Voiceless uvular plosive
| Voiceless uvular plosive | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| q | |||
| IPA number | 111 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
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source · help | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | q | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0071 | ||
| X-SAMPA | q | ||
| Braille |  | ||
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A voiceless uvular plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. It is pronounced like a voiceless velar plosive [k], except that the tongue makes contact not on the soft palate but on the uvula. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨q⟩.
Features
Features of a voiceless uvular stop:
- Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, it is a plosive.
- Its place of articulation is uvular, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the uvula.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
- It is a median consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most speech sounds.
Occurrence
Uvular
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abaza | хъацӀа/qac’a | [qat͡sʼa] | 'man' | ||
| Adyghe | атакъэ/atáqa | ⓘ | 'rooster' | ||
| Aleut[1] | ԟи́гаԟъ/qiighax̂ | [qiːɣaχ] | 'grass' | ||
| Arabic | Modern Standard[2] | قـط/qiṭṭ | ⓘ | 'cat' | See Arabic phonology |
| Hejazi | قِـمَّة/qimma | [qɪmːa] | 'peak' | Allophone of /g/. See Hejazi Arabic phonology | |
| Gulf[3] | غـداً/qaden | [qədæn] | 'tomorrow' | Corresponds to /ɣ/ in other dialects. | |
| Algerian | |||||
| Assyrian | ܩܐ/qa | [qa] | 'for' | Often realized as a tense /k/ rather than uvular /q/. | |
| Archi | хъал/q"ál | [qaːl] | 'human skin' | ||
| Avá-Canoeiro[4] | [ˈqɔːtõ] | 'this' | Possible realisation of /k/. In the speech of people aged 40 to 80 years, the consonant is in free variation with [qˤ], [qʰ] and [k] in post-tonic or primarily or secondarily stressed syllables.[4] | ||
| Bashkir | ҡаҙ/qađ | ⓘ | 'goose' | ||
| Bengali | এলাক়া | [ælɐqɐ] | ˈarea' | Only occurs in loanwords. See Bengali phonology | |
| Chechen | кхоъ/qo’ | [qɔʔ] | 'three' | ||
| Chukchi | Нычымйыӄэн/nyčymjyḳèn | [nət͡ʃəmjəqen] | 'bitter' | ||
| Crimean Tatar | Къырым/Qırım | [qɯ.rɯm] | 'Crimea' | ||
| Dawsahak | [qoq] | 'dry' | |||
| English | Multicultural London[5][6] | cut | [qʌt] | 'cut' | Allophone of /k/ before non-high back vowels.[6][7] |
| Non-local Dublin[8] | back | [bɑq] | 'back' | Allophone of /k/ after a retracted vowel for some speakers.[8] | |
| Eyak | g̣u:jih | [qʊːtʃɪ̤] | 'wolf' | ||
| German | Chemnitz dialect[9] | rau | [qaɵ̯] | 'rough' | In free variation with [ʁ̞], [ʁ], [ʁ̥] and [ʀ̥].[9] Does not occur in the coda.[9] |
| Greenlandic | illoqarpoq | [iɬːoqɑppɔq] | 'he has a house' | See Greenlandic phonology | |
| Hebrew | Biblical | קול/qol | [qol] | 'voice' | See Biblical Hebrew phonology |
| Mizrahi | See Mizrahi Hebrew | ||||
| Shar'ab Temani | קול/qöl | [qøːl] | See Yemenite Hebrew | ||
| Hmong | White Hmong | 𖬆𖬰𖬦𖬵 / qub | [qu˦] | 'old', 'ancient', 'outdated' or 'archaic' | |
| Hungarian | korom | [qorom] | 'soot' | Possible allophone of ⟨/k/⟩ before back vowels. See Hungarian phonology | |
| Hindustani | Hindi | बर्क़ / barq | [bərq] | 'lightning' | Mostly in Hindi–Urdu loanwords from Arabic, pronounced mainly in Urdu and by educated Hindi speakers, with rural Hindi speakers often pronouncing it as a [k].[10][11][12] See Hindustani phonology |
| Urdu | بَرق / barq | ||||
| Ibaloi | kolpot | 'cloud' | |||
| Inuktitut | ᐃᐦᐃᑉᕆᐅᖅᑐᖅ/ihipqiuqtuq’ | [ihipɢiuqtuq] | 'explore' | See Inuit phonology | |
| Iraqw | qeet | [qeːt] | 'break' | ||
| Kabardian | къэбэрдей/qabardey | ⓘ | 'Kabardian' | ||
| Kabyle | ⵜⴰⵇⴲⴰⵢⵍⵉⵜ | ⓘ | 'Kabyle language' | May be voiced [ɢ]. | |
| taqbaylit | |||||
| ثاقـبيليث | |||||
| Kavalan | qaqa | [qaqa] | 'elder brother' | ||
| Kazakh | Қазақстан/Qazaqstan | [qɑzɑqˈstɑn] | 'Kazakhstan' | An allophone of /k/ before back vowels | |
| Ket | қан/qan | [qan] | 'begin' | ||
| Klallam | qəmtəm | [qəmtəm] | 'iron' | ||
| Kurdish | Sorani | قـوتابخانە/qutabxane | [qutɑbxɑnə] | 'School' | An allophone of /k/ before back vowels |
| Kurmanji | Qalikdar | [qɑlɯkdɑr] | 'crustacean' | An allophone of /k/ before back vowels | |
| Kutenai | qaykiťwu | [qajkitʼwu] | 'nine' | ||
| Kyrgyz | Кыргызстан/Qırğızstan | [qɯrʁɯsˈstɑn] | 'Kyrgyzstan' | An allophone of /k/ before back vowels | |
| Lishan Didan | Urmi Dialect | אקלא/aqla | [aqlɑ] | 'foot, leg' | |
| Maltese | Archaic Cottonera Dialect | qattus | [qɐˈtːuːs] | 'cat' | |
| Malto | क़ान/qán | [qa:n] | 'eye' | Corresponds to /x/ in other North Dravidian languages. See Malto language#Phonology. | |
| Nez Perce | ʔaw̓líwaaʔinpqawtaca | [ʔawˀɪlwaːʔinpqawtat͡sa] | 'I go to scoop him up in the fire' | ||
| Nivkh | тяқр̆/täqŕ | [tʲaqr̥] | 'three' | ||
| Ossetian | Iron | Дзæуджыхъæу/Dzæwĝyqæw | [ˈd͡zæwd͡ʒəqæw] | 'Vladikavkaz' | |
| Persian | Early New Persian | قَـاشُق/qaşuq | */qaːʃuq/ | 'spoon' | May be allophonicly voiced to [ɢ] before a voiced stop. See Persian phonology. |
| Dari standard | [qɑːˈʃʊq] | ||||
| Tajik standard | қошуқ/qoşuq | [qɔʃuq] | |||
| Some Iranian speakers | قـورباغه/qurbağe | [qurbɒɣe] | 'frog' | In Western Iranian dialects, /q/ is realized as /ɢ/, converging with /ɣ/ into a single phoneme. Though some dialects in eastern Iran may still realize the distinction in some words. See Persian phonology. | |
| Quechua[13] | qallu | [qaʎu] | 'tongue' | ||
| Sahaptin | qu | [qu] | 'heavy' | ||
| Seediq | Seediq | [ˈseˈʔediq] | 'Seediq' | ||
| Seereer-Siin[14] | — | — | |||
| Shor | қам/qam | [qɑm] | 'shaman' | ||
| Somali | qaab | [qaːb] | 'shape' | See Somali phonology | |
| St’át’imcets | teq | [təq] | 'to touch' | ||
| Tlingit | g̱agw | [qɐ́kʷ] | 'tree spine' | Tlingit contrasts six different uvular stops | |
| Tatar | кайдан/qaydan | [qɑj.dɑn] | 'from where?' | ||
| Tsimshian | gwildmḵa̱p'a | [ɡʷildmqɑpʼa] | 'tobacco' | ||
| Turkmen | ak | [ɑ:q] | 'white' | Allophone of /k/ next to back vowels | |
| Ubykh | qhë | [qʰɜ] | 'grave' | One of ten distinct uvular stop phonemes. See Ubykh phonology | |
| Uyghur | ئاق/aq | [ɑq] | 'white' | ||
| Yup'ik | meq | [məq] | 'fresh water' | ||
| Yukaghir | Northern | маарх/márq | [maːrq] | 'one' | |
| Southern | атахл/ataql | [ataql] | 'two' | ||
| !Xóõ | ǀqháá | ⓘ | 'to smooth' | ||
Pre-uvular
| Voiceless post-velar or pre-uvular plosive | |
|---|---|
| q᫈ | |
| k̠ | |
| Audio sample | |
|
source · help |
There is also a voiceless post-velar or pre-uvular plosive[15] in some languages, which is more fronted compared to the prototypical uvular plosive, though further back than the prototypical velar plosive. The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, though it can be transcribed as ⟨q̟⟩ or ⟨q᫈⟩ (both symbols denote an advanced ⟨q⟩) or ⟨k̠⟩ (a retracted ⟨k⟩).
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | Australian[16] | caught | [ḵʰoːt] | 'caught' | Allophone of /k/ before /ʊ, oː, ɔ, oɪ, ʊə/.[16] See Australian English phonology |
| Uzbek[17] | qol | [q̟oɫ] | 'arm' | Sometimes realized as an affricate [q͡χ˖].[17] | |
| Western Neo-Aramaic | Bakh'a | Pre-uvular, though in Ma'loula it is slightly more front (post-velar). | |||
| Ma'loula | |||||
See also
Notes
- ↑ Ladefoged (2005), p. 165.
- ↑ Watson (2002), p. 13.
- ↑ Qafisheh (1977), p. 266.
- 1 2 Silva (2015), p. 39.
- ↑ Torgersen, Kerswill & Fox (2007).
- 1 2 "John Wells's phonetic blog: k-backing". 27 July 2010. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
- ↑ Cheshire, Jenny; Kerswill, Paul; Fox, Sue; Torgersen, Eivind (2011-04-01). "Contact, the feature pool and the speech community: The emergence of Multicultural London English" (PDF). Journal of Sociolinguistics. 15 (2): 151–196. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9841.2011.00478.x. ISSN 1467-9841. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 March 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2019.
- 1 2 "Glossary". Retrieved 10 February 2015.
- 1 2 3 Khan & Weise (2013), p. 235.
- ↑ Shapiro, Michael C. (1989). A Primer of Modern Standard Hindi. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 20. ISBN 978-81-208-0508-8.
- ↑ Morelli, Sarah (20 December 2019). A Guru's Journey: Pandit Chitresh Das and Indian Classical Dance in Diaspora. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-05172-2.
- ↑ Kulshreshtha, Manisha; Mathur, Ramkumar (24 March 2012). Dialect Accent Features for Establishing Speaker Identity: A Case Study. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-4614-1137-6.
- ↑ Ladefoged (2005), p. 149.
- ↑ Mc Laughlin (2005), p. 203.
- ↑ Instead of "pre-uvular", it can be called "advanced uvular", "fronted uvular", "post-velar", "retracted velar" or "backed velar". For simplicity, this article uses only the term "pre-uvular".
- 1 2 Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009).
- 1 2 Sjoberg (1963), p. 11.
References
- Khan, Sameer ud Dowla; Weise, Constanze (2013), "Upper Saxon (Chemnitz dialect)" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (2): 231–241, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000145
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (2nd ed.), Blackwell, ISBN 9781405124591
- Mannell, R.; Cox, F.; Harrington, J. (2009), An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology, Macquarie University, archived from the original on 2014-07-07, retrieved 2016-08-03
- Qafisheh, Hamdi A. (1977), A short reference grammar of Gulf Arabic, Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press, ISBN 0-8165-0570-5
- Mc Laughlin, Fiona (2005), "Voiceless implosives in Seereer-Siin", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (2): 201–214, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002215, S2CID 145717014
- Silva, Ariel Pheula do Couto e (2015). "Elementos de fonologia, morfossintaxe e sintaxe da língua Avá-Canoeiro do Tocantins" (Master's dissertation). University of Brasília. doi:10.26512/2015.03.D.18519. Archived from the original on 2018-06-04.
- Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963), Uzbek Structural Grammar, Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 18, Bloomington: Indiana University
- Torgersen, Eivind; Kerswill, Paul; Fox, Susan (2007). Phonological innovation in London teenage speech (PDF). 4th Conference on Language Variation in Europe. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-01-31.
- Watson, Janet C. E. (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, The Phonology of the World's Languages, New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780199257591
