Foreign relations of Serbia

Foreign relations of Serbia are formulated and executed by the Government of Serbia through its Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Serbia has established full diplomatic relations with most world nations – 189 UN member states and 2 non-member observer state, most recently with the Marshall Islands in 2024.

Serbia is a member of the United Nations, the International Criminal Court, the Council of Europe, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, the Central European Initiative, the Central European Free Trade Agreement, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank Group, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the World Customs Organization, the Interpol, the International Organization for Standardization, International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, the International Olympic Committee, and other international organizations.

History

Medieval Serbia

Medieval Serbia’s foreign policy evolved from defensive autonomy under the Vlastimirović dynasty to ambitious expansion under the Nemanjić dynasty kingdom, and finally to desperate survival under the Serbian Despotate. Serbia balanced relations with Byzantine Empire, Bulgaria, Kingdom of Hungary, Republic of Venice, and the Ottomans, using alliances, marriages, and Orthodoxy to assert influence.[1] While achieving a brief imperial peak under Stefan Dušan, Serbia’s fragmentation and the Ottoman rise led to its eventual subjugation. Its foreign policy was marked by pragmatism, adaptability, and a persistent drive to unite Serb lands, leaving a lasting cultural and political legacy in the Balkans.

Principality of Serbia

Serbia gained its autonomy from the Ottoman Empire in the Serbian Revolution (1804–1817), although Ottoman troops continued to garrison the capital, Belgrade, until 1867.

The Principality of Serbia’s foreign relations were defined by its quest for independence from the Ottoman Empire, reliance on Russian support, and cautious navigation of Austrian influence. Serbia cultivated alliances with Principality of Montenegro and Kingdom of Greece, while relations with Bulgaria turned competitive. The Ottoman Empire, Austria (later Austria-Hungary), and Russian Empire, shaped Serbia’s options, with the 1878 Congress of Berlin granting independence but limiting territorial gains. Serbia’s diplomacy balanced nationalist aspirations with pragmatic cooperation, laying the groundwork for its later role as a Balkans power.[2]

Serbia explored alliances with other Balkan states to counter Ottoman and Austrian influence, however, its small size and economic dependence limited its diplomatic leverage.

Kingdom of Serbia

In 1882, Serbia was proclaimed a kingdom under King Milan I of the House of Obrenović, later succeeded by the House of Karađorđević.

The Kingdom of Serbia’s foreign relations was driven by its quest for territorial expansion and South Slavic unification. Serbia aimed to unite South Slavic territories, particularly those with Serb populations, under the concept of "Greater Serbia" or South Slavic unity (Yugoslavism). This ambition often put it at odds with the Ottoman Empire and Austria, which controlled Serb-populated regions like Bosnia and Vojvodina.[3][4][5]

In the First Balkan War, Serbia, alongside Greece, Bulgaria, and Montenegro, defeated the Ottoman Empire, gaining Kosovo and parts of Macedonia. The Second Balkan War against Bulgaria secured further territorial gains but deepened regional rivalry with Bulgaria.

Austria-Hungary's annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908 deeply alienated Serbia. A trade dispute with Austria-Hungary, which imposed a customs blockade to pressure Serbia economically, highlighted Serbia’s dependence on external markets. Serbia countered by diversifying trade with France and Britain, strengthening Western ties. Russia, a fellow Slavic and Orthodox Christian state, provided diplomatic and military support, viewing Serbia as a counterweight to Austria-Hungary in the Balkans. Russia’s support was crucial during the July Crisis of 1914, when Serbia faced Austria-Hungary’s ultimatum after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

Serbia’s foreign policy was tested by Austria-Hungary’s invasion following the Sarajevo assassination. Serbia’s resistance, supported by Russia and France, led to initial victories but eventual occupation by 1915. Serbia’s government-in-exile in Corfu maintained diplomatic efforts, culminating in the 1918 creation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (initially Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes), achieving Serbian main goal of South Slavic unification.[6]

Yugoslavia

Yugoslav Wars and international isolation

During the 1990s, Serbia was part of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, comprising Serbia and Montenegro, formed in 1992 after the breakup of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The foreign policy, dominated by Serbia under President Slobodan Milošević, was heavily influenced by the Yugoslav Wars and international isolation.

Serbia provided support to Serb forces in Serb-populated areas across the former Yugoslavia, though it officially denied direct military involvement until the Kosovo War. This led to involvement in conflicts in Croatia (1991–1995), Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992–1995), and Kosovo (1998–1999). These actions strained relations with the international community and thus country faced severe international sanctions. This isolation was marked by ruptured diplomatic relations, and exclusion from international organizations (such as the UN, OSCE, and the Council of Europe) as well blocked access to international financial institutions (the IMF and World Bank), profoundly shaping Serbia’s foreign policy and global standing. The FR Yugoslavia was barred from the UN General Assembly in 1992, with its claim to be the sole successor to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia rejected. Instead, the UN declared the SFR Yugoslavia dissolved.[7]

Relations with Western countries, particularly the United States and key European nations, deteriorated sharply, culminating in the closure of the United States embassy in Belgrade in 1999 before NATO’s bombing campaign. The 1999 NATO bombing campaign, led by the United States, marked a low point, with the U.S. embassy remaining closed until 2001, reflecting a near-total suspension of formal diplomatic ties. Relations with Western countries, particularly the United States and key European nations, deteriorated sharply resulting in severing or reducing diplomatic presence in Belgrade. Germany, a key supporter of Croatian and Bosnian independence, recalled its ambassador in 1992, maintaining only minimal consular functions throughout the 1990s. The United Kingdom and France followed suit, with embassies operating at reduced capacity or closing during the Kosovo War. The 1999 NATO bombing campaign, marked a low point: the United States closed its embassy in Belgrade, reflecting a near-total suspension of formal diplomatic ties.

Facing Western ostracism, country sought support from traditional allies like Russia and Greece. Russia provided diplomatic backing, vetoing harsher UN measures and maintaining an embassy in Belgrade, though its support was constrained by Russia’s own post-Soviet challenges. Greece, despite EU membership, maintained relatively warm relations due to cultural and Orthodox ties, serving as a diplomatic bridge to the West. China also opposed NATO’s actions, particularly after the 1999 bombing of its Belgrade embassy, but its support was largely rhetorical. The Non-Aligned Movement, once a cornerstone of the Socialist Yugoslavia foreign policy, offered little practical support, as many member states aligned with the key western countries or remained neutral to avoid entanglement in the Yugoslav conflicts.

Democratic transition

In the 2000s, Serbia's foreign policy has shifted dramatically from isolation to reintegration, with a focus on restoring and expanding diplomatic ties with Western countries. The overthrow of Milošević in 2000 marked a turning point, shifting from isolation to reintegration to the international community. Country was re-admitted to the United Nations as a new member soon thereafter while rejoining also the UN, OSCE and the Council of Europe as well as secured IMF and World Bank membership.[8] Relations with Western nations began to thaw. Key EU states, including Germany, France, and the United Kingdom, reestablished full diplomatic relations, with embassies resuming normal operations. Germany, in particular, emerged as a key partner, investing heavily in Serbia’s economy. The relations with the United States were also restored with full diplomatic relations. The European Union became Serbia's primary diplomatic focus, with the Stabilization and Association Agreement in 2008 and candidacy status in 2012 marking key milestones.

Montenegro’s independence in 2006 resulted in restoring Serbia as an independent nation after 88 years, with country being the sole successor state of the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro.

Contemporary period

Serbia since early 2010s have been pursuing a multi-vector foreign policy, balancing relations with the European Union, the United States, Russia, and China.[9] Former President of Serbia Boris Tadić referred to relations with the European Union, United States, Russia, and China as the four pillars of Serbian foreign policy.[10] This approach aims to maintain strategic autonomy.

The European Union remains central to Serbia’s diplomacy and by far the largest trading partner. Its accession process has been slow, with 22 of 35 negotiation chapters opened by 2025 and only a few closed. Key obstacles include rule of law reforms and "normalizing" relations with Kosovo. Public support for EU membership in Serbia has dropped to around 40% by 2025 due to perceived double standards of the EU and its key member-states towards Serbia.[11] Serbia condemned Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine while avoiding to align with EU sanctions against Russia, reflecting its neutral stance.

Country has maintained robust diplomatic ties with Western countries, but Serbia’s refusal to recognize Kosovo’s independence remains a major sticking point and its balancing act with non-Western powers (Russia and China, in particular) to some degree complicate relations with the United States and key European states.

Serbia relies primarily on Russia and China for diplomatic support on Kosovo issue. The 2016 strategic partnership agreement and country's focal role in the Belt and Road Initiative have deepened ties with China which has become second biggest trading partner as well as investor of numerous infrastructure projects in Serbia (like the high-speed railways, motorways, and the Belgrade Metro).

Serbia has worked to improve relations with those neighboring countries (Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Albania) with which it has a long-standing historical tensions. However, relations with Croatia remain strained due to historical tensions, while Kosovo’s status fuels occasional flare-ups. Serbia supports the Open Balkan initiative, launched in 2019, to boost regional economic cooperation with Albania and North Macedonia.[12]

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which Serbia maintains diplomatic relations with:

#CountryDate[13]
1 Russia23 February 1838[14]
2 France19 March 1839[15]
3 United Kingdom7 February 1870[16]
4 Bulgaria18 January 1879
5 Greece18 January 1879
6 Italy18 January 1879
7 Romania26 April 1879[17]
8 Turkey10 June 1879[18][19]
9 United States14 October 1881
10 Venezuela13 April 1882[20]
11 Japan15 June 1882[21]
12 Guatemala15 August 1882[22][23]
13 Portugal14 November 1882[24]
14 Hungary21 November 1882[25][26]
15 Belgium15 March 1886[27]
16 Netherlands26 April 1899[28]
17 Cuba 4 November 1902[29]
18 Uruguay 19 February 1904[30][31]
19 Honduras 20 February 1904[32]
20 Egypt1 February 1908[33]
21 Dominican Republic1 March 1912
22 Albania25 April 1914
23 Spain14 October 1916[34][35]
24  Switzerland10 December 1916[36]
25 Norway9 March 1917[37]
26 Denmark19 October 1917[38]
27 Sweden1 November 1917[39]
28 Czech Republic9 January 1919[40]
29 Poland19 September 1919[41]
— Holy See13 March 1920
30 Austria9 May 1925[42]
31 Luxembourg23 August 1927[43][44]
32 Argentina29 February 1928
33 Finland7 August 1929[45]
34 Chile19 November 1935[46][47]
35 Iran30 April 1937
36 Brazil15 June 1938
37 Canada30 May 1941
38 Syria26 February 1946[48]
39 Lebanon18 May 1946[49]
40 Mexico28 May 1946
41 Pakistan15 May 1948
42 North Korea30 October 1948
43 Israel25 November 1948[50]
44 India5 December 1948
45 Paraguay 17 December 1950[51][52]
46 Myanmar29 December 1950
47 Jordan25 August 1951[53][54]
48 New ZealandSeptember 1951[55]
49 Germany8 December 1951[56]
50 Ethiopia4 March 1952[57]
51 Costa Rica14 June 1952[58]
52 Iceland27 February 1953[59]
53 Panama26 March 1953[60]
54 Bolivia15 May 1954[61]
55 Indonesia4 November 1954
56 Thailand12 November 1954[62]
57 Afghanistan30 December 1954
58 China2 January 1955
59 Libya2 October 1955[63]
60 Ecuador10 January 1956[64]
61 Sudan14 February 1956[48]
62 Cambodia15 July 1956
63 Mongolia20 November 1956
64 Tunisia13 February 1957[65]
65 Morocco1 March 1957
66 Vietnam10 March 1957
67 Sri Lanka14 October 1957
68 Yemen28 December 1957[66]
69 Iraq23 July 1958[67]
70 Ghana10 January 1959[68]
71 Liberia15 September 1959[69]
72   Nepal7 October 1959
73 Guinea10 November 1959[70]
74 Democratic Republic of the Congo2 August 1960[71]
75 Central African RepublicAugust 1960[72]
76 Somalia8 September 1960[73]
77 Togo10 September 1960[74]
78 Cyprus7 October 1960
79 Mali4 November 1960[75]
80 NigeriaMarch 1961[76]
81 Sierra Leone27 April 1961[77]
82 Senegal31 May 1961[78]
83 Tanzania9 December 1961[79]
84 Algeria2 July 1962[33]
85 Benin3 July 1962[80]
86 Burundi July 1962[81]
87 Laos25 November 1962
88 Kuwait7 May 1963
89 Uganda31 July 1963[82]
90 Kenya12 December 1963[83]
91 Republic of the Congo28 March 1964
92 Mauritania12 June 1964[84]
93 Zambia23 October 1964[85]
94 Cameroon12 December 1965[86]
95 Gambia1965
96 Chad1966[87]
97 Australia25 April 1966
98 Colombia20 December 1966
99 Malaysia4 May 1967[88]
100 Singapore22 August 1967
101 Ivory Coast15 June 1968[89]
102 Burkina Faso8 July 1968[90]
103 Jamaica13 October 1968[91]
104 Malta6 January 1969
105 Peru12 December 1969[92]
106 Equatorial Guinea18 May 1970
107 Botswana5 September 1970[93]
108 Mauritius6 October 1970[94]
109 Madagascar4 June 1971[95]
110 Rwanda15 June 1971[96]
111 Bangladesh22 January 1972[97]
112 Philippines10 March 1972[98]
113 Niger17 March 1972[99]
114 Lesotho25 September 1972[100]
115 Gabon4 October 1973
116 Trinidad and Tobago25 March 1974[101]
117 Oman4 May 1974[102]
118 Guinea-Bissau10 May 1974[103]
119 Maldives1 March 1975
120 Mozambique10 June 1975[104]
121 Angola12 November 1975
122 Papua New Guinea21 May 1976
123 Suriname9 July 1976
124 Fiji30 July 1976[105]
125 Seychelles1 August 1976[106]
126 Comoros24 November 1976
127 Cape Verde1976
128 IrelandApril 1977[107]
129 Barbados15 November 1977[108]
130 Grenada29 June 1978
131 Djibouti11 July 1978
132 São Tomé and Príncipe2 February 1979[109]
133 Nicaragua 10 August 1979[110]
134 El Salvador16 December 1979
135 Zimbabwe18 April 1980[111]
136 Haiti20 January 1984[91]
137 BahamasJuly 1988[112]
– State of Palestine5 April 1989[113]
138 Qatar25 August 1989[114]
138 Bahrain31 August 1989[109]
140 South Korea27 December 1989
141 Namibia21 March 1990[115]
142 Eswatini1 June 1990
143 South Africa2 April 1992[116]
144 Slovakia1 January 1993[117]
145 Ukraine15 April 1994
146 Armenia8 July 1994
147 Belarus15 November 1994
148 Uzbekistan18 January 1995
149 Moldova15 March 1995
150 Georgia26 June 1995
151 Tajikistan9 September 1995
152 North Macedonia8 April 1996
153 Turkmenistan26 August 1996
154 Croatia9 September 1996
155 Kazakhstan10 December 1996
156 Azerbaijan21 August 1997
157 Malawi13 February 1998
158 Kyrgyzstan25 June 1998
159 Slovenia9 December 2000[109]
160 Bosnia and Herzegovina15 December 2000
161 Lithuania22 December 2000[118]
162 Latvia19 January 2001[119]
163 Estonia9 February 2001[120]
— Sovereign Military Order of Malta 11 May 2001
164 San Marino3 April 2003
165 Liechtenstein4 April 2003
166 Montenegro22 June 2006
167 United Arab Emirates21 March 2007
168 Monaco31 May 2007[121]
169 Andorra1 June 2007
170 Dominica22 April 2010
171 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines26 May 2011
172 Brunei5 December 2011
173 Bhutan9 December 2011
174 South Sudan3 January 2012
175 Eritrea19 October 2012
176 Tonga22 February 2013[122]
177 Saudi Arabia17 April 2013
178 Vanuatu27 August 2018
179 Antigua and Barbuda28 September 2018
180 Saint Kitts and Nevis6 November 2018
181 Palau7 December 2018
182 Tuvalu4 April 2019
183 Belize24 September 2019
184 Nauru25 September 2019
185 Saint Lucia13 November 2019
186 Solomon Islands20 December 2021
187 Timor-Leste20 December 2021
188 Guyana22 September 2024[119]
189 Marshall Islands 27 September 2024

Multilateral relations

European Union

Serbian foreign policy is focused on achieving the strategic goal of becoming a member state of the European Union (EU). Serbia officially applied for membership in the European Union in 2009, received a full candidate status in 2012 and started accession talks in 2014.[123][124][125] The European Commission considers accession possible by 2030. After initial popular support for country's entry, it has held unfavorable domestic approval with support weakening since 2014.[126] International support for their accession is similarly mixed with concerns over Serbia's claim over Kosovo, regional geopolitical tensions, foreign policy alignment with Russia, and domestic policies.[127][24]

NATO

Serbia proclaimed military neutrality in 2007.[128] The relationship between Serbia and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) has been regulated in the context of an Individual Partnership Action Plan. Serbia is the only state in the Southeastern Europe that is not seeking NATO membership, having been the target of a 1999 NATO bombing, but also due to the ensuing secession of and territorial dispute with Kosovo, as well as a close relationship with Russia.[129][130]

Bilateral relations

Africa

Country Formal relations began Notes
Algeria1962[131] See Algeria–Serbia relations
Angola1975[134]

See Angola–Serbia relations

  • Angola has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Luanda.
Cameroon1965[135]
  • Cameroon is represented in Serbia through its embassy in Berlin (Germany).
  • Serbia is represented in Cameroon through its embassy in Kinshasa (Democratic Republic of the Congo).
Democratic Republic of the Congo1961[136]
  • Democratic Republic of the Congo has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Kinshasa.
Côte d'Ivoire1968[137]
  • Côte d'Ivoire is represented in Serbia through its embassy in Vienna (Austria).
  • Serbia is represented in Côte d'Ivoire through its embassy in Abuja (Nigeria).
Egypt1908[138] See Egypt–Serbia relations
  • Egypt has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Cairo.[139]
Ethiopia1952 See Ethiopia–Serbia relations
  • Ethiopia is represented in Serbia through its embassy in Rome (Italy).
  • Serbia has an embassy in Adis Abeba.
Ghana1959[140]
  • Ghana is represented in Serbia through its embassy in Rome (Italy).
  • Serbia has an embassy in Accra.
Guinea1958[141]
  • Guinea has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia is represented in Guinea through its embassy in Accra (Ghana).
Kenya1963[142]
  • Kenya is represented in Serbia through its embassy in Paris (France).
  • Serbia has an embassy in Nairobi.
Libya1955[143]See Libya–Serbia relations
Morocco1957
  • Morocco has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Rabat.
Nigeria1960[146]
  • Nigeria has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Abuja as well as honorary consuls in Kano and Lagos.
Senegal1961[147]
  • Senegal is represented in Serbia through its embassy in Berlin (Germany).
  • Serbia is represented in Senegal through its embassy in Rabat (Morocco).
Somalia1960[148]

See Serbia–Somalia relations

  • Serbia is represented in Somalia through its embassy in Nairobi (Kenya).
  • Somalia has an embassy in Belgrade.
South Africa1992[149]

See Serbia–South Africa relations

  • Serbia has an embassy in Pretoria.[150]
  • South Africa is represented in Serbia through its embassy in Athens (Greece).
Tunisia1957[151]
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Tunis.
Zambia1964[152]
  • Serbia has an embassy in Lusaka.
  • Zambia is represented in Serbia through its embassy in Paris (France).
Zimbabwe1980[153]

See Serbia–Zimbabwe relations

  • Serbia has an embassy in Harare.
  • Zimbabwe has an embassy in Belgrade.

Americas

Country Formal relations began Notes
Argentina1928[154]See Argentina–Serbia relations
Brazil1938[156]See Brazil–Serbia relations
  • Brazil has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Brasília.
Bolivia1952[157]
  • Bolivia is represented in Serbia through its embassy in Rome (Italy).
  • Serbia is represented in Bolivia through its embassy in Brasília (Brazil).
Canada1941[158]See Canada–Serbia relations
Chile1935[162]
  • Chile is represented in Serbia through its embassy in Athens (Greece).
  • Serbia is represented in Chile through its embassy in Buenos Aires (Argentina).[163]
Colombia1966[164]
  • Colombia is represented in Serbia through its embassy in Budapest (Hungary).
  • Serbia is represented in Chile through its embassy in Washington, D.C. (United States).[165]
Cuba1902[166]See Cuba–Serbia relations
  • Cuba has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Havana.
Ecuador1956[167]
  • Ecuador is represented in Serbia through its embassy in Budapest (Hungary).
  • Serbia is represented in Ecuador through its embassy in Buenos Aires (Argentina).
Guyana2024[168]
  • Guyana is represented in Serbia through its embassy in Brussels (Belgium).
  • Serbia is represented in Guyana through its embassy in Washington, D.C. (United States).[169]
Mexico1946[170] See Mexico–Serbia relations
  • Mexico has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Mexico City.
Panama1953[171]
  • Panama is represented in Serbia through its embassy in Athens (Greece).
  • Serbia is represented in Panama through its embassy in Mexico City (Mexico).[172]
Paraguay1883[173]
  • Paraguay is represented in Serbia through its embassy in Athens (Greece).
  • Serbia is represented in Paraguay through its embassy in Buenos Aires (Argentina).
Peru1967[174] See Peru–Serbia relations
  • Peru is represented in Serbia through its embassy in Budapest (Hungary).
  • Serbia is represented in Peru through its embassy in Buenos Aires (Argentina).
United States1881[175]See Serbia–United States relations
Uruguay1950[177]
  • Uruguay is represented in Serbia through its embassy in Bucharest (Romania).
  • Serbia is represented in Uruguay through its embassy in Buenos Aires (Argentina).[178]
Venezuela1951[179]See Serbia–Venezuela relations
  • Serbia has an embassy in Caracas.[180]
  • Venezuela has an embassy in Belgrade.

Asia

Country Formal relations began Notes
Afghanistan1954[181]
  • Afghanistan is represented in Serbia through its embassy in Sofia (Bulgaria).
  • Serbia is represented in Afghanistan through its embassy in Tehran (Iran).
Armenia1993[182]See Armenia–Serbia relations
  • Armenia is represented in Serbia through its embassy in Prague (Czech Republic).
  • Serbia has an embassy in Yerevan.
Azerbaijan1997[183]See Azerbaijan–Serbia relations
  • Azerbaijan has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Baku.
Bangladesh1971[184]See Bangladesh–Serbia relations
  • Bangladesh is represented in Serbia through its embassy in Rome (Italy).
  • Serbia is represented in Bangladesh through its embassy in New Delhi (India).
Cambodia1956[185] See Cambodia–Serbia relations
  • Cambodia has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia is represented in Cambodia through its embassy in Jakarta (Indonesia).
China1955[186]See China–Serbia relations
  • Serbia has an embassy in Beijing and a consulate general in Shanghai.
  • China has an embassy in Belgrade.
Georgia1995[187]
  • Georgia has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia is represented in Georgia through its embassy in Moscow (Russia).
India1948[188]See India–Serbia relations
Indonesia1954[191]See Indonesia–Serbia relations
  • Indonesia has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Jakarta.
Iran1937[192] See Iran–Serbia relations
  • Iran has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Tehran.
Iraq1958[193] See Iraq–Serbia relations
Israel1948[196] See Israel–Serbia relations
Japan1882[199]See Japan–Serbia relations
  • Japan has an embassy in Belgrade.[200]
  • Serbia has an embassy in Tokyo and an honorary consulate in Osaka.[201]
Jordan1951[202]
  • Jordan is represented in Serbia through its embassy in Athens (Greece).
  • Serbia is represented in Jordan through its embassy in Damascus (Syria).
Kazakhstan1996[203] See Kazakhstan–Serbia relations
  • Kazakhstan has an embassy in Belgrade.[204]
  • Serbia has an embassy in Astana.
Kuwait1963[205]
  • Kuwait has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Kuwait City.
Kyrgyzstan1998[206]
  • Kyrgyzstan is not represented in Serbia.
  • Serbia is represented in Kyrgyzstan through its embassy in Astana (Kazakhstan).
Lebanon1946[207]
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Beirut.
Malaysia1967[208]
  • Malaysia has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia is represented in Malaysia through its embassy in Jakarta (Indonesia).
Mongolia1956[209]
  • Mongolia is represented in Serbia through its embassy in Budapest (Hungary).
  • Serbia is represented in Mongolia through its embassy in Beijing (China).
Myanmar1950[210]See Myanmar–Serbia relations
  • Myanmar has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Yangon.
  Nepal1959[211]

See Nepal–Serbia relations

  • Diplomatic relations between Nepal and Serbia (then constituent part of SFR Yugoslavia of which it is considered shared successor) were established in 1959.[212]
North Korea1948[213]See North Korea–Serbia relations
  • North Korea is represented in Serbia through its embassy in Sofia (Bulgaria).
  • Serbia is represented in North Korea through its embassy in Beijing (China).
Pakistan1948[214]See Pakistan–Serbia relations
  • Pakistan has an embassy in Belgrade.[215]
  • Serbia is represented in Pakistan through its embassy in Beijing (China).
Palestine1989[216]See Palestine–Serbia relations
  • Palestine has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia is represented in Palestine through its embassy in Cairo (Egypt).
Philippines1972[217]
  • Philippines is represented in Serbia through its embassy in Budapest (Hungary).[218]
  • Serbia is represented in the Philippines through its embassy in Jakarta (Indonesia).[219]
Qatar1989[220]
  • Qatar has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Doha.
Saudi Arabia2013[221]
  • Saudi Arabia is represented in Serbia through its embassy in Sofia (Bulgaria).
  • Serbia has an embassy in Riyadh.
South Korea1989[222]See Serbia–South Korea relations
  • Serbian has an embassy in Seoul.[223]
  • South Korean has an embassy in Belgrade.[224]
Syria1946[225]

See Serbia–Syria relations

  • Serbia has an embassy in Damascus.[226]
  • Syria has an embassy in Belgrade.
Tajikistan1995[227]
  • Serbia is represented in Tajikistan through its embassy in Moscow (Russia).
  • Tajikistan is represented in Serbia through its embassy in Moscow (Russia).
Thailand1954[228]
  • Serbia is represented in Thailand through its embassy in Jakarta (Indonesia).
  • Thailand is represented in Serbia through its embassy in Budapest (Hungary).
Turkey1879[229]See Serbia–Turkey relations
  • Serbia has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Belgrade and a consulate general in Novi Pazar.
Turkmenistan1996[230]
  • Serbia is represented in Turkmenistan through its embassy in Moscow (Russia).
  • Turkmenistan is represented in Serbia through its embassy in Moscow (Russia).
United Arab Emirates2007[231] See Serbia–United Arab Emirates relations
  • Serbia has an embassy in Abu Dhabi.
  • The United Arab Emirates has an embassy in Belgrade.[232]
Uzbekistan1995[233]
  • Serbia is represented in Uzbekistan through its embassy in Moscow (Russia).
  • Uzbekistan is represented in Serbia through its embassy in Vienna (Austria).
Vietnam1957[234]
  • Serbia is represented in Vietnam through its embassy in Jakarta (Indonesia).
  • Vietnam is represented in Serbia through its embassy in Bucharest (Romania).

Europe

Country Formal relations began Notes
Albania1914[235] See Albania–Serbia relations
Andorra2007[238]
  • Andorra is represented in Serbia through a non-resident ambassador based in Andorra la Vella (at the Foreign Ministry).
  • Serbia is represented in Andorra through its embassy in Madrid (Spain).
Austria1874[239]See Austria–Serbia relations
Belarus1994[243]See Belarus–Serbia relations
  • Belarus has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Minsk.
Belgium1886[244]See Belgium–Serbia relations
  • Belgium has an embassy in Belgrade.[245]
  • Serbia has an embassy in Brussels.
Bosnia and Herzegovina2000[246]See Bosnia and Herzegovina–Serbia relations
Bulgaria1879[247]See Bulgaria–Serbia relations
  • Bulgaria has an embassy in Belgrade and a consulate general in Niš.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Sofia.
Croatia1996[248]See Croatia–Serbia relations
Cyprus1960[249]See Cyprus–Serbia relations
  • Cyprus has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Nicosia.
Czech Republic1918[250]See Czech Republic–Serbia relations
  • The Czech Republic has an embassy in Belgrade.[251]
  • Serbia has an embassy in Prague.
Denmark1917[252]See Denmark–Serbia relations
  • Denmark has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Copenhagen.
Estonia2001[253]
  • Estonia is represented in Serbia through a non-resident ambassador based in Tallinn (at the Foreign Ministry).
  • Serbia is represented in Estonia through its embassy in Riga (Latvia).
Finland1929[254]See Finland–Serbia relations
France1839[257]See France–Serbia relations
Germany1951[260]See Germany–Serbia relations
Greece1879[263]See Greece–Serbia relations
  • Greece has an embassy in Belgrade and a consulate general in Niš.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Athens and a consulate general in Thessaloniki.
Holy See1920[264]See Holy See–Serbia relations
  • The Holy See has an embassy in Belgrade.[265]
  • Serbia has an embassy to the Holy See in Rome (Italy).[266]
Hungary1921[267]See Hungary–Serbia relations
Iceland2000[271]See Iceland–Serbia relations
  • Iceland is represented in Serbia through its embassy in Berlin (Germany).
  • Serbia is represented in Iceland through its embassy in Oslo (Norway).[272]
Ireland1977[273]See Ireland–Serbia relations
  • Ireland is represented in Serbia through its embassy in Athens (Greece).
  • Serbia is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London (United Kingdom).[274]
Italy1879[275]See Italy–Serbia relations
  • Italy has an embassy in Belgrade.[276]
  • Serbia has an embassy in Rome and consulates general in Milan and Trieste.
KosovoNo diplomatic relations or recognitionSee Kosovo–Serbia relations
Latvia1917[277]See Latvia–Serbia relations
  • Latvia is represented in Serbia through its embassy in Athens (Greece).
  • Serbia has an embassy in Riga.[278]
Liechtenstein2003[279]
  • Liechtenstein is represented in Serbia through embassy of Switzerland in Belgrade.
  • Serbia is represented in Liechtenstein through its embassy in Bern (Switzerland).
Lithuania2000[280]See Lithuania–Serbia relations
  • Lithuania is represented in Serbia through its embassy in Budapest (Hungary).[281]
  • Serbia is represented in Lithuania through its embassy in Riga (Latvia).
Luxembourg1927[282]See Luxembourg–Serbia relations
  • Luxembourg is represented in Serbia through a non-resident ambassador based in Luxembourg City (at the Foreign Ministry).
  • Serbia is represented in Luxembourg through its embassy in Brussels (Belgium).
Malta1969[283]See Malta–Serbia relations
  • Malta is represented in Serbia through a non-resident ambassador based in Valletta (at the Foreign Ministry).[284]
  • Serbia is represented in Malta through its embassy in Rome (Italy) and through an honorary consulate in Valletta.
Moldova1995[285]See Moldova–Serbia relations
  • Moldova is represented in Serbia through its embassy in Sofia (Bulgaria).
  • Serbia is represented in Moldova through its embassy in Kyiv (Ukraine).
Monaco2007[286]
  • Monaco is represented in Serbia through embassy of France in Belgrade.
  • Serbia is represented in Monaco through its embassy in Paris (France).
Montenegro2006[287]See Montenegro–Serbia relations
  • Montenegro has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Podgorica and a consulate general in Herceg Novi.
Netherlands1891[288]See Netherlands–Serbia relations
North Macedonia1996[291]See North Macedonia–Serbia relations
  • North Macedonia has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Skopje.
Norway1917[292]See Norway–Serbia relations
  • Norway has an embassy in Belgrade.[293]
  • Serbia has an embassy in Oslo.[294]
Poland1919[295]See Poland–Serbia relations
  • Poland has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Warsaw.
Portugal1882[296]See Portugal–Serbia relations
  • Portugal has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Lisbon.
Romania1879[297]See Romania–Serbia relations
  • Romania has an embassy in Belgrade and a consulate general in Vršac.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Bucharest and a consulate general in Timișoara.
Russia1838[298]See Russia–Serbia relations
San Marino2002[300] See San Marino–Serbia relations
  • San Marino has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia is represented in San Marino through its embassy in Rome (Italy).
Slovakia1918[301]See Serbia–Slovakia relations
Slovenia2000[304]See Serbia–Slovenia relations
Spain1916[307]See Serbia–Spain relations
Sweden1917[310]See Serbia–Sweden relations
  • Serbia has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Belgrade.[311]
 Switzerland1916[312]See Serbia–Switzerland relations
Ukraine1994[316]See Serbia–Ukraine relations
  • Serbia has an embassy in Kyiv.
  • Ukraine has an embassy in Belgrade.
United Kingdom1870[16]See Serbia–United Kingdom relations

Oceania

Country Formal relations began Notes
Australia1966[319] See Australia–Serbia relations
  • Australia has an embassy in Belgrade.[320]
  • Serbia has an embassy in Canberra and a consulate general in Sydney.
New Zealand1951[321] See New Zealand–Serbia relations
  • New Zealand is represented in Serbia through its embassy in The Hague (Netherlands).
  • Serbia is represented in New Zealand through its embassy in Canberra (Australia).
Palau2018[322] See Palau–Serbia relations
  • Palau is represented in Serbia through its embassy in Tokyo (Japan).
  • Serbia is represented in Palau through its embassy in Tokyo (Japan).

See also

References

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  227. ↑ "Tajikistan". www.mfa.gov.rs.
  228. ↑ "Thailand". www.mfa.gov.rs.
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  234. ↑ "Vietnam". www.mfa.gov.rs.
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  237. ↑ "Serbian charge d'affaires prepares to quit Albania". BBC. 20 February 2008.
  238. ↑ "Andorra | Ministry of Foreign Affairs". www.mfa.gov.rs. Retrieved 3 July 2026.
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  241. ↑ "Serbian embassy in Vienna (in German and Serbian only)".
  242. ↑ "Consulate General of The Republic of Serbia in Salzburg". Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  243. ↑ "Belarus". www.mfa.gov.rs.
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  246. ↑ "Bosnia and Herzegovina". www.mfa.gov.rs.
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  248. ↑ "Croatia". www.mfa.gov.rs.
  249. ↑ "Cyprus". www.mfa.gov.rs.
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  252. ↑ "Denmark". www.mfa.gov.rs.
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  254. ↑ "Finland". www.mfa.gov.rs.
  255. ↑ "Suomen suurlähetystö, Belgrad". Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  256. ↑ "Embassy of the Republic of Serbia in the Republic of Finland". Retrieved 19 February 2015.
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  258. ↑ "French embassy in Belgrade (in French and Serbian only)". Ambafrance-srb.org. Archived from the original on 15 December 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2011.
  259. ↑ "Serbian embassy in Paris(in French and Serbian only)". Amb-serbie.fr. Archived from the original on 29 June 2007. Retrieved 10 June 2011.
  260. ↑ "Germany". www.mfa.gov.rs.
  261. ↑ "Serbian embassy in Berlin (in German and Serbian only)". Embassy of Serbia, Berlin. Retrieved 31 December 2010.
  262. ↑ "Serbian general consulates in Germany (in German and Serbian only)". Konzulati-rs.de. Retrieved 31 December 2010.
  263. ↑ "Greece". www.mfa.gov.rs.
  264. ↑ "Holy See". www.mfa.gov.rs.
  265. ↑ Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: direction of the Holy See’s embassy in Belgrade
  266. ↑ Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: direction of the Serbian embassy to the Holy See
  267. ↑ "Hungary". www.mfa.gov.rs.
  268. ↑ "Hungarian embassy in Belgrade". Archived from the original on 20 May 2009. Retrieved 24 July 2009.
  269. ↑ "Hungarian general consulate in Subotica(in Hungarian and Serbian only)". Archived from the original on 22 July 2009. Retrieved 24 July 2009.
  270. ↑ "Embassy of the Republic of Serbia in Hungary". Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  271. ↑ "Iceland". www.mfa.gov.rs.
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  273. ↑ "Ireland". www.mfa.gov.rs.
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  275. ↑ "Italy". www.mfa.gov.rs.
  276. ↑ "Ambasciata d'Italia – Belgrado". Retrieved 2 May 2016.
  277. ↑ "Latvia". www.mfa.gov.rs.
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  280. ↑ "Lithuania". www.mfa.gov.rs.
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  282. ↑ "Luxembourg | Ministry of Foreign Affairs". www.mfa.gov.rs. Retrieved 3 July 2026.
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  285. ↑ "Moldova". www.mfa.gov.rs.
  286. ↑ "Monaco | Ministry of Foreign Affairs". www.mfa.gov.rs. Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  287. ↑ "Montenegro". www.mfa.gov.rs.
  288. ↑ "Netherlands". www.mfa.gov.rs.
  289. ↑ "Netherlands Embassy in Belgrade, Serbia". Archived from the original on 22 July 2010. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  290. ↑ "Index of /~yuambanl". Archived from the original on 12 May 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  291. ↑ "North Macedonia". www.mfa.gov.rs.
  292. ↑ "Norway". www.mfa.gov.rs.
  293. ↑ "Norway – The official site in Serbia". Retrieved 15 January 2016.
  294. ↑ "Embassy of Serbia in Oslo". Archived from the original on 12 August 2007. Retrieved 24 July 2009.
  295. ↑ "Poland". www.mfa.gov.rs.
  296. ↑ "Portugal". www.mfa.gov.rs.
  297. ↑ "Romania". www.mfa.gov.rs.
  298. ↑ "Russia". www.mfa.gov.rs.
  299. ↑ Bilateral Political Relations with Russia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Serbia
  300. ↑ "San Marino". www.mfa.gov.rs.
  301. ↑ "Slovakia". www.mfa.gov.rs.
  302. ↑ "Embassy of the Republic of Serbia in the Slovak Republic". Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  303. ↑ "Veľvyslanectvo Slovenskej republiky v Belehrade". Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
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  306. ↑ "Embassy of the Republic of Slovenia Belgrade". Retrieved 19 February 2015.
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  308. ↑ "Home". Archived from the original on 19 November 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
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  311. ↑ "Belgrade – SwedenAbroad". Archived from the original on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
  312. ↑ "Switzerland". www.mfa.gov.rs.
  313. ↑ "Serbian embassy in Bern". Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  314. ↑ "Generalni konzulat Republike Srbije u Cirihu". Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  315. ↑ "Embassy of Switzerland in Serbia". Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  316. ↑ "Ukraine". www.mfa.gov.rs.
  317. ↑ Diplomat Magazine (2 February 2018). "Serbia". Diplomat Magazine. Archived from the original on 19 May 2025. Retrieved 2 July 2025.
  318. ↑ "British Embassy Belgrade". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 27 September 2024. Retrieved 3 November 2024.
  319. ↑ "Australia". www.mfa.gov.rs.
  320. ↑ "Home". Retrieved 2 May 2016.
  321. ↑ "New Zealand". www.mfa.gov.rs.
  322. ↑ "Palau". www.mfa.gov.rs.

Further reading

  • Schevill, Ferdinand. History of the Balkans (1922) online
  • Stavrianos, L. S. The Balkans Since 1453 (1958), a comprehensive scholarly history
  • Trivanovitch, Vaso. "Serbia, Russia, and Austria during the Rule of Milan Obrenovich, 1868-78" Journal of Modern History (1931) 3#3 pp. 414–440 online
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