González (PSOE)
Ballot → 9 July 1993
Required majority → 176 out of 350 check
Yes
181 / 350
No
  • • PP (141)
  • • IU–IC (17)
  • • CC (4)
  • • ERC (1)
  • • EA (1)
  • • UV (1)
165 / 350
Abstentions
1 / 350
Absentees
3 / 350
Sources[186]

Notes

  1. 1 2 Results for PSOE (39.6%, 175 deputies) and EE (0.5%, 2 deputies) in the 1989 Congress election.
  2. ↑ The provinces of Gerona and Lérida were officially renamed as "Girona" and "Lleida" on 1 March 1992.[146]
  3. ↑ Carlos Revilla and Antoni Fernández Teixidó, former CDS legislators; Felipe Baeza, former PP legislator.
  4. ↑ These comprised the Constitutional Court, the General Council of the Judiciary, the Supreme Court, the Council of State, the Court of Auditors and the Economic and Social Council.
  5. ↑ Results for PSOE (40.1%, 107 senators) and EE (0.5%, 0 senators) in the 1989 Senate election.
  6. 1 2 Results for AIC in the 1989 election.
  7. ↑ Denotes a main invitee attending the event.
  8. ↑ Denotes a main invitee not attending the event, sending a surrogate in their place.
  9. ↑ The percentage of blank ballots is calculated over the official number of valid votes cast, irrespective of the total number of votes shown as a result of adding up the individual results for each party.

References

  1. ↑ Álvarez, José (24 March 2020). "El día que Felipe González ganó unas elecciones gracias a un debate electoral en televisión". Bluper (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 August 2026.
  2. ↑ Campo Vidal, Manuel (24 May 2023). "Los debates González-Aznar, 30 años después". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 August 2026.
  3. ↑ "Una angina de pecho retira a Anguita de la campaña". El País (in Spanish). Barcelona / Madrid. 29 May 1993. Retrieved 7 August 2026.
  4. ↑ Díez, Anabel; Rodríguez Aizpeolea, Luis (7 June 1993). "Felipe González: "He entendido el mensaje"". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 7 August 2026.
  5. ↑ De la Cuadra, Bonifacio (11 June 1990). "La llave de la mayoría absoluta". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 18 March 2025.
  6. ↑ "Los socialistas tendrán que buscar más apoyo de sus socios". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. 22 June 1990. Retrieved 18 March 2025.
  7. ↑ Valdecantos, Camilo (13 April 1993). "La impugnación de las elecciones marcó la legislatura desde el inicio". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 18 March 2025.
  8. ↑ "González acepta crear una comisión parlamentaria que investigue con rigor el censo electoral". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. 5 December 1989. Retrieved 18 March 2025.
  9. ↑ "La cuestión de confianza mostró la distancia del Gobierno con IU y PP". El País (in Spanish). 6 April 1990. Retrieved 18 March 2025.
  10. ↑ Galán, Javier (30 August 2016). "Felipe González, diciembre de 1989, antesala a la cuestión de confianza". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 March 2025.
  11. ↑ "Primera guerra del Golfo" (in Spanish). Ministry of Defence. Retrieved 20 March 2025.
  12. ↑ Mora, Miguel; J. Campo, Ramón (26 February 1991). "Una guerra dentro de la guerra". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 20 March 2025.
  13. ↑ "España y la Unión Europea" (in Spanish). Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 20 March 2025.
  14. ↑ Fernández Beaumont, José (15 February 1990). "Más de media España podrá ver antes de fin de año las emisiones de los canales de televisión privada". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  15. ↑ "Llegan las cadenas privadas" (in Spanish). RTVE. 29 May 2018. Retrieved 21 March 2025.
  16. ↑ "Las televisiones privadas cumplen 30 años retransmisiones en España" (in Spanish). Madrid: Europa Press. 4 January 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  17. ↑ Tobarra, Sebastián (1 July 1991). "Directos al alza, indirectos a la baja". El País (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  18. ↑ Carvajal, Victoria (5 November 1991). "La CE considera positivo el aumento al 13% del IVA en España para 1992". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  19. ↑ Marcos, Pilar (24 October 1992). "El Gobierno aprueba subir los impuestos sobre alcohol, tabaco y carburantes". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  20. ↑ "Reforma electoral". El País (in Spanish). 10 March 1991. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  21. ↑ Valdecantos, Camilo (8 July 1992). "La primera reforma de la Constitución arranca con el consenso total de las fuerzas parlamentarias". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  22. ↑ "La primera reforma constitucional cumple 30 años a la espera de la tercera" (in Spanish). RTVE. EFE. 28 August 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2025.
  23. ↑ "Primera Reforma Constitucional (1992)" (in Spanish). Congress of Deputies. Retrieved 20 March 2025.
  24. ↑ Vacas, Constanza (30 October 2023). "Conferencia de Madrid: Un intento de paz para el conflicto palestino-israelí" (in Spanish). National Geographic. Retrieved 21 March 2025.
  25. ↑ Echarri, Miquel (28 October 2015). "1992, el año en el que España subió a primera división". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 March 2025.
  26. ↑ Sánchez-Mellado, Luz; Galloway, Heather (translation) (25 April 2017). "1992: the year Spanish soft power conquered the world". El País. Madrid. Retrieved 5 August 2026.
  27. ↑ "España democrática. Los gobiernos de Felipe González (1982-1996)" (in Spanish). Enciclopedia Humanidades. Retrieved 18 March 2025. (...) En las elecciones de 1989, el PSOE volvió a ganar por mayoría absoluta. En esta tercera legislatura del PSOE (1989-1993), España celebró en 1992 dos acontecimientos internacionales, los Juegos Olímpicos de Barcelona y la Expo de Sevilla, que mostraron una imagen de país moderno muy diferente a la España de la dictadura de Franco.
  28. ↑ Amiguet, Teresa (14 April 2022). "El AVE emprende el vuelo". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 March 2025.
  29. ↑ "Los Juegos Olímpicos, una caja de resonancia para los etarras". El País (in Spanish). Barcelona. 20 March 1992. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  30. ↑ Uría, Lluís (9 December 1990). "Seis policías muertos y varios heridos en Sabadell en un atentado de ETA con coche bomba". El País (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  31. ↑ "Un coche bomba de ETA causa nueve muertos y 45 heridos al destruir la casa cuartel de Vic". El País (in Spanish). Barcelona. 30 May 1991. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  32. ↑ "Miles de personas expresan en Barcelona su condena a ETA por el atentado contra la casa cuartel de Vic". El País (in Spanish). Barcelona. 4 June 1991. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  33. ↑ Illán, Menchu (17 September 1991). "Un coche bomba de ETA mata a dos policías locales y a un vecino de un pueblo de Alicante". El País (in Spanish). Alicante. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  34. ↑ Duva, Jesús (7 February 1992). "ETA asesina a cuatro militares y un civil en Madrid". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  35. ↑ Cembrero, Ignacio (18 November 1989). "Interior considera los atentados de ETA en Holanda un aviso a Santo Domingo". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  36. ↑ Ferrer, Isabel (7 July 1990). "Tres heridos en Amsterdam al estallar una bomba en la sede del BBV". El País (in Spanish). Amsterdam. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  37. ↑ MEC, Borja (1 May 2006). "Bidart: la caída de la cúpula de ETA". Expansión (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 21 March 2025.
  38. ↑ Rodríguez Aizpeolea, Luis (27 March 2017). "Bidart, hito policial en la lucha contra ETA". El País (in Spanish). Bilbao. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  39. ↑ "La historia de ETA. El golpe de Bidart". El Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  40. ↑ "12 de junio de 1990, el día que estalló la guerra contra la droga: cómo y por qué se fraguó la 'operación Nécora'" (in Spanish). Madrid: laSexta. 6 April 2018. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  41. ↑ L. Álvarez, Laura (14 June 2020). "Garzón, 30 años después de la "operación Nécora": "Todo estuvo a punto de irse al traste cinco horas antes"". La Razón (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  42. ↑ "Un magistrado del Tribunal Constitucional critica la "Ley Corcuera"" (in Spanish). Seville: Servimedia. 26 September 1991. Retrieved 20 March 2025.
  43. ↑ "La 'ley Corcuera' o cómo el Gobierno permitía en 1992 que la Policía entrara en una casa sin la autorización de un juez" (in Spanish). Madrid: laSexta. 31 January 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2025.
  44. ↑ Davison, Phil (20 November 1993). "Gonzalez delays decision on minister's future". The Independent. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  45. ↑ González Ibañez, Juan; De la Cuadra, Bonifacio; Díez, Anabel (19 November 1993). "Corcuera comunica a González su decisión de dimitir". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 20 March 2025.
  46. ↑ Herrera, Elena (9 April 2021). "Treinta años de la ley Corcuera, la frustrada 'patada en la puerta' que ha resurgido en plena pandemia". elDiario.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 March 2025.
  47. 1 2 Redondo, Javier (30 September 2016). "El PSOE, un partido abonado a las luchas internas". El Mundo (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 21 March 2025.
  48. ↑ Parra, Carmen (9 November 1990). "El PSOE eliminará la afiliación obligatoria a UGT, que en la práctica no se cumple". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  49. ↑ Rodríguez Aizpeolea, Luis (11 November 1990). "El congreso del PSOE cierra el paso a los que han abogado por la apertura del partido". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  50. ↑ González Ibáñez, Juan (12 November 1990). "Solchaga reconoce que Guerra y el 'aparato' le han derrotado en la batalla por la ejecutiva". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  51. ↑ Díez, Anabel (5 October 1990). "González indicó a dirigentes del PSOE que la política del Gobierno no se hace en el partido". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  52. ↑ "El PP e IU exigen de nuevo la dimisión de Guerra". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. 6 April 1990. Retrieved 18 March 2025.
  53. ↑ Rosell, Francisco (18 October 2007). "Juan Guerra abre despacho en el patio de monipodio". El Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  54. ↑ González Ibáñez, Juan (13 January 1991). "Guerra afirma que dimite para facilitar "un buen Gobierno"". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 18 March 2025.
  55. ↑ Méndez, Juan (13 January 1991). "El 'caso Juan Guerra', elemento clave de la caída". El País (in Spanish). Seville. Retrieved 18 March 2025.
  56. ↑ "AIfonso Guerra dimitió después de que Felipe González le plantease la posible renuncia". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. 15 January 1991. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  57. ↑ González Ibáñez, Juan (31 March 1990). "El PP inicia hoy un congreso diseñado para aclamar a Aznar como nuevo presidente". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 21 March 2025.
  58. ↑ Prieto, Joaquín (28 May 1991). "El PP gana 600.000 votos y el PSOE pierde más ciudades". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 21 March 2025.
  59. ↑ "El PSOE pierde las alcaldías de Sevilla y Valencia tras pactar el Partido Popular con los regionalistas". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. 14 June 1991. Retrieved 21 March 2025.
  60. ↑ Martín del Pozo, Concha (27 May 1991). "Adolfo Suárez dimite tras descalabro electoral del CDS". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 21 March 2025.
  61. ↑ Díez, Anabel; González Ibáñez, Juan (23 March 1992). "Del caso de Juan Guerra a Ibercorp". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  62. ↑ "González: "No hay una situación de corrupción grave, pero sí alarma social"". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. 30 November 1992. Retrieved 5 August 2026.
  63. ↑ González Ibáñez, Juan; Díez, Anabel (30 May 1991). "El fiscal del Estado ordena investigar a dos firmas que financiaron irregularmente al PSOE". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  64. ↑ "Un grupo de sociedades financiaron ilícitamente campañas del PSOE en 1989". El Mundo (in Spanish). Madrid. 1 December 2000. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  65. ↑ Ramírez, L. (1 May 2006). "Estalla el "caso Filesa"". Expansión (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  66. ↑ "García Valverde dimite como ministro de Sanidad por el escándalo de Renfe". El País (in Spanish). 14 January 1992. Retrieved 18 March 2025.
  67. ↑ "Operaciones sospechosas en San Sebastián de los Reyes". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. 14 January 1992. Retrieved 18 March 2025.
  68. ↑ Ayuso, Javier; Noceda, Miguel Ángel (13 February 1992). "La Comisión de Valores volverá a investigar a Ibercorp por la venta masiva de acciones". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  69. ↑ Justicia, Francisco (18 October 2007). "La corrupción del poder económico y sus amigos". El Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 March 2025.
  70. ↑ "Mariano Rubio prepara acciones legales en relación con el 'caso Ibercorp'". El País (in Spanish). 6 March 1992. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  71. ↑ "González nombra a Luis Ángel Rojo gobernador del Banco de España en sustitución de Mariano Rubio". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. 30 June 1992. Retrieved 21 March 2025.
  72. ↑ De la Cuadra, Bonifacio (2 November 1992). "Una juez investiga a tres ex altos cargos del BOE por un presunto fraude de 1.010 millones". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  73. ↑ De la Cuadra, Bonifacio (2 November 1992). "Una actuación contraria al "más elemental principio de economía"". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  74. ↑ Rodríguez Aizpeolea, Luis (20 March 1992). "El Gobierno presentará un plan abierto sobre la convergencia europea". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  75. ↑ "González anuncia severas medidas de ajuste en sanidad y política de empleo". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. 25 March 1992. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  76. ↑ Díez, Anabel; Rodríguez Aizpeolea, Luis (23 February 1993). "González asegura que mantendrá el plan de convergencia y la peseta dentro del SME". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 5 August 2026.
  77. ↑ Díez, Anabel (8 May 1992). "El presidente cree que en dos meses "dará la vuelta" al mensaje sindical". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  78. ↑ Marcos, Pilar (15 May 1992). "El Gobierno aprueba el proyecto de ley de huelga sin recoger ninguna propuesta de los sindicatos". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  79. ↑ González, Miguel (29 May 1992). "González pide "reflexión" a CC OO y UGT tras el "relativo fracaso" de ayer". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  80. ↑ Montañés, Érika (28 March 2012). "La ley de huelga de Felipe González que jamás entró en vigor". ABC (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  81. ↑ Codina, Esperanza (22 February 2017). "Los fastos del 92, un dique que no evitó la crisis". El País (in Spanish). Málaga. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  82. 1 2 Maqueda, Antonio; Alonso, Antonio; Clemente Pomeda, Yolanda (29 January 2021). "Las mayores crisis de la economía española". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 20 March 2025.
  83. ↑ Oller, José Luis (10 July 1992). "El 'no' danés y los mercados de futuros". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  84. ↑ Martí Font, José María (17 July 1992). "El Bundesbank alemán eleva los tipos de interés del 8% al 8,75%". El País (in Spanish). Bonn. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  85. ↑ "La caída de la libra y la depreciación de la peseta provocan una crisis total del Sistema Monetario Europeo". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. 16 September 1992. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  86. ↑ "El Banco de España gastó 1,35 billones de las reservas para mantener la peseta en septiembre". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. 4 October 1992. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  87. ↑ Parra, Carmen; Marcos, Pilar (28 October 1992). "Más de 5.500 personas se quedan en paro cada día en la Comunidad Europea y Estados Unidos". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  88. ↑ "España democrática. Los gobiernos de Felipe González (1982-1996)" (in Spanish). Enciclopedia Humanidades. Retrieved 18 March 2025. Sin embargo, la recesión mundial iniciada a principios de los años noventa golpeó duramente a España. La crisis económica disparó la inflación y el desempleo, que alcanzó la cifra de tres millones de desocupados.
  89. ↑ "En 1993 la evolución de la economía será peor que la de este año, según varios expertos". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. 23 August 1992. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  90. ↑ Missé, Andreu (23 September 1992). "Los Presupuestos prevén 500.000 parados más en 1993 que el plan de convergencia". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  91. ↑ Marcos, Pilar (13 March 1993). "La economía entró en recesión en el último trimestre de 1992 con una caída de la inversión de seis puntos". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  92. ↑ "Siete devaluaciones desde 1959". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. 22 November 1992. Retrieved 4 March 2026.
  93. ↑ "'Jueves negro' para la economía española". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. 14 May 1993. Retrieved 20 March 2025.
  94. ↑ Mars, Amanda (14 February 2010). "El ataque que ganaron los especuladores". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  95. ↑ "Felipe González asegura que, de ser necesario, el recorte del gasto se aplicará por igual en todas las partidas". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. 6 August 1992. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  96. ↑ "El Gobierno asume el coste electoral del presupuesto de 1993, que considera el más restrictivo en 20 años". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. 30 September 1992. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  97. ↑ "Los sindicatos convocan dos días de huelga general en la Administración". El País (in Spanish). Barcelona. Agencias. 4 November 1992. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  98. ↑ Marcos, Pilar (17 December 1992). "Gobierno y Parlamento congelan los salarios de los funcionarios en 1993 por falta de acuerdo". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  99. ↑ Gómez Mardones, Inmaculada (9 January 1993). "El Gobierno aumenta en un 1,8% los salarios públicos y reduce a 13.940 plazas su oferta de empleo en 1993". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  100. ↑ Ibáñez, Juan (10 January 1993). "Aznar: "El PP ganaría hoy las elecciones"". El País (in Spanish). Valladolid. Retrieved 5 August 2026.
  101. ↑ Díez, Anabel (19 February 1993). "El PSOE pierde 20 escaños y el PP, que gana 20, se coloca a cinco puntos de los socilalistas". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 5 August 2026.
  102. ↑ Rodríguez Aizpeolea, Luis; Díez, Anabel (21 March 1993). "La ventaja del PSOE sobre el PP se reduce a tres escaños". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 5 August 2026.
  103. ↑ Rodríguez Aizpeolea, Luis (28 November 1992). "Serra dice que el 80% del voto que pierde el PSOE se debe a la corrupción". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 5 August 2026.
  104. ↑ Díez, Anabel (17 December 1992). "Dirigentes del PSOE reconocen que el 92 es un año "catastrófico" por los casos de corrupción". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 21 March 2025.
  105. ↑ Díez, Anabel; Rodríguez Aizpeolea, Luis (14 February 1993). "El temor a perder las elecciones obliga a los socialistas a relegar a sus 'caras quemadas'". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 5 August 2026.
  106. ↑ Rodríguez Aizpeolea, Luis; Díez, Anabel (30 June 1992). "El aparato del PSOE trabaja con la doble hipótesis de si González se presenta o no a las elecciones". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 5 August 2026.
  107. ↑ "Un año de penitencia para España". El País (in Spanish). London. 4 January 1993. Retrieved 5 August 2026.
  108. ↑ Díez, Anabel; Rodríguez Aizpeolea, Luis (17 February 1993). "El PSOE teme que las tensiones entre González y Guerra causen su alejamiento definitivo". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 5 August 2026.
  109. ↑ Rodríguez Aizpeolea, Luis; Díez, Anabel (13 April 1993). "La división en el PSOE ha estado a punto de deteriorar la autoridad de González". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 21 March 2025.
  110. ↑ Rodríguez Aizpeolea, Luis (5 January 1993). "El PNV exige fuertes inversiones y el cierre del proceso autonómico para pactar con el Gobierno". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 5 August 2026.
  111. ↑ Rodríguez Aizpeolea, Luis (6 January 1993). "6 partidos regionalistas irán a las elecciones con un programa común para ser la 'bisagra' parlamentaria". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 5 August 2026.
  112. ↑ "Pujol admite que podría participar en un Gobierno de coalición". El País (in Spanish). Barcelona. 10 February 1993. Retrieved 5 August 2026.
  113. ↑ "El PP, dispuesto a establecer un diálogo con los nacionalistas". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. 6 January 1993. Retrieved 5 August 2026.
  114. ↑ Valdecantos, Camilo (25 January 1993). "El voto nacionalista y regionalista hace "casi imposible" la mayoría absoluta del PP, según expertos electorales". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 5 August 2026.
  115. ↑ Rodríguez Aizpeolea, Luis (4 February 1993). "Los regionalistas se muestran receptivos a la oferta del PP de crear "una nueva mayoría" la próxima legislatura". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 5 August 2026.
  116. 1 2 Díez, Anabel; Rodríguez Aizpeolea, Luis (13 April 1993). "González adelanta las elecciones al 6 de junio". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 5 August 2026.
  117. ↑ "González dice que la crisis le obliga a optar a la reelección". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. 18 November 1992. Retrieved 5 August 2026.
  118. ↑ Constitution (1978), art. 66.
  119. ↑ "Constitución española. Título III. De las Cortes Generales. Sinopsis artículo 66" (in Spanish). Congress of Deputies. Retrieved 11 October 2025, summarizing Constitution (1978), art. 66.
  120. ↑ Constitution (1978), arts. 90 & 99.
  121. ↑ Constitution (1978), arts. 74, 94, 122, 145, 155, 158–159 & 166–167.
  122. ↑ Constitution (1978), arts. 68–69.
  123. ↑ LOREG (1985), arts. 42 & 167.
  124. ↑ C. Vergés, Josep (18 November 1992). "El 3 de diciembre de 1993, última fecha posible para las elecciones generales". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 27 July 2026.
  125. ↑ Constitution (1978), arts. 115–116.
  126. ↑ Constitution (1978), art. 99.
  127. ↑ "Constitución española. Título V. De las relaciones entre el Gobierno y las Cortes Generales. Sinopsis artículo 115" (in Spanish). Congress of Deputies. Retrieved 31 October 2025, summarizing Constitution (1978), art. 115.
  128. 1 2 "González negó durante un año el adelantamiento de los comicios". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. 13 April 1993. Retrieved 5 August 2026.
  129. ↑ González, Enric (2 February 1992). "González afirma a 'The Times' que no habrá elecciones este año". El País (in Spanish). London. Retrieved 5 August 2026.
  130. ↑ Rodríguez Aizpeolea, Luis (30 June 1992). "Los malos augurios de las encuestas". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 5 August 2026.
  131. ↑ Díez, Anabel (30 June 1992). "La oposición cree que la economía marcará el ritmo electoral". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 5 August 2026.
  132. ↑ González Ibáñez, Juan (22 August 1992). "González considera que la "delicada" situación económica desaconseja adelantar las elecciones". El País (in Spanish). Palma de Mallorca. Retrieved 5 August 2026.
  133. ↑ Díez, Anabel (30 November 1992). "El PSOE y el Gobierno prefieren ahora apurar la legislatura". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 5 August 2026.
  134. ↑ "Gobierno no despeja las dudas sobre el adelanto de las elecciones". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. 19 January 1993. Retrieved 5 August 2026.
  135. ↑ Yárnoz, Carlos; Rodríguez Aizpeolea, Luis (24 January 1993). "González confirma que habrá elecciones en otoño y advierte del peligro de "los Gobiernos débiles"". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 5 August 2026.
  136. ↑ Díez, Anabel; Rodríguez Aizpeolea, Luis (20 February 1993). "Crece la presión para el adelanto electoral ante el silencio del Gobierno sobre la crisis y el paro". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 5 August 2026.
  137. ↑ Díez, Anabel; Rodríguez Aizpeolea, Luis (11 April 1993). "González presidirá un nuevo comite electoral mientras medita el adelanto de los comicios". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 5 August 2026.
  138. ↑ Díez, Anabel; Rodríguez Aizpeolea, Luis (12 April 1993). "Los interlocutores de González en la crisis, convencidos de que las elecciones serán en junio". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 5 August 2026.
  139. ↑ "No se ha agotado ninguna legislatura". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. 13 April 1993. Retrieved 21 March 2025.
  140. ↑ Royal Decree 534/1993 (1993), arts. 1–2 & 5.
  141. ↑ LOREG (1985), arts. 2–3.
  142. ↑ Carreras de Odriozola & Tafunell Sambola 2005, p. 1077.
  143. ↑ Constitution (1978), art. 68; LOREG (1985), arts. 162–164.
  144. ↑ Gallagher, Michael (30 July 2012). "Effective threshold in electoral systems". Dublin: Trinity College Dublin. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  145. ↑ Royal Decree 534/1993 (1993), art. 3.
  146. ↑ Law 2/1992 (1992), arts. 1–2 & final prov..
  147. ↑ Constitution (1978), art. 69; LOREG (1985), arts. 162 & 165–166.
  148. ↑ Carreras de Odriozola & Tafunell Sambola 2005, p. 1083.
  149. ↑ LOREG (1985), arts. 46, 48, 164, 166 & 170–171.
  150. ↑ Lozano, Carles. "Grupos Parlamentarios en el Congreso de los Diputados y el Senado". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 August 2025.
  151. 1 2 Lozano, Carles. "Composición del Senado 1977-2026". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 August 2025.
  152. ↑ "Grupos parlamentarios" (in Spanish). Congress of Deputies. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
  153. ↑ "Grupos Parlamentarios desde 1977" (in Spanish). Senate of Spain. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
  154. 1 2 Constitution (1978), art. 70; LOREG (1985), arts. 6 & 154.
  155. ↑ Constitution (1978), art. 67; LOREG (1985), arts. 46 & 155–159.
  156. ↑ LOREG (1985), arts. 44 & 169.
  157. ↑ Díez, Anabel; Rodríguez Aizpeolea, Luis (12 September 1992). "El PSOE proclama candidato a la presidencia a González pese a que este mantiene la incógnita". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 27 July 2026.
  158. ↑ Larrauri, Eva (1 January 1993). "Socialistas y Euskadiko Ezkerra ponen en marcha su proyecto de fusión". El País (in Spanish). Bilbao. Retrieved 27 July 2026.
  159. ↑ Larrauri, Eva (22 February 1993). "318 afiliados de Euskadiko Ezkerra aprueban la fusión con el PSE-PSOE". El País (in Spanish). Bilbao. Retrieved 27 July 2026.
  160. ↑ Muez, Mikel (18 March 1991). "El PP desaparece en Navarra al fusionarse con Unión del Pueblo Navarro". El País (in Spanish). Pamplona. Retrieved 27 July 2026.
  161. ↑ Ruiz de Azúa, Victorino (30 November 1992). "Aznar será proclamado candidato del PP a La Moncloa el 16 de enero". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 27 July 2026.
  162. ↑ Antich, José (26 April 1993). "Roca rechaza cualquier pacto que implique "una aventura incierta"". El País (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 27 July 2026.
  163. ↑ Díez, Anabel (26 November 1990). "Izquierda Unida crea una estructura para funcionar y pospone el debate sobre la disolución de partidos". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 27 July 2026.
  164. ↑ González Ibáñez, Juan; Díez, Anabel (25 May 1992). "Anguita clausura la asamblea de Izquierda Unida admitiendo que hay dos proyectos enfrentados". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 27 July 2026.
  165. ↑ "Elecciones 93. Anguita, elegido candidato a presidente por el 62 por ciento de la dirección de IU y sin el apoyo de los renovadores" (in Spanish). Madrid: Servimedia. 25 April 1993. Retrieved 27 July 2026.
  166. ↑ "Calvo Ortega, candidato". El País (in Spanish). 20 September 1992. Retrieved 27 July 2026.
  167. ↑ Guenaga Bidaurrazaga, Aitor (14 April 1993). "El PNV justifica el adelanto electoral por la "degradación de la política"". El País (in Spanish). Bilbao. Retrieved 27 July 2026.
  168. ↑ "Elecciones 93. El PSOE pone un teléfono gratuito para que los electores hablen con sus candidatos" (in Spanish). Madrid: Servimedia. 19 May 1993. Retrieved 7 August 2026.
  169. ↑ Ruiz de Azúa, Victorino (13 May 1993). "Los populares desconfían de la imparcialidad de Correos". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 7 August 2026.
  170. ↑ "Elecciones 93. El papel decisivo de CiU en la formación de gobierno centrará la campaña de la coalición" (in Spanish). Barcelona: Servimedia. 8 May 1993. Retrieved 7 August 2026.
  171. ↑ "Elecciones 93. "Izquierda Unida, sí. La alternativa necesaria", lema de IU para esta campaña" (in Spanish). Madrid: Servimedia. 28 April 1993. Retrieved 7 August 2026.
  172. ↑ "Elecciones 93. "Ahora más que nunca el centro es necesario", lema del CDS para los próximos comicios" (in Spanish). Madrid: Servimedia. 6 May 1993. Retrieved 8 August 2026.
  173. ↑ Fernández-Miranda Campoamor 1994, pp. 267–268.
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  175. 1 2 "Los debates González - Aznar, entre las emisiones más vistas de la historia de Antena 3 y Telecinco" (in Spanish). FormulaTV. 21 February 2008. Retrieved 27 July 2026.
  176. ↑ "Triunfo claro de Aznar en el primer debate". El País (in Spanish). 26 May 1993.
  177. ↑ "Aznar superó a González en el debate". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 26 May 1993.
  178. ↑ "Las encuestas de "El Mundo", "La Vanguardia" y "El País" dan el triunfo a Aznar". ABC (in Spanish). 26 May 1993.
  179. ↑ "Victoria neta de González sobre Aznar en el segundo cara a cara televisivo". El País (in Spanish). 2 June 1993.
  180. ↑ "González ganó por 20,9 puntos a Aznar". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 2 June 1993.
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  183. 1 2 "Acuerdo de 13 de julio de 1993, de la Junta Electoral Central, por el que se ordena la publicación del resumen de los resultados de las elecciones para el Congreso de los Diputados y el Senado convocadas por Real Decreto 534/1993, de 12 de abril, y celebradas el 6 de junio de 1993, según los datos que figuran en las actas de escrutinio general remitidas por cada una de las Juntas Electorales Provinciales" (PDF). Official State Gazette (in Spanish) (169): 21822–21843. 16 July 1993. ISSN 0212-033X. Retrieved 19 October 2025.
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