Voiced postalveolar affricate
| Voiced postalveolar affricate | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| d̠ʒ | |||
| dʒ | |||
| IPA number | 104 134 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
|
source · help | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | d̠ʒ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0064 U+0320 U+0292 | ||
| X-SAMPA | d_Z or dZ | ||
| |||
A voiced palato-alveolar sibilant affricate, voiced post-alveolar affricate, or voiced domed postalveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. It is familiar to English-speakers as the "j" sound in "jump".
This sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨d͡ʒ⟩, ⟨d͜ʒ⟩, ⟨dʒ⟩, or in some broad transcriptions ⟨ɟ⟩ (though this is the symbol for a voiced palatal plosive). There is also a ligature ⟨ʤ⟩, which has been retired by the International Phonetic Association but is still used. Alternatives used in the Americanist tradition are ⟨ǰ⟩, ⟨ǧ⟩, ⟨ǯ⟩ and ⟨dž⟩.
Features
Features of a voiced postalveolar affricate:
- Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is postalveolar, which means it is articulated with the tip or blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
- It is a median consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most speech sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhaz | аџыр | [ad͡ʒər] | 'steel' | See Abkhaz phonology | |
| Adyghe | джанэ | ⓘ | 'dress' | ||
| Albanian | xham | [d͡ʒam] | 'glass' | ||
| Amharic | እንጀራ | [ɨnd͡ʒəra] | 'injera' | ||
| Arabic | Modern Standard[1] | جَـرَس | [d͡ʒaras] | 'bell' | In other standards and dialects, corresponds to [ɡ] or [ʒ]. See Arabic phonology |
| Hejazi | جــيب/jēb | [d͡ʒe̞ːb] | 'pocket' | Pronounced [ʒ] by some speakers. See Hejazi Arabic phonology | |
| Armenian | Eastern[2] | ջուր | [d͡ʒuɾ] | 'water' | |
| Western | ճանճ | [d͡ʒɑnd͡ʒ] | 'musca (fly)' | ||
| Assyrian | ܓ̰ܝܪܐ s | [d͡ʒjɑɾɑ] | 'to pee' | Used in native terminology. Used predominantly in Urmia and some Jilu dialects. [ɟ] is used in other varieties. | |
| Azerbaijani | can | [d͡ʒɑn] | 'soul' | ||
| Bengali | জল | [d͡ʒɔl] | 'water' | Contrasts with the aspirated form. See Bengali phonology | |
| Bulgarian | джудже | [d͡ʒʊˈd͡ʒɛ] | 'dwarf' | See Bulgarian phonology | |
| Catalan | Some speakers | mitjà | [mi̞(d)ˈd͡ʒa] | 'means' | Its pronunciation varies between an alveolo-palatal [d͡ʑ] and a postalveolar [d͡ʒ] fricative. See Catalan phonology |
| Some Valencian speakers | joc | [ˈd͡ʒɒ̝k] | 'game' | ||
| Chechen | джерво / jyerwo | [d͡ʒjerwo] | 'previously married woman' | ||
| Chinese | Quzhou dialect | 重 / zon | [d͡ʒõ] | 'heavy' | |
| Coptic | ϫⲉ/je | [d͡ʒe] | 'that' | ||
| Czech | džbán | [d͡ʒbaːn] | 'jug' | See Czech phonology | |
| Dhivehi | ޖަރާސީމު / jarásímu | [d͡ʒaraːsiːmu] | 'germs' | See Dhivehi phonology | |
| Dutch | jeans | [d͡ʒiːns] | 'jeans' | Some say [ʒiːns]. Occurs mainly in loanwords. | |
| English | jeans | [ˈd͡ʒiːnz] | 'jeans' | See English phonology | |
| Esperanto | manĝaĵo | [manˈd͡ʒaʒo̞] | 'food' | See Esperanto phonology | |
| Estonian | džäss | [ˈd̥ʒæsː] | 'jazz' | Rare, occurs only in loanwords. See Estonian phonology | |
| Finnish | džonkki | [ˈdʒo̞ŋkːi] | 'junk (ship)' | Rare, occurs only in loanwords. See Finnish phonology | |
| French | adjonction | [ad͡ʒɔ̃ksjɔ̃] | 'addition' | Rare. Also occurs in loanwords. See French phonology | |
| Georgian[3] | ჯიბე/jibe | [d͡ʒibɛ] | 'pocket' | ||
| German | Standard[4] | Dschungel | [ˈd͡ʒʊŋəl] | 'jungle' | Laminal or apico-laminal and strongly labialized.[4] Some speakers may merge it with /t͡ʃ/. Occurs mainly in loanwords. See Standard German phonology |
| Goemai | [d͡ʒaːn] | 'twins' | |||
| Hebrew | Standard | ג׳וק/juk | [d͡ʒuk] | 'cockroach' | Only used in loanwords. See Modern Hebrew phonology |
| Temani | גָּדוֹל/jaďol | [d͡ʒaðol] | 'big, great' | Yemenite Hebrew pronunciation of gimel with dageš. See Yemenite Hebrew | |
| Hindustani | Hindi | जाना/jānā | [d͡ʒäːnäː] | 'to go' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology |
| Urdu | جـانا/jānā | ||||
| Hungarian | lándzsa | [laːnd͡ʒɒ] | 'spear' | Rare, mostly in loanwords. See Hungarian phonology | |
| Indonesian | jarak | [ˈd͡ʒaraʔ] | 'distance' | ||
| Irish | jíp | [dʒiːpʲ] | 'jeep' | Only used in loanwords. (loan consonant) See Irish phonology | |
| Italian[5] | gemma | [ˈd͡ʒɛmma] | 'gem' | [dʒ] occurs when letter 'G' is before front vowels [e], [i] and [ɛ], while when 'G' is in front of vowels [o], [a], [u] and [ɔ] the phoneme changes to a voiced velar plosive. | |
| Kabyle | lǧiran | [id͡ʒiræn] | 'the neighbors' | ||
| Kashmiri | جانوَر | [d͡ʒaːnʋar] | 'animal' | ||
| Kashubian[6] | dłudżi | [ˈdwu.d͡ʒi] | 'long' | ||
| Khortha[7] | जओनअइर | [d͡ʒonʱair] | 'maize' | ||
| Kurdish | Northern | cîger | [d͡ʒiːˈɡɛɾ] | 'lung' | See Kurdish phonology |
| Central | جــەرگ | [d͡ʒɛɾg] | 'liver' | ||
| Southern | [d͡ʒæɾg] | ||||
| Kyrgyz | жаман / caman | [d͡ʒaman] | 'bad' | See Kyrgyz phonology | |
| Ladino | djudyó/גﬞודיו | [d͡ʒudˈjo] | 'Jew' | ||
| Latvian | dadži | [dad͡ʒi] | 'thistles' | See Latvian phonology | |
| Limburgish | Hasselt dialect[8] | djèn | [d͡ʒɛːn²] | 'Eugene' | See Hasselt dialect phonology |
| Lithuanian | džiaugsmingas | [d͡ʒɛʊɡʲsʲˈmʲɪnɡɐs] | 'gladsome' | See Lithuanian phonology | |
| Macedonian | џемпер/džemper | [ˈd͡ʒɛmpɛr] | 'sweater' | See Macedonian phonology | |
| Malay | jahat | [d͡ʒahat] | 'evil' | ||
| Malayalam | ജീവൻ/jeevan | [d͡ʒiːʋɐn] | 'life' | See Malayalam phonology | |
| Maltese | ġabra | [d͡ʒab.ra] | 'collection' | ||
| Manchu | ᠵᡠᠸᡝ/juwe | [d͡ʒuwe] | 'two' | ||
| Marathi | जय/jay | [d͡ʒəj] | 'victory' | Contrasts with the aspirated form. Allophone [dʑ] and [d̪z]. See Marathi phonology | |
| Occitan | Languedocien | jove | [ˈd͡ʒuβe] | 'young' | See Occitan phonology |
| Provençal | [ˈd͡ʒuve] | ||||
| Odia | ଜମି/jami | [d͡ʒɔmi] | 'land' | Contrasts with aspirated form.See Odia phonology | |
| Ojibwe | iijikiwenh | [iːd͡ʒikiwẽːʔ] | 'brother' | See Ojibwe phonology | |
| Pashto | جــګ/jeg | [d͡ʒeɡ] | 'high' | ||
| Persian | کـجـا/koja | [kod͡ʒɒ] | 'where' | See Persian phonology | |
| Polish | Standard | liczba | [ˈlid͡ʐ.ba] | 'number' | |
| Gmina Istebna | dziwny | [ˈd͡ʒivn̪ɘ] | 'strange' | /ɖ͡ʐ/ and /d͡ʑ/ merge into [d͡ʒ] in these dialects. In standard Polish, /d͡ʒ/ is commonly used to transcribe what actually is a laminal voiced retroflex affricate. | |
| Lubawa dialect[9] | |||||
| Malbork dialect[9] | |||||
| Ostróda dialect[9] | |||||
| Warmia dialect[9] | |||||
| Portuguese | Most Brazilian dialects[10] | grande | [ˈɡɾɐ̃d͡ʒ(i)] | 'big' | Allophone of /d/ before /i, ĩ/ (including when the vowel is elided) and other instances of [i] (e.g. epenthesis), marginal sound otherwise. |
| Most dialects | jambalaya | [d͡ʒɐ̃bɐˈlajɐ] | 'jambalaya' | In free variation with /ʒ/ in a few recent loanwords. See Portuguese phonology | |
| Romanian | ger | [ˈd͡ʒɛ̝r] | 'frost' | See Romanian phonology | |
| Sardinian | Campidanese | géneru | [ˈd͡ʒɛneru] | 'son-in-law' | |
| Scottish Gaelic | Dia | [d͡ʒia] | 'God' | See Scottish Gaelic phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian | Some speakers | џем / džem | [d͡ʒê̞m] | 'jam' | May be laminal retroflex instead, depending on the dialect. See Serbo-Croatian phonology |
| Bosnian | ђаво / đavo | [d͡ʒâ̠ʋo̞ː] | 'devil' | Most Croatian and some Bosnian speakers merge /d͡ʒ/ and /d͡ʑ/, either to [d͡ʒ] or laminal [ɖ͡ʐ]. | |
| Croatian | |||||
| Silesian | Gmina Istebna[11] | These dialects merge /ɖ͡ʐ/ and /d͡ʑ/ into [d͡ʒ]. | |||
| Jablunkov[11] | |||||
| Slovene | enačba | [eˈnáːd͡ʒbà] | 'equation' | Allophone of /t͡ʃ/ before voiced obstruents in native words. As a phoneme present only in loanwords. See Slovene phonology | |
| Somali | joog | [d͡ʒoːɡ] | 'stop' | See Somali phonology | |
| Spanish | conllevar | [kondʒeˈβaɾ] | 'carry' | Rare, more commonly [ʝ], [ɟʝ], or [ʒ]. See Spanish phonology, Yeísmo.[12] | |
| Tagalog | diyan | [d͡ʒän] | 'there' | Used to pronounce the multigraphs ⟨dy⟩ and ⟨diy⟩ in native words and ⟨j⟩ in loanwords outside Spanish. For more information, see Tagalog phonology. | |
| Tamil | இஞ்சி | [in̠ʲd͡ʒi] | 'ginger' | Allophone of /tʃ/ after /ɲ/ natively; also occurs in loans, but the standard form tends to merge to /s/ or /tʃ/ elsewhere. See Tamil phonology. | |
| Tatar | Mishar Dialect[13] | can / җан | [d͡ʒɑn] | 'soul' | In standard Tatar (Kazan dialect), the sound for letter <c/җ> is [ʑ]. |
| Turkish | acı | [äˈd͡ʒɯ] | 'pain' | See Turkish phonology | |
| Turkmen | jar | [d͡ʒär] | 'ravine' | ||
| Tyap | jem | [d͡ʒem] | 'hippopotamus' | ||
| Ubykh | amcan | [amd͡ʒan] | See Ubykh phonology | ||
| Ukrainian[14] | джерело/džerelo | [d͡ʒɛrɛˈlɔ] | 'source' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Uyghur | coza / جوزا | [d͡ʒozɑ] | 'desk' | See Uyghur phonology | |
| Uzbek | jahon / жаҳон | [d͡ʒaˈhɒn] | 'world' | ||
| Welsh | siop jips | [ʃɔp d͡ʒɪps] | 'chip shop' | Occurs as the colloquial soft mutation of /t͡ʃ/. See Colloquial Welsh morphology | |
| West Frisian | siedzje | [ˈʃɪd͡ʒə] | 'to sow' | See West Frisian phonology | |
| Yiddish | דזשוכע/juche | [d͡ʒʊxə] | 'insect' | See Yiddish phonology | |
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[15] | dxan | [d͡ʒaŋ] | 'god' | |
Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant affricate
| Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant affricate | |
|---|---|
| d̠ɹ̠˔ | |
| dɹ̝˗ | |
| Audio sample | |
|
source · help |
Features
- Its manner of articulation is affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
- It is a median consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most speech sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | Australian[16] | dream | [ˈd̠͡ɹ̠᷵iːm] | 'dream' | Phonetic realization of the stressed, syllable-initial sequence /dr/.[16][17] In General American and Received Pronunciation, the less common alternative is alveolar [d͡ɹ̝].[17] See Australian English phonology and English phonology |
| General American[17] | [ˈd̠͡ɹ̠᷵ʷim] | ||||
| Received Pronunciation[17] | [ˈd̠͡ɹ̠᷵ʷɪi̯m] | ||||
See also
Notes
- ↑ Watson (2002:16)
- ↑ Dum-Tragut (2009:13)
- ↑ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
- 1 2 Mangold (2005:51–52)
- ↑ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
- ↑ Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-11-16.
- ↑ Paudyal, Netra P. (2025). A Grammar of Khortha, in Brill's Studies in South and Southwest Asian Languages. Leiden: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004712676. ISBN 978-90-04-71266-9.
- ↑ Peters (2006:119)
- 1 2 3 4 Dubisz, Karaś & Kolis (1995:62)
- ↑ Barbosa & Albano (2004:228)
- 1 2 Dąbrowska (2004:?)
- ↑ Lipski, John M. (1989). "SPANISH YEÍSMO AND THE PALATAL RESONANTS: TOWARDS A UNIFIED ANALYSIS" (PDF). Probus. 1 (2). doi:10.1515/prbs.1989.1.2.211. S2CID 170139844.
- ↑ Leitzinger, Antero: Mishäärit – Suomen vanha islamilainen yhteisö. Helsinki: Kirja-Leitzinger, 1996. ISBN 952-9752-08-3. (p. 45)
- ↑ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
- ↑ Merrill (2008:108)
- 1 2 Cox & Fletcher (2017), p. 144.
- 1 2 3 4 Cruttenden (2014), pp. 177, 186–188, 192.
References
- Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 227–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756
- Cox, Felicity; Fletcher, Janet (2017) [First published 2012], Australian English Pronunciation and Transcription (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-316-63926-9
- Cruttenden, Alan (2014), Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.), Routledge, ISBN 978-1-4441-8309-2
- Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995), Ukrainian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 978-3-929075-08-3
- Dąbrowska, Anna (2004), Język polski, Wrocław: wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie, ISBN 83-7384-063-X
- Dubisz, Stanisław; Karaś, Halina; Kolis, Nijola (1995), Dialekty i gwary polskie, Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna, ISBN 83-214-0989-X
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Mangold, Max (2005) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (6th ed.), Mannheim: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04066-7
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
- Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
- Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
- Wells, John C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.), Longman, ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0
