Pu xie qi yao
| Pu-xie-qi-yao 脯邪乞遙 | |
|---|---|
| King of Tou-he | |
| Ruler of Dvaravati's Kamalanka | |
| Reign | c. 649–656[a] |
| Predecessor | Qizhangmo |
| Successor | Pú jiā yuè mó |
Pu-xie-qi-yao (Chinese: 脯邪乞遙), also transcribed Puyeqiyao and Punaqiyao, was a ruler of the kingdom of Tou-he (投和國), recorded in the Chinese Tongdian.[1][2]: 130–133 [3]: 50 His polity has been commonly identified as Dvaravati,[4]: 132 centred at Nakhon Pathom. He is associated with the tributary mission sent to the Chinese court in 649.[3]: 50
Context and identification
The Tongdian gives Pu-xie-qi-yao the surname Tou-he (投和), corresponding to the name of the polity, together with the personal name Pu-xie-qi-yao.[1] The structure of the name has been interpreted differently. Saritpong Khunsong treats Tou-he-luo as a dynastic name,[2]: 130–33 while Lin Ying and Huang Jiaxin translate Touheluo as the ruler's name and Puyeqiyao as his given name.[4]: 128–131 The same Chinese text distinguishes him from his predecessor Qizhangmo, who is described without a surname.[3]: 51
His reign is inferred rather than directly dated. The departure of Kalavarnadisharaja from Nakhon Pathom, mentioned in the traditions as Takkasila, for Lavo's Lavapura in 648 provides an earlier chronological point,[5]: 11–12 while the next recorded ruler, Pujiayuemo, sent an embassy in the name of Gē Luó Shě Fēn in 656.[2]: 133 The Cefu Yuangui records embassies from Tou-he-luo in 638, 640, 643 and 649. The last brought ivory and fire-beads and requested fine horses from China. No later embassy from Tou-he is recorded.[4]: 128–129 Hoshino interpreted the change in the name of the polity in the Chinese records associated with Pujiayuemo's mission as evidence for the southward extension of Si Thep's authority into the Nakhon Pathom region.[6]: 38–39
Around this period, the name Sambuka, commonly identified with Nakhon Pathom, appears in the Lopburi inscription K.577, dated to the mid-7th to mid-8th century. The inscription mentions an unnamed king of Sambuka as the father of Arushva, chief of the people of Tangura.[7][8]: 68–69, 72 However, no connection has been established between this unnamed king and the kings of Nakhon Pathom mentioned in local traditions and Chinese texts.
Tou-he in the Chinese records
The Tongdian describes Tou-he as a polity with six markets, where merchants used small silver coins resembling elm pods. The king exercised indirect authority over several cities, while the walled royal enclosure contained the palace and administrative offices. About ten thousand households lived outside the enclosure and supported themselves through agriculture and trade without paying taxes.[4]: 131 The account also describes raised houses with tiled roofs and a king who wore a gold crown, earrings and jewelled leather shoes. This contrasts with the grass-roofed houses described for the preceding reign of Qizhangmo.[3]: 51, 55
Notes
- ↑ Neither limit is given directly in the sources. The earlier date follows from the departure of Kalavarnadisharaja in 648 and the intervening rulers, while the later date is based on the embassy sent in the name of Pú jiā yuè mó in 656, see context.
References
- 1 2 "通典 卷一百八十八" [Tongdian, Volume 188] (in Chinese). Retrieved 15 January 2026.
- 1 2 3 Saritpong Khunsong (November 2015). ทวารวดี: ประตูสู่การค้าบนเส้นทางสายไหมทางทะเล [Dvaravati: The Gateway to Trade on the Maritime Silk Road] (in Thai). Paper Met Co., Ltd. ISBN 978-974-641-577-4.
- 1 2 3 4 Supakarn Siripaisal; Phiphu Butsabok (September 2018). การแปลและศึกษาเอกสารจีนโบราณเกี่ยวกับไทยในบริบทของเส้นทางสายไหม [The Translation into Thai and Study of Ancient Chinese Records Relating to Thailand in Connection with the Maritime Silk Road] (PDF) (Report) (in Thai). Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre. Retrieved 25 August 2026.
- 1 2 3 4 Anna Bennett; Hunter Watson, eds. (2019). Defining Dvāravatī: Essays from the U Thong International Workshop 2017 (PDF). Distributed by Silkworm Books, Chiang Mai. DASTA and BIA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 May 2026.
- ↑ Saritpong Khumsong (2014). โบราณคดีเมืองนครปฐม: การศึกษาอดีตศูนย์กลางแห่งทวารวดี [Nakhon Pathom Archaeology: A Study of the Former Center of Dvaravati] (PDF) (in Thai). Bangkok: Papermet (Thailand). p. 230. ISBN 978-974-641-498-2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 April 2025.
- ↑ Hoshino, T (2002). "Wen Dan and its neighbors: the central Mekong Valley in the seventh and eighth centuries.". In M. Ngaosrivathana; K. Breazeale (eds.). Breaking New Ground in Lao History: Essays on the Seventh to Twentieth Centuries. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books. pp. 25–72.
- ↑ "จารึกฐานพระพุทธรูปยืนวัดมหาธาตุเมืองลพบุรี" [Inscription on the base of the standing Buddha statue at Wat Mahathat, Lopburi Province]. Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre (in Thai). 13 February 2007. Retrieved 18 July 2025.
- ↑ Anna Bennett; Hunter Watson, eds. (2019). Defining Dvāravatī: Essays from the U Thong International Workshop 2017 (PDF). Distributed by Silkworm Books, Chiang Mai. DASTA and BIA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 May 2026.