Outline of the Russian Revolution

Russian Revolution
Part of the opposition to World War I
and the revolutions of 1917–1923
Date(8 March [O.S. 23 February] 1917 – 25 October 1922)
Location
Participants
Outcome

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the Russian Revolution.

The Russian Revolution was a period of political and social upheaval in the Russian Empire that came in two waves, the first in 1905 and the second in 1917. Russia abolished its monarchy and adopted a socialist form of government after two successive revolutions in 1917, the February and October revolutions, and the Russian Civil War that followed. It preceded and helped inspire other revolutions in the aftermath of World War I, among them the German Revolution of 1918–1919, and is counted among the key events of the 20th century.[1]

The Russian Revolution of 1905 had no single leader or organizer. It began on Bloody Sunday, 22 January 1905 [O.S. 9 January], when troops fired on unarmed workers marching to the Winter Palace behind the priest Georgy Gapon to petition Nicholas II for higher wages, shorter hours and civil rights. Strikes, peasant land seizures and mutinies in the army and navy followed through the year, among them the rising on the battleship Potemkin. Peasants wanted land, factory workers wanted better pay and shorter hours, and many wanted legal political parties and an elected parliament. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War discredited the government further. In October the tsar issued the October Manifesto, which promised civil liberties and an elected Duma. Workers formed the first soviets, among them the Saint Petersburg Soviet, the model for the workers' councils of 1917. The government put down the last risings by 1907 and cut back the Duma's powers, but it settled none of the grievances behind the revolt. They resurfaced under the defeats and shortages of World War I.[2]

The two revolutions of 1917 had different origins. No party planned the February Revolution. It began in Petrograd in February 1917[a] with bread queues, strikes and a women's march, and it succeeded when the city garrison refused to fire and joined the crowds. Nicholas II abdicated and the Russian Provisional Government took office, sharing authority with the Petrograd Soviet. Its cause was the strain of the First World War: heavy casualties, food and fuel shortages, rising prices, and a court that had lost public trust.[3][4]

The October Revolution in October 1917[b] was planned. The Bolsheviks under Lenin and Trotsky used the Military Revolutionary Committee to take control of the capital and transfer power to the soviets. The new government issued the Decree on Peace and the Decree on Land, dissolved the Constituent Assembly in January 1918, and left the war under the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. The Russian Civil War followed, and the Bolshevik victory led to the founding of the Soviet Union in 1922.[5]

Overviews

Background

Events

Revolution of 1905

Russo-Japanese War

February Revolution

World War I

Russian Republic

October Revolution

Russian Civil War

Polish-Soviet War

Political events

Conferences and Congresses

Elections

Military events

Other events

Terror

Places

People

Political leaders

Military leaders

Other notable figures

Post–Russian Empire states and groups

Successor states

Soviet republics and autonomies

Anti-Bolshevik and White governments

National and independence states

Central Powers client states

Insurgencies

Movements

Councils and committees

Miscellaneous

Organizations

Political parties

Military units

Gorverning organizations

Documents

Culture and society

Literature

Fiction
Non-fiction
Memoirs and diaries
Other works
Propaganda

Film

Other

Miscellaneous

International reaction

Aftermath

Miscellaneous

Bibliography

The works below all cover the October Revolution and carry extensive bibliographies for further research.

See also

References

Notes

  1. ↑ February by the Old Style Julian calendar then used in Russia, March by the New Style Gregorian calendar used in the West. Russia kept the Julian calendar until 1918, by which time it ran thirteen days behind; a Sovnarkom decree signed by Lenin closed the gap by dropping 1–13 February 1918, so that 31 January was followed directly by 14 February.
  2. ↑ October by the Old Style Julian calendar then used in Russia, November by the New Style Gregorian calendar used in the West. Russia kept the Julian calendar until 1918, by which time it ran thirteen days behind; a Sovnarkom decree signed by Lenin closed the gap by dropping 1–13 February 1918, so that 31 January was followed directly by 14 February.
  3. ↑ Contains an extensive 46 pp. bibliography of English and non-English works on the "Russian" Civil Wars.

Citations

  1. ↑ Smith, S. A. (2017). Russia in Revolution: An Empire in Crisis, 1890 to 1928. Oxford University Press.
  2. ↑ Verner, Andrew M. (1990). The Crisis of Russian Autocracy: Nicholas II and the 1905 Revolution. Studies of the Harriman Institute. Princeton University Press.
  3. ↑ Figes, Orlando (1996). A People's Tragedy: A History of the Russian Revolution. Viking.
  4. ↑ McMeekin, Sean (2017). The Russian Revolution: A New History. Basic Books.
  5. ↑ Engelstein, Laura (2017). Russia in Flames: War, Revolution, Civil War, 1914–1921. Oxford University Press.
  6. ↑ Legvold, Robert (September–October 2017). "Review: Russia in Revolution: An Empire in Crisis, 1890 to 1928; Caught in the Revolution; Was Revolution Inevitable? Turning Points of the Russian Revolution". Foreign Affairs. 96. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  7. ↑ Fedyashin, Anton (2017). "Review: S. A. Smith, Russia in Revolution: An Empire in Crisis, 1890 to 1928". European History Quarterly. 47 (4): 787–789. doi:10.1177/0265691417729639as.
  8. ↑ Orlovsky, Daniel (2017). "Review Essay: The Russian Revolution at 100". Slavic Review. 76 (3): 763–771. doi:10.1017/slr.2017.184.
  9. ↑ Korobeinikov, Aleksandr (2019). "Review: Russia in Flames. War, Revolution, Civil War, 1914–1921". Europe-Asia Studies. 71 (9): 1615–1616. doi:10.1080/09668136.2019.1674531.
  10. ↑ Suny, R. G. (1999). "Reviewed Work: A People's Tragedy: A History of the Russian Revolution. by Orlando Figes". The Journal of Modern History. 71 (1). University of Chicago Press: 263–266. doi:10.1086/235245.
  11. ↑ Zelnik, R. E. (1998). "Reviewed Work: A People's Tragedy: A History of the Russian Revolution. by Orlando Figes". Slavic Review. 57 (2): 453–455. doi:10.2307/2501883. JSTOR 2501883.
  12. ↑ Lohr, Eric (2017). "Book Review: The "Russian" Civil Wars, 1916–1926: Ten Years that Shook the World. By Jonathan D. Smele". Slavic Review. 76 (4): 1123–1124. doi:10.1017/slr.2017.321.
  13. ↑ Wade, Rex A. (2016). "Reviewed Work: The 'Russian' Civil Wars, 1916–1926: Ten Years That Shook the World by Smele, Jonathan D.". The Slavonic and East European Review. 94 (4): 760–762. doi:10.5699/slaveasteurorev2.94.4.0760.
  14. ↑ Kroner, Anthony (2017). "Book Review: The 'Russian' Civil Wars 1916–1926: Ten Years That Shook the World". Revolutionary Russia. 30 (1): 142–145. doi:10.1080/09546545.2017.1305540.
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