Sri Naw Nam Thum

Sri Naw Nam Thum
ศรีนาวนำถุม
Ruler of Chaliang and Sukhothai
Ruler of Chaliang
ReignEarly 13th century
PredecessorRajadhiraj II
SuccessorMerged with Sukhothai
Ruler of Sukhothai
Reign1219–?[a]
PredecessorE Daeng Phloeng[b]
SuccessorKhom Sabat Khlon Lamphong
DiedEarly 13th century
Sukhothai
IssuePha Mueang
Nang Sueang

Sri Naw Nam Thum (Thai: ศรีนาวนำถุม) was a Tai ruler named in the Wat Si Chum Inscription as lord of Mueang Chaliang and Sukhothai in the late 12th and early 13th centuries.[3]: 115 [4]: 17 

He is generally taken to have been a nobleman of Chaliang who built his position through his son Pha Mueang, ruler of Mueang Rat (เมืองราด),[c] and through Pha Mueang's marriage to Sukhara Mahadevi, a princess under the suzerainty of the Angkorian monarch Jayavarman VII.[6]

Father and son took Sukhothai from its Mon ruler E Daeng Phloeng, after which Sri Naw Nam Thum held both cities. His rule there was brief: he was displaced by Khom Sabat Khlon Lamphong, and the territories were recovered only in 1238, when Pha Mueang and Bang Klang Hao installed the latter as Si Inthrathit.[7]: 195–196 

Origins and the Tai Lueang

Etymological analysis suggests that his line may go back to Tai-speaking people of the Red River basin in present-day Vietnam, who migrated west to the Pa Sak basin and later extended their influence toward Monic Chaliang and Sukhothai. This group, the Tai Lueang (ไทเลือง), maintained close dynastic ties with the Tai Kao of the city-states of Nan and Phrae.[8]: 15–6 [9]

This reconstruction is consistent with the placement by the Japanese scholar Tatsuo Hoshino of the Cān Bàn Kingdom — a polity linked to Chenla, and later Angkor, by royal intermarriage from the 7th century[10]: 41  — in the upper Pa Sak basin, which he identified as Tai-speaking.[10]: 39, 45, 68 [c]

The Tai Lueang and Tai Kao are held to have lost their separate identity after the annexation of their polities by Lan Na under Tilokaraj (r. 1441–1487), when both were absorbed into the Tai Yuan sphere and adopted its language and cultural norms.[8]: 15–6 

Realm extent

The passage of the Wat Si Chum Inscription giving the extent of Sri Naw Nam Thum's territory is damaged, and only the bearings and distances survive. Chit Phumisak read the surviving clause as fixing the south-western limit at Mueang Chot, a little over twenty thousand wa away, taking nairukdi (ในรุกดี) as Sanskrit nairṛti, the south-west, and phayam (พยาม) as vyāma, a fathom. On that reading his seat lay north-west of Mueang Chot rather than at Chaliang, and he placed it in the north of present Tak province, perhaps near Mueang Thoen.[11]: 311–13 

He stressed that hua non (หัวนอน, "head of the sleeper") denotes the south in Sukhothai inscriptions and tin non (ตีนนอน, "feet of the sleeper") the north, the reverse of what the words suggest, comparing the Khmer terms for the two directions, which use the same figure. The southern limit of two hundred thousand wa, about 400 km, would then make the territory a strip running down the west bank of the Ping into the Mae Klong basin, along what is now the western frontier.[11]: 313 

Rule at Chaliang and Sukhothai

Sri Naw Nam Thum is believed to have succeeded the weakened Rajadhiraj II of the Mon Haripuñjaya dynasty at Chaliang, probably early in the 13th century. Baker and Pasuk describe him rather as a warrior chief who raided across the upper Chao Phraya basin in the early 13th century.[12]: 35 

In 1219 — though some accounts place the event as early as the late 1170s[2][a] — he and Pha Mueang campaigned southward and took Sukhothai, overthrowing its Mon ruler E Daeng Phloeng.[1][2] He thereafter governed Sukhothai and Chaliang together.[3]: 115 [4]: 17  Chit Phumisak read the same passage differently on two points. He took the campaign to have failed, the city holding out, which on his account is why a second campaign under Pha Mueang and Bang Klang Hao was needed; and he read E Daeng Phu Loeng (อีแดงพุเลิง) as the name of the elephant fought in the encounter rather than as the name of a ruler, the surviving phrase แทงเมืองสุโขทัย describing an elephant driven at the city gate.[11]: 314 [b] Baker and Pasuk read the same inscription as having Sri Naw Nam Thum gain control of Sukhothai by an elephant duel with a Mon, rule it together with Si Satchanalai and build a great stupa there, and then lose both towns.[12]: 35 

His rule at Sukhothai was short. He was displaced by Khom Sabat Khlon Lamphong, thought either to have come from Lavo — which had passed under the influence of the Angkorian Mahidharapura line by the 1180s — or to have been a relative of Sri Naw Nam Thum with close Lavo connections.[13] In the same period the Phraek Si Racha region south of Sukhothai passed to a royal house that has been proposed to have had dynastic connections with the Mahidharapura line, and was reorganised as Chen Li Fu. Walailak Songsiri argues that this polity remained autonomous rather than falling under Angkorian control, in contrast to Lavo.[14]: 7–11 

After his father's displacement, Pha Mueang allied with Bang Klang Hao and recovered the territories in 1238, whereupon Bang Klang Hao took the throne of Sukhothai and Chaliang as Si Inthrathit.[7]: 195–196  Si Inthrathit married Nang Sueang, a daughter of Sri Naw Nam Thum,[15] joining the Tai Lueang line to a house that the Ayutthaya Testimonies trace instead to the indigenous line of the Padumasuriyavamsa.[d]

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 The two dates differ by some forty years. 1219 follows Kachorn Sukhabanij,[1] the late 1170s Srisak Vallibhotama.[2]
  2. 1 2 The passage at face 1, lines 14–19 is heavily damaged, and the two readings cannot be decided from it alone. On Chit's reading no ruler of that name held Sukhothai.
  3. 1 2 The location of Mueang Rat is disputed. It has been placed at Lom Sak in the Pa Sak valley, at Thung Yang near Uttaradit, and at Mueang Kao–Mueang Sema in Nakhon Ratchasima province.[5]: 54–9 
  4. ↑ The Ayutthaya Testimonies state that Si Inthrathit's grandfather Suryaraja was a descendant of Padumasuriyavamsa.[16]: 11 

References

  1. 1 2 Sukhabanij, Kachorn (1956). "Was Nam Thom the First King of Sukhodaya?" (PDF). The Journal of the Siam Society. 44: 144. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 February 2024. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
  2. 1 2 3 Srisak Vallipodom (19 July 2021). "กำเนิดสุโขทัย รัฐแรกเริ่มของชนชาติไทยในสยามประเทศ" [The origin of Sukhothai, the first state of the Thai people in Siam]. muangboranjournal.com (in Thai). Retrieved 14 December 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  3. 1 2 Na Nakhon, Prasert (1998), เรื่องเกี่ยวกับศิลาจารึกสุโขทัย [Stories Related to the Sukhothai Stone Inscriptions] (PDF) (Thesis) (in Thai), Bangkok: Kasetsart University, pp. 110–223, ISBN 974-86374-6-8, retrieved 30 October 2024
  4. 1 2 "หลักที่ 2 ศิลาจารึกวัดศรีชุม" [Inscription No. 2: the Wat Si Chum inscription] (PDF) (in Thai). Ramkhamhaeng University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
  5. ↑ Chiajanpong, Phiset. เมืองราดของพ่อขุนผาเมือง กรุงสุโขทัย และรอยเชื่อมในประวัติศาสตร์ไทย [Mueang Rad of Pho Khun Pha Mueang, Sukhothai, and its connections in Thai history] (PDF) (in Thai).
  6. ↑ George Cœdès. "The Origin of the Sukhodaya Dynasty" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 July 2020.
  7. 1 2 Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. Translated by Cowing, Susan Brown. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1.
  8. 1 2 Direk Duangloy; Phrapalad Raphin Buddhisaro; Mallika Phumathon (2023). "Local Sukhothai Accent in Suang Santi's Songs (1966–1982)". Journal of Applied Education (in Thai). 1 (1): 11–24.
  9. ↑ Wilaiwan Khanittanan (2011). "คนสุโขทัยยุคบุกเบิกมาจากลุ่มน้ำแดงในเวียดนาม: หลักฐานจากภาษาในปฏิทินโบราณและจารึกสุโขทัย" [From the Red River in North Vietnam to Sukhothai: the early Sukhothai founders]. The Journal of the Thai Khadi Research Institute (in Thai). 8 (1): 1–20.
  10. 1 2 Hoshino, T. (2002). "Wen Dan and its neighbors: the central Mekong Valley in the seventh and eighth centuries". In M. Ngaosrivathana; K. Breazeale (eds.). Breaking New Ground in Lao History: Essays on the Seventh to Twentieth Centuries. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books. pp. 25–72. ISBN 978-974-7551-93-8.
  11. 1 2 3 Phumisak, Chit (1983). Vichai Naparassamee (ed.). สังคมไทยลุ่มแม่น้ำเจ้าพระยาก่อนสมัยศรีอยุธยา [Thai society in the Chao Phraya basin before the Ayutthaya period] (PDF) (in Thai). Mai Ngam.
  12. 1 2 Chris Baker; Pasuk Phongpaichit (4 July 2017). "Before Ayutthaya". A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–42. doi:10.1017/9781108120197.002. ISBN 978-1-108-12019-7. Archived from the original on 11 March 2026. Retrieved 29 August 2026.
  13. ↑ "การศึกษาพัฒนาการทางสังคมก่อนสมัยสุโขทัยในจังหวัดสุโขทัย: กรณีศึกษาพื้นที่เมืองเชลียง-ศรีสัชนาลัย" [A study of pre-Sukhothai social development in Sukhothai Province: the Mueang Chaliang–Si Satchanalai area]. Fine Arts Department. 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2024.
  14. ↑ Walailak Songsiri (2025). "ในดินแดนแห่งเจนลีฟู นครรัฐที่ไม่ได้อยู่ในอำนาจทางการเมืองของพระเจ้าชัยวรมันที่ ๗" [In the land of Chen Li Fu, a city-state outside the political power of Jayavarman VII] (in Thai). Retrieved 14 July 2025.
  15. ↑ Sujit Wongthes (25 January 2013). ""นางเสือง" เป็นนิยาย ประวัติศาสตร์การเมือง" ["Nang Sueang" as political-historical fiction] (in Thai). Matichon Online. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  16. ↑ Fine Arts Department, ed. (1968) [First published in Thai in 1912]. Khamhaikan Chao Krung Kao Khamhaikan Khun Luang Ha Wat Lae Phra Ratcha Pongsawadarn Krung Kao Chabab Luang Luang Prasoet Aksorn คำให้การชาวกรุงเก่า คำให้การขุนหลวงหาวัด และ พระราชพงศาวดารกรุงเก่าฉบับหลวงประเสริฐอักษรนิติ์ [Testimony of the King Who Entered a Wat, Testimony of the Inhabitants of the Old Capital, and Royal Chronicle of the Old Capital: Luang Prasoet Aksorn Version] (PDF) (in Thai). Bangkok: Rung Rueang Tham. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 April 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2024.
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