Mandal Municipality

Mandal Municipality
Mandal kommune
Former municipality
View of Sjøsanden, a beach in Mandal
View of Sjøsanden, a beach in Mandal
Flag of Mandal Municipality
Flag
Coat of arms of Mandal Municipality
Coat of arms
Vest-Agder within Norway
Vest-Agder within Norway
Mandal within Vest-Agder
Mandal within Vest-Agder
Coordinates: 58°02′45″N 07°29′44″E / 58.04583°N 7.49556°E / 58.04583; 7.49556
CountryNorway
CountyVest-Agder
DistrictSørlandet
Established1 Jan 1838
 • Created asFormannskapsdistrikt
Disestablished1 Jan 2020
 • Succeeded byLindesnes Municipality
Administrative centreMandal
Government
 • Mayor (2015–2019)Alf Erik Andersen (FrP)
Area
 (upon dissolution)
 • Total
222.84 km2 (86.04 sq mi)
 • Land210.63 km2 (81.32 sq mi)
 • Water12.21 km2 (4.71 sq mi)  5.5%
 • Rank#321 in Norway
Highest elevation
[1]
315.5 m (1,035 ft)
Population
 (2019)
 • Total
15,659
 • Rank#77 in Norway
 • Density74.3/km2 (192/sq mi)
 • Change (10 years)
Increase +7.7%
DemonymMandalitt[2]
Official language
[3]
 • Norwegian formBokmål
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
ISO 3166 codeNO-1002[4]
WebsiteOfficial website
Data from Statistics Norway

Mandal (Norwegian: [mɑn.ˌdɑːl] ⓘ) is a former municipality in the old Vest-Agder county, Norway. The 222.84-square-kilometre (86.04 sq mi) municipality existed from 1838 until its dissolution in 2020. The area is now part of Lindesnes Municipality in the traditional district of Sørlandet in Agder county. The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Mandal. The town of Mandal was the second largest town by population in the old Vest-Agder county after the nearby town of Kristiansand and it is also the fourth largest city in all of the Sørlandet/Agder region. Besides the town of Mandal, the municipality also includes the villages of Bykjernen, Skjebstad, Sånum-Lundevik, Skogsfjord-Hesland, Krossen, Harkmark, Skinsnes-Ime, and Tregde-Skjernøya.

At the time of its dissolution in 2020, the 223-square-kilometre (86 sq mi) municipality is the 321st largest by area out of the 422 municipalities in Norway. Mandal is the 77th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 15,600. The municipality's population density is 74.1 inhabitants per square kilometre (192/sq mi) and its population has increased by 9.9% over the last decade.[5]

The river Mandalselva is a salmon river that flowed through the municipality with its river mouth just outside the town. The town of Mandal has many small, white-painted wooden houses, which is typical of towns at the southern coast of Norway (Sørlandet). The European route E39 highway connecting Kristiansand and Stavanger was the main road through the municipality. There were connecting airplane flights and ferries to Europe from the nearby town of Kristiansand.

General information

Part of Mandal town center
Marina in Mandal
View of the Tregde area

The town of Mandal was established as a ladested municipality on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt law). On 1 July 1921, a part of the neighboring Halse og Harkmark Municipality that was adjacent to the town of Mandal (population: 221) transferred into the town of Mandal.[6]

During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee.[7][8] On 1 January 1964, Mandal was significantly enlarged when the following areas were merged to form a much larger Mandal Municipality:[6]

On 1 January 1965, the unpopulated Svalemyren area of Mandal Municipality was transferred to the neighboring Søgne Municipality.[6]

On 1 January 2020, another major municipal merger took place when the following areas were merged to form a much larger Lindesnes Municipality with its administrative centre being the town of Mandal.[9]

Name

The municipality is named after the town of Mandal (Old Norse: Marnardalr), which in turn is named after the Mandalen river valley in which it is located. The first element is the genitive case of the river name Mǫrn which is now called Mandalselva. The meaning of this old river name is uncertain, but it may be derived from the word marr which means "sea". The last element is dalr which means "valley" or "dale".[10]

Prior to 1653, the town of Mandal was named Vesterrisør (lit. 'western Risør'). The name was originally referring to the island Risøya outside the town, and the first element was added in the 16th century to distinguish it from the town of Østerrisør (meaning "eastern Risør"), which is now simply called Risør.

Coat of arms

The coat of arms was granted on 2 July 1921, just after Mandal became a town, and it was in use until 1 January 2020 when the municipality was dissolved. The official blazon is "Azure, three salmon naiant argent" (Norwegian: I blått tre hvite lakser, 1-1-1). This means the arms have a blue field (background) and the charge is three salmon shown swimming horizontally and stacked vertically. The salmon have a tincture of argent which means they are commonly colored white, but if the arms are made out of metal, then silver is used. The blue color in the field and the salmon were chosen to symbolize the importance of salmon fishing on the river Mandalselva. Mandal is the southernmost municipality in Norway that has a large salmon population, so therefore, salmon fishing also played a major role in the economic development of the village and its trade with the rest of southern Norway. The municipality usually added a mural crown to the top of the arms to show that the municipality included the town of Mandal. The arms were designed by Hallvard Trætteberg. The municipal flag has the same design as the coat of arms.[11][12][13]

Churches

The Church of Norway has two parishes (sokn) within Mandal Municipality. It is part of the Mandal prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Agder og Telemark.

Churches in Mandal Municipality
Parish (sokn)Church nameLocation of the churchYear built
HolumHolum ChurchKrossen1825
MandalHarkmark ChurchHarkmark1613
Mandal ChurchMandal1821

Government

While it existed, Mandal Municipality was responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, welfare and other social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads and utilities. The municipality was governed by a municipal council of directly elected representatives. The mayor was indirectly elected by a vote of the municipal council.[14] The municipality was under the jurisdiction of the Kristiansand District Court and the Agder Court of Appeal.

Municipal council

The municipal council (Kommunestyre) of Mandal Municipality was made up of 35 representatives that were elected to four year terms. The tables below show the historical composition of the council by political party.

Mandal kommunestyre 2015–2019 [15][16]  
Party name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 11
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 8
  Green Party (Miljøpartiet De Grønne) 1
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 7
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 4
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 1
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 1
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 2
Total number of members:35
Note: On 1 January 2020, Mandal Municipality became part of Lindesnes Municipality.
Mandal kommunestyre 2011–2015 [17]  
Party name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 9
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 10
  Green Party (Miljøpartiet De Grønne) 1
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 6
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 5
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 1
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 1
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 2
Total number of members:35
Mandal kommunestyre 2007–2011 [16]  
Party name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 8
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 11
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 5
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 7
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 1
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 2
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 1
Total number of members:35
Mandal kommunestyre 2003–2007 [16]  
Party name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 8
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 10
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 6
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 6
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 1
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 3
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 1
Total number of members:35
Mandal kommunestyre 1999–2003 [16]  
Party name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 9
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 8
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 11
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 9
  Pensioners' Party (Pensjonistpartiet) 1
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 2
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 2
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 3
Total number of members:45
Mandal kommunestyre 1995–1999 [18]  
Party name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 10
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 5
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 11
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 8
  Pensioners' Party (Pensjonistpartiet) 2
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 4
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 2
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 3
Total number of members:45
Mandal kommunestyre 1991–1995 [19]  
Party name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 8
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 6
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 10
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 7
  Pensioners' Party (Pensjonistpartiet) 3
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 4
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 4
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 3
Total number of members:45
Mandal kommunestyre 1987–1991 [20]  
Party name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 10
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 7
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 9
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 9
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 3
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 2
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 5
Total number of members:45
Mandal kommunestyre 1983–1987 [21]  
Party name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 13
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 14
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 9
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 4
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 2
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 3
Total number of members:45
Mandal kommunestyre 1979–1983 [22]  
Party name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 10
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 15
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 7
  New People's Party (Nye Folkepartiet) 1
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 4
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 2
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 4
 Cross-party list (Tverrpolitisk liste)2
Total number of members:45
Mandal kommunestyre 1975–1979 [23]  
Party name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 11
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 10
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 8
  New People's Party (Nye Folkepartiet) 4
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 5
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 2
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 2
 Cross-party list (Tverrpolitisk Liste)3
Total number of members:45
Mandal kommunestyre 1971–1975 [24]  
Party name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 13
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 7
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 5
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 4
  Socialist People's Party (Sosialistisk Folkeparti) 2
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 9
  Local List(s) (Lokale lister) 5
Total number of members:45
Mandal kommunestyre 1967–1971 [25]  
Party name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 14
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 8
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 4
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 5
  Socialist People's Party (Sosialistisk Folkeparti) 2
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 12
Total number of members:45
Mandal kommunestyre 1963–1967 [26]  
Party name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 14
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 8
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 3
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 5
  Socialist People's Party (Sosialistisk Folkeparti) 1
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 14
Total number of members:45
Mandal bystyre 1959–1963 [27]  
Party name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 9
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 7
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 3
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 10
Total number of members:29
Mandal bystyre 1955–1959 [28]  
Party name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 11
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 7
  Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti) 1
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 2
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 8
Total number of members:29
Mandal bystyre 1951–1955 [29]  
Party name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 9
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 7
  Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti) 1
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 2
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 7
  Local List(s) (Lokale lister) 2
Total number of members:28
Mandal bystyre 1947–1951 [30]  
Party name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 9
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 7
  Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti) 2
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 1
  Joint list of the Liberal Party (Venstre) and the Radical People's Party (Radikale Folkepartiet) 7
  Local List(s) (Lokale lister) 2
Total number of members:28
Mandal bystyre 1945–1947 [31]  
Party name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 8
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 5
  Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti) 3
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 3
  Joint list of the Liberal Party (Venstre) and the Radical People's Party (Radikale Folkepartiet) 6
  Local List(s) (Lokale lister) 3
Total number of members:28
Mandal bystyre 1937–1940* [32]  
Party name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 8
  Temperance Party (Avholdspartiet) 7
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 6
  Joint list of the Conservative Party (Høyre) and the Free-minded People's Party (Frisinnede Folkeparti) 7
Total number of members:28
Note: Due to the German occupation of Norway during World War II, no elections were held for new municipal councils until after the war ended in 1945.
Mandal bystyre 1934–1937 [33]  
Party name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 8
  Temperance Party (Avholdspartiet) 6
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 7
  Joint list of the Conservative Party (Høyre) and the Free-minded People's Party (Frisinnede Folkeparti) 7
Total number of members:28
Mandal bystyre 1931–1934 [34]  
Party name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 7
  Temperance Party (Avholdspartiet) 6
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 7
  Joint list of the Conservative Party (Høyre) and the Free-minded People's Party (Frisinnede Folkeparti) 8
Total number of members:28
Mandal bystyre 1928–1931 [35]  
Party name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 6
  Temperance Party (Avholdspartiet) 8
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 5
  Joint list of the Conservative Party (Høyre) and the Free-minded Liberal Party (Frisinnede Venstre) 9
Total number of members:28
Mandal bystyre 1925–1928 [36]  
Party name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 5
  Temperance Party (Avholdspartiet) 6
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 8
  Social Democratic Labour Party
(Socialdemokratiske Arbeiderparti)		 2
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 4
  Local List(s) (Lokale lister) 3
Total number of members:28
Mandal bystyre 1922–1925 [37]  
Party name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 6
  Temperance Party (Avholdspartiet) 7
  Social Democratic Labour Party
(Socialdemokratiske Arbeiderparti)		 1
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 5
  Joint list of the Conservative Party (Høyre) and the Free-minded Liberal Party (Frisinnede Venstre) 9
Total number of members:28
Mandal bystyre 1919–1922 [38]  
Party name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 6
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 10
  Joint list of the Conservative Party (Høyre) and the Free-minded Liberal Party (Frisinnede Venstre) 10
  Local List(s) (Lokale lister) 2
Total number of members:28

Mayors

The mayor (Norwegian: ordfører) of Mandal Municipality was the political leader of the municipality and the chairperson of the municipal council. The following people have held this position:[39][40]

  • 1838–1838: Anton Henrik Scheel
  • 1839–1841: Johan Malthe Hübert
  • 1842–1842: Hans Peter Erichsen
  • 1843–1843: Gulow Andorsen
  • 1844–1844: Niels Nielsen Vogt
  • 1845–1846: Gulow Andorsen
  • 1847–1847: Niels Nielsen Vogt
  • 1847–1847: Daniel Peter Christian Isaachsen
  • 1848–1852: Ole Andreas Ohlsen
  • 1853–1854: Niels Nielsen Vogt
  • 1855–1855: Svennik Svensen
  • 1856–1856: Thomas Madsen
  • 1857–1857: Carl Emil Salvesen
  • 1858–1858: Albert Jacobsen
  • 1859–1859: Edvard Hieronimus Bassøe Wattne
  • 1860–1860: Jens Henrik Beer Gundersen
  • 1861–1862: Svennik Svensen
  • 1863–1867: Lauritz Jacobsen
  • 1868–1868: Jens Henrik Beer Gundersen
  • 1869–1879: Lauritz Jacobsen
  • 1879–1880: Jens Henrik Beer Gundersen
  • 1881–1881: Hans Peter Rude
  • 1882–1888: Gabriel Egidius Johan Henrik Sem
  • 1889–1891: Hjalmar Selmer
  • 1892–1892: Johan Fredrik Ekholm Reymert
  • 1893–1899: Jens Kraft
  • 1900–1900: Jørgen Peter Jørgensen
  • 1901–1901: Adolf Paludan Ulriksen
  • 1902–1904: Jørgen Peter Jørgensen
  • 1905–1907: Torkild Tonstad
  • 1908–1916: Christen Andreas Christensen
  • 1917–1919: Kristen Schmidt
  • 1920–1922: Christen Andreas Christensen
  • 1923–1928: Marcus Halfdan Kastrud
  • 1929–1931: Hans Peter Tallaksen
  • 1932–1937: Marcus Halfdan Kastrud
  • 1938–1940: Johan Birger Pedersen
  • 1945–1945: Johan Birger Pedersen
  • 1946–1946: Arne Syrdahl (Ap)
  • 1947–1947: Viktor Nygaard
  • 1948–1951: Jørgen Ørbech Bugge
  • 1952–1954: Viktor Nygaard
  • 1955–1955: Olav Gundersen
  • 1956–1957: Viktor Nygaard
  • 1959–1959: Herman Gulowsen
  • 1960–1963: Olav Gundersen
  • 1964–1969: Olav Håland
  • 1970–1971: Kjell Gase Nygaard (H)
  • 1972–1975: Ludvig Hope Faye (H)
  • 1976–1979: Guttorm Ihme (H)
  • 1980–1991: Knut Lindseth (KrF)
  • 1992–2003: Kirsten Huser Leschbrandt (H)
  • 2003–2007: Åse Lill Kimestad (Ap)
  • 2007–2011: Alf Godtfred Møll (FrP)
  • 2011–2015: Tore Askildsen (KrF)
  • 2015–2019: Alf Erik Andersen (FrP)

Geography

Mandal was the southernmost municipality in all of Norway, with the tiny skerry of Pysen being the southernmost point of land in Norway proper.

Mandal Municipality bordered the North Sea to the south, Lindesnes Municipality to the west and northwest, Marnardal Municipality to the north, and Søgne Municipality to the east. The municipality included many islands and skerries along the coast including Hille, Pysen, Skjernøya, and Skogsøy. The Hatholmen Lighthouse and Ryvingen Lighthouse marked the sides of the Mannefjorden which leads north into the town of Mandal. The majority of the municipality was located in the southern Mandalen valley which follows the river Mandalselva. The highest point in the municipality was the 315.5-metre (1,035 ft) tall mountain Svolheia.[1]

Climate

Mandal had an oceanic climate (Cfb) with short, cool summers and long, moderately cold and wet winters.

Climate data for Mandal
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1.3
(34.3)		 1.4
(34.5)		 3.5
(38.3)		 7.8
(46.0)		 12.9
(55.2)		 16.9
(62.4)		 18.1
(64.6)		 17.5
(63.5)		 13.9
(57.0)		 10.1
(50.2)		 5.7
(42.3)		 3.9
(39.0)		 9.3
(48.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) −0.5
(31.1)		 −0.8
(30.6)		 1.2
(34.2)		 4.6
(40.3)		 9.6
(49.3)		 13.4
(56.1)		 14.8
(58.6)		 14.4
(57.9)		 11.2
(52.2)		 8.0
(46.4)		 3.8
(38.8)		 1.1
(34.0)		 6.7
(44.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −2.6
(27.3)		 −2.9
(26.8)		 −1.0
(30.2)		 1.8
(35.2)		 6.4
(43.5)		 9.9
(49.8)		 11.4
(52.5)		 11.3
(52.3)		 8.7
(47.7)		 5.9
(42.6)		 1.7
(35.1)		 −1.0
(30.2)		 4.1
(39.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 152
(6.0)		 99
(3.9)		 111
(4.4)		 72
(2.8)		 92
(3.6)		 86
(3.4)		 98
(3.9)		 135
(5.3)		 166
(6.5)		 190
(7.5)		 187
(7.4)		 146
(5.7)		 1,534
(60.4)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 15.8 11.1 12.6 9.7 10.3 9.7 9.6 11.9 14.4 15.7 17.5 15.2 153.5
Source: Norwegian Meteorological Institute[41]

Attractions

Sjøsanden a warm summer day.
Buen

Mandal Municipality was a very popular holiday tourism location, with its mild and refreshing summer climate. It was famous for its long-stretching beaches surrounding the town. Sjøsanden (lit. 'The Sea Sand') was the most famous beach in the municipality, as it stretches for almost a kilometre just outside the town centre. It is frequently ranked as one of Norway's most popular beaches.

The city center is known for its charming concentration of old, white, wooden houses and the Mandalselva river running through it. Another attraction is the city's church: Mandal Church. It is the largest wooden church in Norway, with 1,800 seats and a pulpit on the wall behind the altar. Also, the library, art gallery, cinema, concert hall, and theater is located in the Buen kulturhus (culture house) which was built in 2012.[42]

The artists Gustav Vigeland, Adolph Tidemand, Amaldus Nielsen, and Olaf Isaachsen are all from Mandal, so the town is sometimes called "The Little Town with the Great Artists".

Hogganvik, in the Sånum-Lundevik area of Mandal, is the site of discovery of the Hogganvik runestone in 2009.[43][44]

Economy

Umoe Mandal was the municipality's cornerstone, with the production of mostly military vessels, like these Skjold class patrol boats.

Mandal Municipality was notable for its shipbuilding and engineering industries. There was much trade in sailing ships, where the natural harbor of Kleven at Gismerøya was used. Large yard providing ships and marine equipment in Norway and abroad are Westermoen Hydrofoil and Båtservice yard at Skogfjorden, the later Umoe Mandal.

Moreover, the textile industry was also substantial, with several manufacturing companies that had at most 200-300 employees.

Mandal Municipality also was known for its annual Shellfish festival (Skalldyrfestivalen) the second weekend of August when many people gathered to eat Norwegian seafood.[45]

Twin towns – sister cities

Mandal had sister city agreements with the following places:

Notable people

  • The sculptor Gustav Vigeland (1869–1943) was born in Mandal, and has a museum dedicated to him here. Vigeland's main achievement is the Vigeland Sculpture Park (Vigelandsparken) in Oslo.
  • The painter Adolph Tidemand (1814–1876) was also born in Mandal. His most famous painting is the national romantic image of a traditional wedding on the Hardangerfjorden, which he made together with Hans Gude.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Høgaste fjelltopp i kvar kommune" (in Norwegian). Kartverket. 16 January 2024. Archived from the original on 12 March 2019.
  2. ↑ "Navn på steder og personer: Innbyggjarnamn" (in Norwegian). Språkrådet.
  3. ↑ "Forskrift om målvedtak i kommunar og fylkeskommunar" (in Norwegian). Lovdata.no.
  4. ↑ Bolstad, Erik; Thorsnæs, Geir, eds. (9 January 2024). "Kommunenummer". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Foreningen Store norske leksikon.
  5. ↑ Statistisk sentralbyrå (2017). "Table: 06913: Population 1 January and population changes during the calendar year (M)" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 5 November 2017.
  6. 1 2 3 Jukvam, Dag (1999). "Historisk oversikt over endringer i kommune- og fylkesinndelingen" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Statistisk sentralbyrå. ISBN 9788253746845.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)
  7. ↑ Grepstad, Jon, ed. (25 March 2025). "Nikolai Schei". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Foreningen Store norske leksikon. Retrieved 19 March 2026.
  8. ↑ Hansen, Tore; Thorsnæs, Geir, eds. (27 May 2024). "kommuneinndelingen i Norge". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Foreningen Store norske leksikon. Retrieved 19 March 2026.
  9. ↑ "Nye Lindesnes" (in Norwegian). Lindesnes kommune. Retrieved 5 November 2017.
  10. ↑ Bolstad, Erik, ed. (5 April 2016). "Mandal (tidligere kommune)". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Foreningen Store norske leksikon. Retrieved 17 June 2026.
  11. ↑ "Civic heraldry of Norway - Norske Kommunevåpen". Heraldry of the World. Retrieved 21 January 2023.
  12. ↑ "Mandal, Vest-Agder". Flags of the World. Retrieved 21 January 2023.
  13. ↑ "Godkjenning av flagg". Lovdata.no (in Norwegian). Norges kommunal- og arbeidsdepartementet. 30 April 1995. Retrieved 21 January 2023.
  14. ↑ Hansen, Tore; Vabo, Signy Irene, eds. (25 November 2024). "kommunestyre". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Foreningen Store norske leksikon. Retrieved 31 December 2024.
  15. ↑ "Tall for Norge: Kommunestyrevalg 2015 - Vest-Agder". Valg Direktoratet. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  16. 1 2 3 4 "Table: 04813: Members of the local councils, by party/electoral list at the Municipal Council election (M)" (in Norwegian). Statistics Norway.
  17. ↑ "Tall for Norge: Kommunestyrevalg 2011 - Vest-Agder". Valg Direktoratet. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  18. ↑ "Kommunestyrevalget 1995" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1996. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  19. ↑ "Kommunestyrevalget 1991" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1993. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  20. ↑ "Kommunestyrevalget 1987" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1988. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  21. ↑ "Kommunestyrevalget 1983" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1984. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  22. ↑ "Kommunestyrevalget 1979" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1979. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  23. ↑ "Kommunevalgene 1975" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1977. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  24. ↑ "Kommunevalgene 1972" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1973. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  25. ↑ "Kommunevalgene 1967" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1967. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  26. ↑ "Kommunevalgene 1963" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1964. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  27. ↑ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1959" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo, Norge: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1960.
  28. ↑ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1955" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo, Norge: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1957.
  29. ↑ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1951" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1952.
  30. ↑ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1947" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1948.
  31. ↑ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1945" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1947.
  32. ↑ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1937" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1938.
  33. ↑ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1934" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo, Norge: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1935.
  34. ↑ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1931" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo, Norge: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1932.
  35. ↑ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1928" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo, Norge: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1929.
  36. ↑ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1925" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo, Norge: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1926.
  37. ↑ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1922" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo, Norge: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1923.
  38. ↑ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1919" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo, Norge: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1920.
  39. ↑ Slettan, Bjørn (2006). Mandal bys historie (in Norwegian). Vol. 3. Mandal, Norge: Mandal kommune. ISBN 8299025621.
  40. ↑ Fiva, Jon H; Sørensen, Rune J.; Vøllo, Reidar, eds. (2024). "Local Candidate Dataset" (PDF).
  41. ↑ "eKlima Web Portal". Norwegian Meteorological Institute. Archived from the original on 14 June 2004.
  42. ↑ "Buen kulturhus" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  43. ↑ Sellevold, Terje (29 September 2009). "Fant runestein i hagen". NRK (in Norwegian). Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  44. ↑ Kippernes, Geir Arne (28 September 2009). "Kan ha funnet til nå ukjent runestein". Verdens Gang (in Norwegian). Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  45. ↑ "Shellfishfestival in Mandal". VisitNorway.com. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  46. ↑ "Ystävyyskuntatoiminta" (in Finnish). Korsholm kommun. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  47. ↑ Runge, Benjamin. "Venskabsbyer" (in Danish). Middelfart kommune. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  48. ↑ Lindquist, Ted. "Internationella frågor och vänorter/partnerskap" (in Swedish). Oskarshamn Municipality. Retrieved 25 July 2013.

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