Tacanan languages

Takanan
Tacanan
Geographic
distribution		Bolivia
Linguistic classificationPano–Tacanan?
  • Takanan
Subdivisions
Language codes
Glottologtaca1255
Takanan languages (light green) and Panoan languages (dark green). Spots indicate documented locations.

Tacanan is a family of languages spoken in Bolivia, with Ese’ejja also spoken in Peru. It may be related to the Panoan languages. Many of the languages are endangered.

Family division

  • Tacanan
    • Ese Ejja (a.k.a. Ese’eha, Tiatinagua, Chama, Huarayo, Guacanawa, Chuncho, Eseʼexa, Tatinawa, Ese exa)
    • Araona–Tacana

Toromono may be extinct. Another extinct Tacanan language is Mabenaro; Arasa has been classified as Tacanan, but appears to have more in common with Panoan.

Loukotka (1968)

Below is a full list of Tacanan language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.[1]

  • Tacana - language with many relationships with the Arawak and Pano languages, spoken on the Beni River, Tuichi River, and Tequeje River, territory of Colonia, Bolivia; now spoken by only a few families. Dialects are:
    • Tumupasa / Maracáni - spoken on the Uchipiamona River in the same region.
    • Isiama / Ydiama - spoken on the Unduma River and around Ydiama.
  • Araona - spoken on the Madre de Dios River and Manuripi River in Colonia, Bolivia
  • Capechene / Capaheni - unknown language spoken on the Xapuri River and Rosiano River, Acre territory, Brazil. (Unattested.)
  • Sapiboca - extinct language once spoken at the old mission of Reyes, Beni province, Bolivia.
  • Chirigua / Shiribá - extinct language once spoken at the old mission of Santa Buenaventura, Beni. (Unattested.)
  • Guarizo - extinct language once spoken at the old missions of Reyes and San Antonio de Isiama.
  • Maropa - spoken in the vicinity of Lake Rogoaguado, Beni, now probably extinct.
  • Guacanahua / Chama / Ese'ejja - spoken by a small tribe on the Madidi River and Undumo River, La Paz province, Bolivia.
  • Mabenaro - spoken on the Manuripi River.
  • Caviña / Cavineña - once spoken on the Cavinas River, Madidi River, and Beni River, now probably extinct.
  • Toromona - once spoken between the Madidi River, Beni River, and Madre de Dios River, now perhaps extinct.
  • Arasa - language spoken by the greater part of the Arazaire tribe (of Pano stock) on the Marcopata River and Arasa River.
  • Tiatinagua / Mohino / Chuncho / Huarayo / Baguaja / Tambopata-Guarayo / Echoja - spoken by a tribe on the Peru-Bolivia border, on the Tambopata River.

Language contact

Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Kayuvava, Tupi, and Arawak language families due to contact.[2]

Vocabulary

Sample vocabulary of four Tacanan languages, along with Proto-Panoan for comparison, from Nikulin (2019):[3]

glossEse EjjaAraonaCavineñaTacanaProto-Panoan
liver e-kakʷatákʷae-takʷae-takʷa*takʷa
tongue ej-anae-ánaj-anaj-ana*hana
blood amiamiami*himi
you (sg.) mi-amimi-mi*mi
hand e-mee-mee-me-tukue-me*mɨ-
earth meʃimezizometʃi ‘soil’med’i*mai
meat e-jamie-amie-ramij-ami ‘muscle’*rami
stone mahanamakana*maka
bone e-sáe-tsoae-tsaue-tsau*ʂao
(finger)nail e-me-kiʃeØ-mé-tezie-me-tid’i*mɨ̃-tsis
fat e-seie-tseie-tserie-tsei*ʂɨ[n]i
tooth e-sée-tsee-tsee-tse*ʂɨta

Verbal morphology

Associated motion

Tacanan languages, in particular Cavineña and Ese Ejja, have among the richest associated motion systems in the world's languages.[4]

Further reading

  • Girard, Victor (1971). Proto-Takanan Phonology (University of California Publications in Linguistics, 70.) Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Notes

  1. ↑ Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
  2. ↑ Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2016). Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas (Ph.D. dissertation) (2 ed.). Brasília: University of Brasília.
  3. ↑ Nikulin, Andrey V. The classification of the languages of the South American Lowlands: State-of-the-art and challenges / Классификация языков востока Южной Америки. Illič-Svityč (Nostratic) Seminar / Ностратический семинар, October 17, 2019.
  4. ↑ Guillaume, Antoine. 2016. Associated motion in South America: Typological and areal perspectives. Linguistic Typology 20(1). 81–177

References

  • Adelaar, Willem F. H.; & Muysken, Pieter C. (2004). The languages of the Andes. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press.
  • Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
  • Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-70414-3.
  • Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.
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