Voiceless bilabial trill

Voiceless bilabial trill
ʙ̥
ʙ̊
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A voiceless bilabial trill is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʙ̥⟩. Some sources use a para-IPA symbol ⟨ᴘ⟩ to transcribe this sound.[1][2]

This sound is typologically extremely rare. It occurs in languages such as Pará Arára.[3] Only a few languages contrast voiced and voiceless bilabial trills phonemically – e.g. Mangbetu and Dongo of DR Congo and Ninde of Vanuatu.[4][5][6]

Features

Features of a bilabial trill:

Occurrence

Plain

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Ahamb[7][ŋãˈʙ̥̍s]'it foams'Contrasts /ʙ̥, ᵐʙ, ⁿᵈr/.
Neverver[8][naɣaᵐʙ̥]'fire, firewood'Allophone of /p/ before /u/[9]
Pará Arára[10][ʙ̥uta]'to throw away'
Dongo[6] ppo̍ppo̍-kó[ʙ̥ōʙ̥ōkó]'wings'Contrasts with /ʙ/ and /p/; has allophone [pʰ].

Prestopped trills and stops with trill release

There is also a very rare voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental or alveolar stop, [t̪͡ʙ̥] (written ⟨tᵖ̃⟩ in Everett & Kern) reported from a few words in the Chapacuran languages Wariʼ, Itene (More),[11] and Oro Win, as well as Sangtam, a Naga language. The sound also appears as an allophone of the labialized voiceless alveolar stop /tʷ/ of Abkhaz and Ubykh, but in those languages it is more often realised by a doubly articulated stop [t͡p]. In the Chapacuran languages, [tʙ̥] is reported almost exclusively before rounded vowels such as [o] and [y].

Additionally, the Efe dialect of Lese has a doubly articulated labial–velar with trilled release [k͡ʙ̥], which occurs as an allophone of the voiceless labial–velar plosive /k͡p/.[12]

In some languages, the trill may be voiced, particularly when syllabic; see Voiced bilabial trill § Prestopped trills and stops with trill release.

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Itene[11] [ˈt𐞄̥u] 'toad' Phonemic
LeseEfe[12][uk͡ʙ̥u]'head'Allophone of /k͡p/.
Oro Win[13] [t̪͡ʙ̥um] 'small boy' Phonemic. Noted as 'a bilabial trill, preceded by a dental stop, forming a single uni[t]'[14]
Sangtam[15][t̪͡ʙ̥ʰʌ]'plate'Contrasts aspirated /t̪͡ʙ̥ʰ/ and unaspirated /t̪͡ʙ̥/, noted as 'prestopped trills'. The trill in the unaspirated consonant is typically voiced as [t̪͡ʙ] when word-medial.[16]
Ubykh[17][t͡ʙ̥aχəbza]'Ubykh language'Allophone of /tʷ/. See Ubykh phonology
Wariʼ[18]totowe'[t̪͡ʙ̥ot̪͡ʙ̥oˈweʔ]'chicken'Occurs only before /o/ and /y/, appearing almost exclusively in older speakers; allophonic with [t] in some dialects

Notes

  1. ↑ Olson, Kenneth S. (2022-05-05). "The Nonexistence of the Plain Bilabial Trill Phoneme". Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America. 7 (1): 5239. doi:10.3765/plsa.v7i1.5239.
  2. ↑ Rangelov, Tihomir; Walworth, Mary; Barbour, Julie (2023). "A multifaceted approach to understanding unexpected sound change: The bilabial trills of Vanuatu's Malekula Island". Diachronica. doi:10.1075/dia.21051.ran. hdl:10289/15510. ISSN 0176-4225. Retrieved 2023-05-07.
  3. ↑ de Souza, Isaac Costa (2010). "3". A Phonological Description of "Pet Talk" in Arara (MA). University of North Dakota. S2CID 61247622.
  4. ↑ Linguist Wins Symbolic Victory for 'Labiodental Flap'. NPR (2005-12-17). Retrieved on 2010-12-08.
  5. ↑ LINGUIST List 8.45: Bilabial trill. Linguistlist.org. Retrieved on 2010-12-08.
  6. 1 2 Pasch, Helma (1986). Die Mba-Sprachen: Die Nominalklassensysteme und die genetische Gliederung einer Gruppe von Ubangi-Sprachen. Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika (SUGIA) (in German). Vol. Suplement 6. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe. p. 359. ISSN 0720-0986.
  7. ↑ Rangelov, Tihomir (2019). "The bilabial trills of Ahamb (Vanuatu): Acoustic and articulatory properties" (PDF). In Calhoun, S.; Escudero, P.; Tabain, M.; Warren, P. (eds.). Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Melbourne, Australia 2019. Canberra: Australasian Speech Science and Technology Association. pp. 1292–1296.
  8. ↑ Barbour, Julie (2012). A Grammar of Neverver. Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 33–34. ISBN 9783110289619.
  9. ↑ Barbour 2012, pp. 24–25.
  10. ↑ de Souza, Isaac Costa (2010). "The Arara Language". A Phonological Description of "Pet Talk" in Arara (MA thesis). University of North Dakota. Retrieved 2014-01-09.{{cite thesis}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  11. 1 2 Angenot-de-Lima, Geralda (2002). Description Phonologique, Grammaticale et Lexicale du Moré, Langue Amazonienne de Bolivie et du Brésil (PDF). Vol. 1. Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden dissertation. p. 67.
  12. 1 2 Demolin, Didier; Teston, Bernard (September 1997). "Phonetic characteristics of double articulations in some Mangbutu-Efe languages" (PDF). International Speech Communication Association: 803–806.
  13. ↑ Lev, Michael; Stark, Tammy; Chang, Will (2012). "Phonological inventory of Oro Win". The South American Phonological Inventory Database (version 1.1.3 ed.). Berkeley: University of California: Survey of California and Other Indian Languages Digital Resource.
  14. ↑ Oro-Win, UCLA Archives, p. 1, archived from the original on June 1, 2012
  15. ↑ Coupe (2015) "Prestopped bilabial trills in Sangtam", Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Glasgow, 10–14 August 2015
  16. ↑ Coupe, Alexander (2020), "Northern Sangtam phonetics, phonology and word list" (PDF), Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area, 43 (1): 148–189, doi:10.1075/ltba.19014.cou
  17. ↑ Ladefoged (2005:165)
  18. ↑ Everett, Daniel; Kern, Barbara (1997). Wariʼ: The Pacaas Novos language of western Brazil. London: Routledge. p. 385.
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