Voiced labiodental affricate
| Voiced labiodental affricate | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| b̪v | |||
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A voiced labiodental affricate ([b̪͜v] in IPA) is a rare affricate consonant that is initiated as a voiced labiodental stop [b̪] and released as a voiced labiodental fricative [v]. The dental diacritic is frequently omitted from the stop component in transcriptions of the sound, yielding ⟨b͜v⟩.
Features
Features of a voiced labiodental affricate:
- Its manner of articulation is affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is labiodental, which means it is articulated with the lower lip and the upper teeth.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
- Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the median–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most speech sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese | Teochew | 未來 / bhuê7 lai5 | [b̪͡vue˦˧ lai˨˧] | 'future' | Allophone of /b/ before /u/ in Chaoyang dialect[1] |
| Some Central Plains Mandarin dialects | 脊椎 / jǐ zhuī | [tɕi˥b̪͡ve˨˦] | 'backbone' | The labialized retroflex fricatives and affricates [ʂʷ, tʂʷ, tʂʰʷ](sometimes including [ʐʷ~ɻʷ]) in Old Mandarin (respectively represented by sh, zh, ch in modern Standard Mandarin) become the labiodental [f, p̪͡f, p̪͡fʰ] (sometimes including [v]).[2]The unaspirated [p̪͡f] occasionally becomes voiced under intervocalic situations. | |
| English | Some speakers | invent | [ɪɱˈb̪͡vent] | 'invent' | Allophone of /v/ after nasal consonants for some speakers. Usually occurs in fast and/or casual speech. |
| obvious | [ˈɑb̪͡viəs] | 'obvious' | Occasional pronunciation of a /bv/ or /pv/ consonant cluster. | ||
| Italian | Some central-south dialects[3] | in vetta | [iɱˈb̪͡vet̪t̪ä] | 'at the top' | Labiodental; allophone of /v/ after nasals.[3] See Italian phonology |
| Luxembourgish[4] | Kampf am Ënnergrond | [ˈkʰɑmb̪͡v ɑm ˈənɐɡʀont] | 'underground battle' | Allophone of a word-final /pf/ before a word-initial vowel. Occurs only in German loanwords.[4] See Luxembourgish phonology | |
| Ngiti[5] | abvɔ | [āb̪͡vɔ̄] | 'thorny vine' | Less commonly [b͡β][6] | |
| Sopvoma (Mao)[7] | bvóthà | [b̪͡vótʰà] | 'kill by goring' | Distinct from the voiced labiodental fricative [v]. | |
| Tsonga | XiNkuna dialect | shilebvu | [ʃileb̪͡vu] | 'chin' | |
Notes
- ↑ Zhang (2016), pp. 233.
- ↑ Karlgren, Bernhard (1915–1916). Études sur la phonologie chinoise [Study on the Chinese phonology] (in French). Stockholm: Brill. pp. 268, 417, 464.
- 1 2 Canepari (1992), p. 71.
- 1 2 Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 72–73.
- ↑ Kutsch Lojenga (1994), p. 31.
- ↑ Kutsch Lojenga (1994), p. 45.
- ↑ Giridhar, P P. (1994). Mao Naga Grammar. Central Institute of Indian Languages. p. 26.
References
- Zhang, Guangyu (2016). 閩客方言史稿 [History of Min & Hakka Dialects] (增訂本 ed.). Wu-Nan Book Inc. ISBN 9789571187419.
- Canepari, Luciano (1992), Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana [Handbook of Italian Pronunciation] (in Italian), Bologna: Zanichelli, ISBN 88-08-24624-8
- Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
- Kutsch Lojenga, Constance (1994), Ngiti: a Central-Sudanic language of Zaire, Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, ISBN 978-3-927620-71-1
