Voiceless labiodental fricative
| Voiceless labiodental fricative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| f | |||
| IPA number | 128 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
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source · help | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | f | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0066 | ||
| X-SAMPA | f | ||
| Braille |  | ||
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A voiceless labiodental fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in a number of spoken languages. It is familiar to English-speakers as the "f" sound in "face". The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨f⟩.
Features
Features of a voiceless labiodental fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is labiodental, which means it is articulated with the lower lip and the upper teeth.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
- It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
- Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the median–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most speech sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhaz | фы/fy | [fə] | 'lightning' | See Abkhaz phonology | |
| Adyghe | тфы/tfy | ⓘ | 'five' | Corresponds to [xʷ] in Kabardian and Proto-Circassian | |
| Albanian | faqe | [facɛ] | 'cheek' | ||
| Arabic | Modern Standard[1] | ظرف/th'arf | [ðˤɑrf] | 'envelope' | See Arabic phonology |
| Armenian | Eastern[2] | ֆուտբոլ/futbol | ⓘ | 'football' | |
| Assyrian | ܦܬܐ pata | [fɔθɔ] | 'face' | Used mostly by Western speakers; corresponds to /p/ in most other dialects. | |
| Assamese | বৰফ/borof | [bɔɹɔf] | 'snow/ice' | ||
| Azeri | tüfəng | [t̪y̆fæɲɟ] | 'ɡun' | ||
| Basque | fin | [fin] | 'thin' | ||
| Bengali | ফ়্যান | [fæn] | 'fan' | Only occurs in loanwords. See Bengali phonology | |
| Catalan[3] | fort | [ˈfɔɾt̪] | 'strong' | See Catalan phonology | |
| Chechen | факс / faks | [faks] | 'fax' | Used only in loanwords. There is no /f/ in Chechen; /f/ was replaced by /p/ in loanwords that contained it before increased influence from the Russian language popularized the usage of /f/. | |
| Chinese | Cantonese | 飛 / fēi | ⓘ | 'to fly' | See Cantonese phonology |
| Mandarin | 飛 (traditional) / 飞(simplified) / fēi | ⓘ | See Mandarin phonology | ||
| Coptic | ϥⲧⲟⲟⲩ/ftoow | [ftow] | 'four' | ||
| Czech | foukat | ⓘ | 'to blow' | See Czech phonology | |
| Dutch[4] | fiets | [fiːts] | 'bike' | See Dutch phonology | |
| English | All dialects | fill | ⓘ | 'fill' | See English phonology |
| Cockney[5] | think | [fɪŋk] | 'think' | Socially marked,[6] with speakers exhibiting some free variation with [θ] (with which it corresponds to in other dialects).[7] See th-fronting. | |
| Many British urban dialects[8] | |||||
| Some younger East Anglian English | |||||
| Some younger New Zealanders[9][10] | |||||
| Broad South African[11] | myth | [mɨf] | 'myth' | Possible realization of /θ/, more common word-finally. See White SAE phonology. | |
| Esperanto | fajro | [ˈfajɾo] | 'fire' | See Esperanto phonology | |
| Ewe[12] | eflen | [éflé̃] | 'he spit off' | ||
| French[13] | fabuleuse | [fäbyˈløːz̪] | 'fabulous' | See French phonology | |
| Galician | faísca | [faˈiska] | 'spark' | See Galician phonology | |
| German | fade | [ˈfaːdə] | 'bland' | See Standard German phonology | |
| Goemai | f'at' | [fat] | 'to blow' | ||
| Greek | φύση / fysī | [ˈfisi] | 'nature' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Gujarati | ફળ / faļ | [fəɭ] | 'fruit' | See Gujarati phonology | |
| Hebrew | סופר/sofer | [so̞fe̞ʁ] | 'writer' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| Hindustani | साफ़ / صاف/saaf | [sɑːf] | 'clean' | See Hindustani phonology | |
| Hmong | 𖬌𖬜𖬵 / foob | [fõ˦] | 'to sue, to indict' | ||
| Hungarian | figyel | [ˈfiɟɛl] | 'he/she pays attention' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Indonesian | sifat | [ˈsifät̪̚] | 'characteristic' | ||
| Italian | fantasma | [fän̪ˈt̪äzmä] | 'ghost' | See Italian phonology | |
| Kabardian | фыз/fyz | ⓘ | 'woman' | Corresponds to [ʂʷ] in Adyghe and Proto-Circassian | |
| Kabyle | afus | [afus] | |||
| Kazakh | faqır / фақыр | [faqr] | 'poor' | ||
| Khmer | កាហ្វេ / kahvé | [kaːfeː] | 'coffee' | See Khmer phonology | |
| Macedonian | фонетика/fonetika | [fɔnetika] | 'phonetics' | See Macedonian phonology | |
| Māori | whakapapa | [fakapapa] | 'genealogy' | Less commonly [ɸ]. See Māori phonology. | |
| Malay | feri | [feri] | 'ferry' | Only occurs in loanwords | |
| Malayalam | ഫലം/falam | [fɐlɐm] | 'fruit, result' | Only occurs in loanwords in the standard version. ഫ is used to represent both /pʰ/ and /f/ but nowadays most people pronounce /pʰ/ as [f]. Occurs in native words in the Jeseri dialect. See Malayalam phonology | |
| Maltese | fenek | [fenek] | 'rabbit' | ||
| Norwegian | filter | [filtɛɾ] | 'filter' | See Norwegian phonology | |
| Persian | فروخت/foruxt | [foɹu:xt] | 'he/she sold' | See Persian phonology | |
| Polish[14] | futro | ⓘ | 'fur' | See Polish phonology | |
| Portuguese[15] | fala | [ˈfalɐ] | 'speech' | See Portuguese phonology | |
| Punjabi | ਫ਼ੌਜੀ/faujī | [fɔːd͡ʒi] | 'soldier' | ||
| Romanian[16] | foc | [fo̞k] | 'fire' | See Romanian phonology | |
| Russian[17] | орфография/orfografiya | [ɐrfɐˈɡrafʲɪjə] | 'orthography' | Contrasts with palatalized form. See Russian phonology | |
| Scottish Gaelic[18] | faisg | [faʃkʲ] | 'near, close' | Loosely articulated, can resemble [ɸ]. See Scottish Gaelic phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian[19] | фаза / faza | [fǎːz̪ä] | 'phase' | See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Slovak | fúkať | [ˈfu̞ːkäc] | 'to blow' | See Slovak phonology | |
| Slovene | Standard | flavta | [ˈfláːu̯t̪à] | 'flute' | See Slovene phonology |
| Some dialects | vsi | [ˈfs̪î] | 'all (people)' | Allophone of /v/ before voiceless obstruents in dialects with /ʋ/ → /v/ development. See Slovene phonology | |
| Somali | feex | [fɛħ] | 'wart' | See Somali phonology | |
| Spanish[20] | fantasma | [fã̠n̪ˈt̪a̠zma̠] | 'ghost' | See Spanish phonology | |
| Swahili | kufa | [kufɑ] | 'to die' | ||
| Swedish | fisk | [ˈfɪsk] | 'fish' | See Swedish phonology | |
| Thai | ฝน/fon | [fon˩˩˦] | 'rain' | ||
| Toda | nes̲of | [nes̲of] | 'moon' | ||
| Turkish | saf | [ˈs̟ɑf] | 'pure' | See Turkish phonology | |
| Ukrainian[21] | Фастів/fastiv | [ˈfɑsʲtʲiw] | 'Fastiv' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Vietnamese[22] | pháo | [faːw˧ˀ˥] | 'firecracker' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
| Welsh | ffon | [fɔn] | 'stick' | See Welsh phonology | |
| West Frisian | fol | [foɫ] | 'full' | See West Frisian phonology | |
| Yi | ꃚ / fu | [fu˧] | 'roast' | ||
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[23] | cafe | [kafɘ] | 'coffee' | Used primarily in loanwords from Spanish |
Voiceless labiodental approximant
| Voiceless labiodental approximant | |
|---|---|
| ʋ̥ | |
| f̞ | |
| Audio sample | |
|
source · help |
A voiceless labiodental approximant is a similar sound but with less turbulent airflow. It is transcribed in IPA as ⟨ʋ̥⟩.
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | Indian South African[24] | fair | [ʋ̥eː] | 'fair' | Described as an approximant. Corresponds to [f] in other accents. |
Voiceless dentolabial fricative
| Voiceless dentolabial fricative | |
|---|---|
| f͆ | |
| Audio sample | |
|
source · help |
A voiceless dentolabial fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some dialects of Greenlandic.
Whereas a typical voiceless labiodental fricative [f] is articulated with the upper teeth contacting the lower lip, a voiceless dentolabial fricative [f͆] is articulated in the inverse direction, with the lower teeth contacting the upper lip. While the IPA has no symbol to transcribe this distinction, the extIPA uses the diacritic ⟨◌͆⟩ (the above variant of the traditional IPA symbol for dentalization ⟨◌̪⟩) to indicate dentolabial articulation in the context of labial consonants. This sound can therefore be transcribed with the symbol ⟨f͆⟩, as is used in the context of this article.
Features
The features of a voiceless dentolabial fricative are:
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is dentolabial, which means it is articulated with the upper lip and the lower teeth.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
- Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the median–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most speech sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Greenlandic | Qassimiut[25] | tassa aajufffa | [tasːa aːjuf͆ːˠa] | 'there it is' | /ʁv/ and geminate /vː/ are pronounced as dento-labial [f͆ː] in some southern dialects. See Greenlandic phonology. |
See also
Notes
- ↑ Thelwall (1990), p. 37.
- ↑ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 18.
- ↑ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
- ↑ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 45.
- ↑ Wells (1982), p. 328.
- ↑ Altendorf (1999), p. 7.
- ↑ Clark & Trousdale (2010), p. 309.
- ↑ Britain (2005), p. 1005.
- ↑ Wood (2003), p. 50.
- ↑ Gordon & Maclagan (2008), p. 74.
- ↑ Bowerman (2004), p. 939.
- ↑ Ladefoged (2005), p. 156.
- ↑ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
- ↑ Jassem (2003), p. 103.
- ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
- ↑ DEX Online :
- ↑ Padgett (2003), p. 42.
- ↑ Oftedal (1956), p. 111.
- ↑ Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
- ↑ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
- ↑ Danylenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
- ↑ Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.
- ↑ Merrill (2008), p. 109.
- ↑ Mesthrie (2004), p. 960.
- ↑ Vebæk (2006), p. 20.
References
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- Altendorf, Ulrike; Watt, Dominic (2004), "The dialects in the South of England: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 181–196, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
- Bowerman, Sean (2004), "White South African English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 931–942, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
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- Clark, Lynn; Trousdale, Graeme (2010), "A cognitive approach to quantitative sociolinguistic variation: Evidence from th-fronting in Central Scotland", in Geeraerts, Dirk; Kristiansen, Gitte; Peirsman, Yves (eds.), Advances in Cognitive Linguistics, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-022645-4
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- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
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- Gordon, Elizabeth; Maclagan, Margaret (2008), "Regional and social differences in New Zealand: Phonology", in Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd (eds.), Varieties of English, vol. 3: The Pacific and Australasia, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, pp. 64–76, ISBN 978-3110208412
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- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
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- Vebæk, Mâliâraq (2006). The southernmost People of Greenland-Dialects and Memories. Monographs on Greenland. Vol. 337. doi:10.26530/OAPEN_342373. ISBN 978-87-635-1273-2.
- Wells, John C. (1982), Accents of English, vol. 2: The British Isles, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-24224-X
- Wood, Elizabeth (2003), "TH-fronting: The substitution of f/v for θ/ð in New Zealand English", New Zealand English Journal, 17: 50–56, S2CID 61870739
