Siege of Aalborghus

Siege of Aalborghus
Part of the Torstenson War

Engraving of Aalborghus from Atlas Danicus by Peder Hansen Resen in 1677
Date21 July – 4 August 1644
Location
Aalborghus, Denmark–Norway (modern-day Denmark)
57°2′58″N 9°55′27″E / 57.04944°N 9.92417°E / 57.04944; 9.92417
Result Danish victory
Territorial
changes		 Aalborghus is recaptured by Danish forces
Belligerents
Denmark–Norway Swedish Empire
Commanders and leaders
Vogn Vognsen
Jakob Andersen
Bernt Mogensen		 Unk. quartermaster general (POW)
Units involved
Sankt Jan Aalborghus garrison
Strength
Unknown number of men
2 warships		 Unknown number of men
3 ships
19 guns
Casualties and losses
At least one killed Most captured
3 ships destroyed

The siege of Aalborghus[a] occurred from 21 July to 4 August 1644 during the Torstenson War between Denmark and Sweden.

On 17 January, a Swedish cavalry regiment led by Helmut Wrangel captured Aalborg without a fight, and defeated a peasant force at Nørresundby the following day. Wrangel consolidated Swedish control of Aalborg, but that summer, the majority of Swedish forces in Jutland withdrew to respond to a threat posed by an imperial army led by Matthias Gallas. The Swedes left five garrisons behind, including one in Aalborghus.

On 21 July, a hastily assembled force of peasants and soldiers arrived to Aalborg under the command of Vogn Vognsen. The force entered the town unhindered, and two Danish warships arrived the next day. The Swedes received support from three Swedish "defense ships", but these were likely boarded by the Danes between 21 and 24 July.

Despite the loss of the three ships, the Swedes did not surrender. On 1 August, Vognsen took command of the Danish forces after having captured Voergaard, opting for a siege of Aalborghus to starve and bombard the Swedes into surrendering.

After the Swedish garrison had been weakened enough, Vognsen launched an assault on Aalborgus on 4 August, which succeeded.

Background

On 13 December 1643, after months of preparation by Axel Oxenstierna, a Swedish army of 15,000[1] or 16,000[2][3][4] men invaded Holstein under the command of Lennart Torstensson, sparking the eponymous Torstenson War with between Denmark and Sweden.[3]

After invading Holstein, Swedish forces quickly captured multiple towns before taking Christianspris on 19 December[5][6][7] and Snoghøj on 14 January 1644.[8][9]

As it had a harbor and granted access to the Kattegat, Norway, the Limfjord countryside, and Vendsyssel, Aalborg was an important objective for the Swedes.[10] Accordingly, Torstensson sent a regiment of cavalry led by Helmut Wrangel on 16 January to capture Aalborg. Wrangel captured the town without a fight on 17 January.[11][12]

On 18 January, a peasant force assembled at Nørresundby, but was defeated after the Swedes commanded by Wrangel attacked across the frozen Limfjord.[13] Some 400 to 800 peasants died in the fighting,[b] while another 100 were captured and imprisoned inside the dungeon at Aalborghus.[17][18]

Following the Swedish victory at Nørresundby, Wrangel consolidated Swedish control of Aalborg, stationing a Swedish garrison in Aalborghus and confiscating all the inhabitants' weapons.[14] They also constructed a bridge across the Østerå[13] and a pontoon bridge across the Limfjord.[14]

Ships owned by Aalborg's citizens were seized and equipped for war, being manned by Swedish sailors.[19][20] Heavy artillery was taken from three seized "defense ships" and brought into Aalborghus.[20]

Prelude

On 16 May 1644, the Danes defeated a Dutch auxiliary fleet hired by Sweden in the battle of Listerdyb, thwarting Swedish plans for an invasion of the Danish islands. That summer, an Imperial army led by Matthias Gallas entered northern Germany to cut Torstensson's retreat route. Torstensson withdrew most of his army southward to respond to the threat, leaving five garrisons in Ribe, Haderslev, Aarhus, Voergaard Castle, and Aalborghus.[21]

After Torstensson retreated, the Danes moved to regain the initiative, and the Danish nobleman and oberst, Vogn Vognsen, was put in charge of recapturing Voergaard and Aalborghus. On 9 June, he was given 300 rigsdaler by Anders Bille to fund Danish operations in northern Jutland.[21][22][19]

Siege

On 15 July, the Swedes evacuated Vendsyssel and Aalborg, leaving the garrisons in Voergaard and Aalborghus to sustain Swedish control. On 21 July, Vognsen arrived in Aalborg with a hastily assembled force of peasants and soldiers,[22][23] and his entry into the town was unhinered by the Swedes. Two Danish warships arrived on the same day,[24][22][25] commanded by Bernt Mogensen and Jakob Andersen, the former of whom commanded the Sankt Jan, which had 13 guns and a crew of 50 men.[23]

The ships anchored off Aalborghus and began bombarding the castle. The Swedes defended Aalborghus with the 19 guns in the castle and received support from three nearby Swedish ships on the Limfjord. The Swedes bombarded the narrow strait between Aalborg and Nørresundby, preventing Vognsen from shipping troops and supplies to Vendsyssel to facilitate the capture of Voergaard.[26][24] The exchange of fire was fierce, and Mogensen wrote that:[24]

On the same day, by order of the oberst in Aalborg, the noble Vogn Vognsen, I was thus commanded to proceed out before the castle’s redoubts to see if it was possible to capture them. To this end, I exerted my utmost and greatest diligence and fired 123 shots at and upon the same redoubts.

Between 21 and 24 July, the Danes likely managed to board the Swedish ships, as they dismantled the guns on board the ships from 24 to 26 July. As the Danes did not have enough manpower to crew the ships, they were set on fire[25] and allowed to drift away.[27][26] The guns seized from the Swedish ships were used for the attack on Voergaard.[28]

With the Swedish ships destroyed, the Danes regained control of the Limfjord, and it was thus possible for the Danes to ship troops across it to capture Voergaard and Vendsyssel. Voergaard was captured on 31 July by Vognsen.[20][25][27] Meanwhile, Danish forces remaining at Aalborg continued bombarding Aalborghus, and Mogensen wrote:[27]

When I again sailed out before the Castle, fired three pieces [cannons] loaded with double shot, which were fired upon the redoubt and the castle wall.

18th-century portrait of Erik Juel

Despite the loss of the three ships, the Swedes refused to surrender, and the Swedes and Danes exchanged fire on 30 July.[28][27] Niels Krag and Erik Juel, responsible for Jutland's defense, also arrived in Aalborg with pay[28] and reinforcements for Vognsen's force.[27] With the ships lost, the Swedish communication lines and escape routes had been cut. Fighting moved into Aalborg, and Vognsen took command on 1 August. Instead of launching an assault on the castle, which had moats, redoubts, palisades, alongside heavy artillery, Vognsen besieged the castle to starve and bombard the Swedes into surrendering.[29]

Because his men were in need of supplies, Vognsen purchased these from Christen van Ginchel. The supplies included ten firearms, eight swords, six bandoliers, and 38 oak poles to serve as pikes. He also purchased a ship-pound of casting musket balls and 157 cannonballs. Furthermore, Christen van Ginchel purchased ladders from Peter Henriksen in case Aalborghus was stormed and the Danes had to scale the ramparts.[30]

To clear space for artillery batteries and obtain material for cover works, Vognsen tore down some houses in Aalborg.[28] Vognsen established a position with 12 guns in and around Poul Jørgensen Pop's merchant house, south of Aalborghus. Meanwhile, the Danes on the Limfjord continued bombarding Aalborghus from the north. After establishing his position, Vognsen began bombarding the castle, and the Danish bombardment eventually "made a large hole in the wall up toward the rampart". The Swedes returned heavy fire from the castle.[31]

Fighting was concentrated between Vognsen's position at the merchant house and the Swedish guns on the castle's southern rampart. Fighting also took place at Slotsgade, where the Danes had set up another position. At Slotsgade, the Swedes managed to set fire to one of the houses on 4 August. Eventually, the Swedish garrison was so weakened by the Danish bombardment that Vognsen launched an assault on the castle on 4 August, which was successful. According to a testimony during a dispute over a horse trade on 17 October, the Swedes had been forced to flee from the castle and the Danish cavalry pursued the Swedes.[32]

Aftermath

Despite some possibly escaping, the majority of the Swedish garrison was captured, including Helmut Wrangel's quartermaster general. Not much is known about the casualties suffered on either side during the siege. However, a man named Peder Koffertsen was buried on 28 July, being recorded as having been "shot by the Swedes".[33]

Before sending the captured Swedes to Copenhagen, an inspection of Aalborghus was conducted by Vognsen. They also examined the captured quartermaster to find out how the confiscation of the fief lord's money had taken place, back in January.[34]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Danish: belejringen af Aalborghus
  2. ↑ Estimates vary by source. According to Jakob Ørnbjerg, 400–600 peasants were killed.[14] However, Niels Slange gave an estimate of 600–700 while Peder Dyrskjøt estimated 400.[15][16] Additionally, a German chronicle from 1649 estimated 800 were killed.[16]

Citations

  1. ↑ Pohl 2020, p. 163.
  2. ↑ Wolke 2018, p. 68.
  3. 1 2 von Essen 2020, p. 101.
  4. ↑ Englund 1993, p. 306.
  5. ↑ Englund 1993, pp. 308 & 310.
  6. ↑ Bäckström 2018, p. 74.
  7. ↑ Barløse 1972, p. 64.
  8. ↑ Englund 1993, pp. 311–312.
  9. ↑ Bäckström 2018, p. 99.
  10. ↑ Ørnbjerg 2010, pp. 18–20.
  11. ↑ Ørnbjerg 2010, p. 20.
  12. ↑ Christensen 1914, pp. 47–48.
  13. 1 2 Martensen-Larsen 1989, p. 73.
  14. 1 2 3 Ørnbjerg 2010, p. 23.
  15. ↑ Christensen 1914, p. 67.
  16. 1 2 Bäckström 2018, p. 102.
  17. ↑ Christensen 1914, p. 69.
  18. ↑ Ørnbjerg 2010, p. 22.
  19. 1 2 Christensen 1921, p. 364.
  20. 1 2 3 Rockstroh 1904, p. 160.
  21. 1 2 Ørnbjerg 2010, p. 29.
  22. 1 2 3 Rockstroh 1904, p. 159.
  23. 1 2 Ørnbjerg 2010, pp. 29–30.
  24. 1 2 3 Ørnbjerg 2010, p. 30.
  25. 1 2 3 Christensen 1921, p. 365.
  26. 1 2 Rockstroh 1904, p. 161.
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 Ørnbjerg 2010, p. 31.
  28. 1 2 3 4 Rockstroh 1904, p. 162.
  29. ↑ Ørnbjerg 2010, pp. 31–32.
  30. ↑ Ørnbjerg 2010, p. 32.
  31. ↑ Ørnbjerg 2010, pp. 32–33.
  32. ↑ Ørnbjerg 2010, pp. 33–35.
  33. ↑ Ørnbjerg 2010, p. 36.
  34. ↑ Rockstroh 1904, p. 163.

References

  • Ørnbjerg, Jakob (2010). Slaget om Aalborg 1644 [Battle of Aalborg 1644] (PDF). Fra Himmerland og Kjær Herred (in Danish). Historisk samfund for Himmerland og Kjær Herred. ISSN 0107-9301.
  • Rockstroh, K. C. (1904). Grove, G. L. (ed.). "Vogn Vognsøn til Stenshede". Personalhistorisk tidskrift. 1 (2). Samfundet for Dansk-Norsk Genealogi og Personalhistorie: 137–165 – via tidsskrift.dk.
  • Martensen-Larsen, Florian (1989). Aalborghus Slot 1539–1989: Et nordjysk slots historie igennem 450 år [Aalborghus Castle 1539–1989: The history of a North Jutland castle over 450 years] (PDF) (in Danish). Foreningen »Venner af Aalborghus Slot«.
  • Englund, Peter (1993). Ofredsår: om den Svenska Stormaktstiden och en man i dess mitt [Years of unrest: about the Swedish Empire and a man in its midst] (in Swedish). Stockholm: Atlantis. ISBN 9789174863499.
  • Bäckström, Olli (2018). Katajala, Kimmo; Hirvonen, Helena (eds.). Snapphanar and Power States: Insurgency and the Transformation of War in Sweden and Denmark 1643–1645. Joensuu: University of Eastern Finland. ISBN 9789526129020.
  • von Essen, Michael Fredholm (2020). The Lion from the North: The Swedish Army during the Thirty Years War 1632-48. Vol. 2. Helion & Company. ISBN 9781913118839.
  • Wolke, Lars Ericson (2018). "Lennart Torstensson: Fader till det svenska artilleriet". Sveriges tio främsta fältherrar [Sweden's ten greatest generals] (in Swedish). Svenskt militärhistoriskt bibliotek. ISBN 9789188053787.
  • Pohl, Per-Ole (2020). "Christianspries – Eine Festung des Dreißigjährigen Krieges im Lichte historischer Bildquellen" [Christianspries – A Fortress from the Thirty Years' War Seen in the Light of Historical Pictorial Sources]. In Atzbach, Rainer; Ottersbach, Christian; Sørensen, Claus; Kock, Jan; Wille-Jørgensen, Dorthe (eds.). Castles and Fortifications of the Reformation Period (PDF). The Danish Castle Research Association.
  • Barløse, Børge L. (1972). "Christianspris - Frederiksort: fæstningen, som ikke kom til orde". Sønderjydske Årbøger. 1 (84): 60–79. doi:10.7146/soenderjydskeaarboeger.v84i1.80329 – via tidsskrift.dk.
  • Christensen, Chr. (1914). Nogle Efterretninger om Slaget ved Nørresundby og Helm. Wrangels Indfald i Nordjylland [Some information about the Battle of Nørresundby and Helm. Wrangel's incursion into North Jutland] (in Danish). Historie/Jyske Samlinger.
  • Christensen, Chr. Petresch (1921). Nørresundbys historie indtil 1701 [Nørresundby's history until 1701] (PDF) (in Danish). Aalborg: Georg Schultz' Boghandel.
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