List of recovering species

This is a list of species that have recovered from endangered status or threatened status.

To be included, the conservation status of a species must have been identified as threatened (comparable to IUCN Vulnerable) or worse. The assessment should be documented by the International Union for Conservation of Nature – IUCN Red List, or NatureServe – NatureServe conservation status, or any another comparable assessment program such as the New Zealand Threat Classification System.

In addition, the species must have recovered to a significant extent. Merely arresting a population decline is not sufficient. The recovery does not need to result in a change to the conservation status, but the sources must be clear that the recovery is significant and long-term. The sources should document an increase in the estimated number of individuals, enduring for several years. The recovery does not need to be recent. The decrease in population does not need to be caused by humans.

A local recovery may be included it if is a notable local recovery. For example, if a species were extirpated on a continent or major archipelago, and later successfully re-introduced. Local recoveries in a province or small region should not be included, unless it is widely reported in major publications.

A recovery of a subspecies may be included only if it is a notable subspecies. Discovery of living fossils thought to be extinct is not appropriate for this list (unless the discovery is followed by a population increase). Recoveries limited to captive breeding in zoos or cultivation in botanical gardens (while the wild population remains stable or is declining) may be included, but the fact that the recovery was limited to captive breeding or cultivation should be mentioned in this article.

This list includes recoveries that are successful for several years, even if the recovery is not permanent.[a] If a successful recovery is later reversed (and even if the species becomes extinct) the recovery may be included, and the reversal should be mentioned in this article. The set of currently recovering species is continually changing, and the definition of "recovery" is not well-defined, so this list may never be complete.

Recovering species

Birds

California condor
  • Bald eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus – Around 400 nesting pairs remained in the contiguous U.S. in the 1960s. Recovered after the ban on DDT, habitat protection, and reintroduction programs.[1]
  • Brown pelican Pelecanus occidentalis – Recovered dramatically after DDT was banned in the U.S.[2]
  • California condor Gymnogyps californianus – Only 22 birds remained in 1982. Captive breeding has increased the population to over 500, with many flying free.[3]
  • Echo parakeet Psittacula eques – Increased from fewer than 20 individuals to several hundred.[5]
  • Kākāpō Strigops habroptilus – Declined to 51 birds in the 1990s. Intensive management has increased the population to more than 250.[6]
  • Mauritius kestrel Falco punctatus – Only four known individuals remained in 1974. Intensive management increased the population into the hundreds.[7]
  • Nene Branta sandvicensis – Increased from fewer than 50 individuals, after the United States Congress in 1958 passed a law authorizing the creation of a federal protection program for the nene.[8]
  • Peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus – Nearly disappeared from much of North America because of DDT. Now widespread after pesticide bans and reintroductions.[9]
  • White-tailed eagle Haliaeetus albicilla – Nearly extinct in western Europe around 1900, re-introduction and other conservation measures in Norway, British isles, and elsewhere have led to a partial recovery.[10][11]
  • Whooping crane Grus americana – Fell to just 21 wild birds in 1941. Today there are over 800 individuals across wild and captive populations.[12]

Mammals

Arabian oryx
Przewalski's horse
  • Arabian oryx Oryx leucoryx – Extinct in the wild by 1972. Reintroduced successfully; now several thousand exist in managed wild populations.[13]
  • Black footed ferret Mustela nigripes – Thought extinct until a tiny population of 18 was found in 1981. Breeding and reintroduction have established multiple wild populations.[14]
  • Channel Island fox Urocyon littoralis – Some island populations fell below 20 animals before recovering rapidly through conservation.[15]
  • European beaver Castor fiber – Nearly exterminated across Europe but has returned to many rivers through reintroductions.[16]
  • American bison Bison bison – Decreased from tens of millions to only a few hundred in the late 1800s. Conservation has increased the total population to hundreds of thousands, though most live in managed herds.[17]
  • European bison Bison bonasus – Extinct in the wild after World War I. Reintroduced from captive animals. Several thousand now live in Europe.[18][19]
  • Giant panda Ailuropoda melanoleuca – Downlisted from Endangered to Vulnerable after decades of habitat protection.[20]
  • Golden lion tamarin Leontopithecus rosalia – Fewer than 200 remained in the wild in the 1970s; populations have grown through breeding and habitat restoration.[21]
  • Grey wolf Canis lupus – Globally rated "Least Concern", but was severely reduced in numbers in western U.S. and Europe. Reintroduction in those areas has restored populations in several regions.[22]
  • Iberian lynx Lynx pardinus – Increased from fewer than 100 adults in the early 2000s to several thousand today.[23]
  • Przewalski's horse Equus przewalskii – Extinct in the wild by the 1960s. Reintroduced to Mongolia and China from captive populations.[25]

Marine mammals

Sea otter (Enhydra lutris)
  • Blue whale Balaenoptera musculus – Numbers have increased since commercial whaling ended, though they remain endangered.[27]
  • Gray whale Eschrichtius robustus – The Western Gray Whale subspecies (that resides near North America) recovered from commercial whaling to tens of thousands, however continues to face environmental challenges.[28]
  • Hawaiian monk seal Neomonachus schauinslandi – After decades of decline, recent conservation efforts have led to population growth, particularly around the main Hawaiian Islands.[29]
  • Humpback whale Megaptera novaeangliae – Severely depleted by commercial whaling. Many populations have rebounded since the global whaling moratorium.[30][31]
  • Northern elephant seal Mirounga angustirostris – Hunted to near extinction, with perhaps 20–100 survivors in the late 1800s. Today there are well over 200,000.[32]
  • Sea otter Enhydra lutris – The Southern sea otter subspecies (which lives near California – Enhydra lutris nereis) increased from about 50 surviving animals in the early 1900s to several thousand in 2024.[33][34]

Reptiles

  • American alligator Alligator mississippiensis – Nearly wiped out by hunting and habitat loss. Now common across much of the southeastern U.S. and removed from the endangered species list.[35]
  • American crocodile Crocodylus acutus – Recovered significantly in Florida and parts of the Caribbean.[36]

Fish

Devil's hole pupfish Cyprinodon diabolis
  • Adriatic sturgeon Acipenser naccarii – Extinct in its former range near Albania, it was nearly extinct in the northern Adriatic, but the northern population is showing signs of slow recovery since a breeding fish farm program was established in 1988.[45]
  • Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus – Some populations are showing signs of recovery after fishing restrictions, although the species remains threatened.[46]
  • Devil's hole pupfish Cyprinodon diabolis – Only found in a single water-filled cavern in the US, which was nearly eliminated due to water withdrawals by a nearby ranch, until a US Supreme Court case halted the water removal. The population has never exceeded 500, and in 2006 it fell to 38 individuals. Recovery since then has been irregular and uncertain.[47]

Amphibians

  • Mallorcan midwife toad Alytes muletensis – A living fossil, known only from fossil records, until discovered alive in 1977. Captive breeding program was initiated in the 1980s, but recovery is slow and irregular.[48][49]

Plants

  • Wollemi pine Wollemia nobilis – A critically endangered tree, discovered in 1994. There are fewer than 100 trees in its only wild location in Australia. A successful ex situ cultivation program has resulted in the tree now growing in over 30 countries, and has greatly reduced extinction risk.[50][51][52]

Butterflies and moths

Large blue butterfly Phengaris arion
  • Large blue butterfly Phengaris arion[b] – Became locally extinct in Netherlands and United Kingdom in 1970s. Scientists discovered it depended on a specific ant species for its caterpillars to survive. After restoring the right grassland habitat and reintroducing butterflies from Sweden, it is now established again in areas where it was locally extinct.[53][54][55]
  • Mission blue butterfly Icaricia icarioides missionensis – This subspecies is restricted to a handful of fragmented habitats around San Francisco. Habitat restoration and protection have stabilized several populations, but recovery is uncertain.[56][57]
  • Schaus' swallowtail Papilio aristodemus – Reduced to very low numbers after hurricanes and habitat loss. Captive breeding and habitat management have helped stabilize wild populations.[58]

Insects and beetles

  • Lord Howe Island stick insect Dryococelus australis – Thought extinct for about 80 years after invasive rats devastated its island home, it was rediscovered in 2001 on a tiny offshore sea stack. Fewer than 30 individuals were found. Captive breeding has produced thousands, and as of 2024, reintroduction is planned after rat eradication is confirmed.[59][60][61]

Snails

Moorean viviparous tree snail Partula taeniata
  • Polynesian tree snails, genus Partula – Many species of this genus of Polynesian snails were driven extinct or made nearly extinct by introduced predatory snails. Zoos around the world maintained captive populations, including species Partula taeniata, allowing some species to be reintroduced.[62][63]

Spiders

Freshwater mussels

  • Pink mucket Lampsilis abrupta – Populations in the wild are decreasing, but an active breeding program has introduced populations into two rivers.[66][67]

Crustaceans

Tasmanian giant freshwater crayfish Astacopsis gouldi

Corals

  • Elkhorn coral Acropora palmata – The overall population of this important coral in the Caribbean Sea is declining, but conservation efforts have successfully rebuilt some local populations.[70]

Other

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The word "recovering" in the title of the article does not mean a listed species is currently recovering at any specific point in time.
  2. ↑ Not to be confused with Phengaris arionides

References

Citations

  1. ↑ Cruz, Jennyffer; et al. (2019). "Top-down effects of repatriating bald eagles hinder jointly recovering competitors". Journal of Animal Ecology. 88 (7): 1054–1065. Bibcode:2019JAnEc..88.1054C. doi:10.1111/1365-2656.12990. ISSN 0021-8790. PMID 30951204. Archived from the original on 11 August 2025. Retrieved 23 July 2026.
  2. ↑ Anderson, D. W.; et al. (2017). "California Brown Pelican: Conservation History and Recovery" (PDF). Ciencias Marinas. 43 (1): 1–34. doi:10.7773/cm.v43i1.2710. ISSN 0185-3880. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 September 2024. Retrieved 23 July 2026.
  3. ↑ Walters, J. R.; et al. (2010). "Status of the California Condor (Gymnogyps californianus) and Efforts to Achieve Its Recovery". The Auk. 127 (4): 969–1001. Bibcode:2010Auk...127..969W. doi:10.1525/auk.2010.127.4.969. ISSN 0004-8038. Retrieved 23 July 2026.
  4. ↑ Butler, D.; et al. (1992). The Black Robin: Saving the World's Most Endangered Bird. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195582604. Retrieved 23 July 2026.
  5. ↑ Gath, Helen; et al. (2017). Conservation Management of the Endangered Mauritius Parakeet Psittacula echo (PDF) (Thesis). University College London. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 October 2025. Retrieved 23 July 2026.
  6. ↑ Clout, M. N.; et al. (1998). "Saving the Kakapo: the conservation of the world's most peculiar parrot". Bird Conservation International. 8 (3): 281–296. Bibcode:1998BirdC...8..281C. doi:10.1017/S0959270900001933. ISSN 0959-2709. Archived from the original on 28 July 2026. Retrieved 23 July 2026.
  7. ↑ Nicoll, Malcolm; et al. (2021). "Contrasting recovery trajectories of four reintroduced populations of the Endangered Mauritius Kestrel (Falco punctatus)" (PDF). Ibis. 163 (4): 1294–1309. doi:10.1111/ibi.12987. ISSN 0019-1019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 December 2025. Retrieved 23 July 2026.
  8. ↑ "An Act to authorize a program for the conservation, restoration, and management of the rare Hawaiian Nene goose". United States Congress. Public Law No. 85-891. 1958-09-02. Retrieved August 7, 2026.
  9. ↑ Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Final Rule to Remove the American Peregrine Falcon from the Federal List (PDF). Federal Register, 64(164), 46542–46558. (Report). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1999. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2026-07-27. Retrieved 23 July 2026.
  10. ↑ Hipfner, J. M., Blight, L. K., Lowe, R. W., Wilhelm, S. I., Robertson, G. J., Barrett, R. T., … Good, T. P. (2012). Unintended consequences: How the recovery of sea eagle Haliaeetus spp. populations in the northern hemisphere is affecting seabirds. Marine Ornithology, 40, 39–52.
  11. ↑ Hailer F, Helander B, Folkestad AO, et al. Bottlenecked but long-lived: high genetic diversity retained in white-tailed eagles upon recovery from population decline. Biol Lett. 2006;2(2):316-319. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0453
  12. ↑ International Recovery Plan for the Whooping Crane (Grus americana), Third Revision (Report). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Canadian Wildlife Service. 2007. Archived from the original on 27 July 2026. Retrieved 23 July 2026.
  13. ↑ Spalton, J. A.; et al. (1999). "Arabian oryx reintroduction in Oman: successes and setbacks" (PDF). Oryx (journal). 33 (2): 168–175. Bibcode:1999Oryx...33..168S. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3008.1999.00062.x. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 July 2026. Retrieved 23 July 2026.
  14. ↑ Biggins, Dean; et al. (2017). "Evolution, natural history, and conservation of black footed ferret". In Macdonald, D.W. (ed.). Biology and Conservation of Musteloids. Oxford University Press. pp. 340–356. ISBN 9780198759805. Retrieved 23 July 2026. See also https://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recovery_plan/20131108%20BFF%202nd%20Rev
  15. ↑ Coonan, T.J.; et al. (2010). Decline and Recovery of the Island Fox: A Case Study for Population Recovery. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139491563. Archived from the original on 18 December 2025. Retrieved 30 July 2026.
  16. ↑ Batbold, J.; et al. (2021) [amended version of 2016 assessment]. "Castor fiber". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T4007A197499749. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T4007A197499749.en. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  17. ↑ Sanderson, Eric; et al. (2008). "The Ecological Future of the North American Bison: Conceiving Long-Term, Large-Scale Conservation of Wildlife". Conservation Biology. 22 (2): 252–266. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.00899.x. PMID 18402580. Retrieved 30 July 2026.
  18. ↑ Krasińska, Małgorzata; et al. (19 June 2013). European Bison: The Nature Monograph. Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences. ISBN 9783642365553.
  19. ↑ Llamas, B.; et al. (2025). "Coexistence, Extinction and Survival—The Evolutionary History of Bison Species in Western Eurasia". Global Change Biology. 31 (8) e70354. Bibcode:2025GCBio..3170354L. doi:10.1111/gcb.70354. PMC 12322808. PMID 40762062. Retrieved 24 July 2026.
  20. ↑ "Giant pandas no longer endangered in the wild, China announces". The Guardian. 9 July 2021. Archived from the original on 11 July 2021. Retrieved 2026-07-23.
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  22. ↑ Di Bernardi, Cecilia; et al. (2025). "Continuing Recovery of Wolves in Europe". Sustainability and Transformation. 4 (2) e0000158. Public Library of Science. doi:10.1371/journal.pstr.0000158.
  23. ↑ Godoy, JA; et al. (2025). "Genomic Insights Into the Origin, Decline and Recovery of the Once Critically Endangered Iberian Lynx". Molecular Ecology. 34 (23) e17719. Bibcode:2025MolEc..3417719G. doi:10.1111/mec.17719. PMC 12684357. PMID 40067056.
  24. ↑ Hickey, J.R.; et al. (2026) [amended version of 2018 assessment]. "Gorilla beringei ssp. beringei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2026 e.T39999A176396749. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T39999A176396749.en. Retrieved 24 July 2026.
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