Hemiphlebiidae

Hemiphlebiidae
Temporal range:
Hemiphlebia mirabilis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Clade: Pancrustacea
Class: Insecta
Order: Odonata
Suborder: Zygoptera
Superfamily: Lestoidea
Family: Hemiphlebiidae
Kennedy, 1920[1]
Species
Map showing Australian distribution of Hemiphlebiidae
Distribution of Hemiphlebiidae

Hemiphlebiidae is a family of damselflies.[2][3] It contains only one living species, the ancient greenling (Hemiphlebia mirabilis), which is endemic to south-eastern Australia.[4] The family also includes numerous extinct genera known from Jurassic and Cretaceous deposits in Europe, Asia, the Middle East and South America.[5][6] The fossil record of the family extends to the Late Jurassic, making Hemiphlebiidae the oldest known crown-group lineage of damselflies.[5]

Classification and phylogeny

Hemiphlebia was described by Selys in 1868, who remarked that it differed from all other living odonates known to him and compared its unusual wing venation with that of fossil forms.[7] In 1920, Clarence Hamilton Kennedy established the family Hemiphlebiidae for the genus, regarding it as an isolated and ancient lineage of damselflies.[1]

In his reclassification of the Odonata, Fraser (1957) placed the family in a separate superfamily, Hemiphlebioidea, and suggested that it occupied a position near the base of the suborder Zygoptera.[8] Later authors likewise recognised the distinctive nature of the family, although its precise relationships remained uncertain.[9]

Modern phylogenetic studies place Hemiphlebiidae within the superfamily Lestoidea, where it is consistently recovered as the sister group to all remaining living members of that superfamily.[10][11]

Species

The family contains a single extant genus and species:[3]

Fossils

The family has a rich fossil record extending from the Late Jurassic to the Late Cretaceous, and was formerly much more widespread than its present distribution in Australia.[12]

  • †Burmahemiphlebia Zheng et al. 2017 Burmese amber, Myanmar, Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) 99 Ma[13]
  • †Electrohemiphlebia Lak et al. 2009 Charentese Amber, France, Cretaceous (Albian-Cenomanian) 105-99 Ma[14]
  • †Enteropia Pritykina and Vassilenko 2014 Shar Teg, Mongolia, Late Jurassic (Tithonian) 145 Ma.[15]
  • †Jordanhemiphlebia Kaddumi 2009 Jordanian Amber, Jordan, Early Cretaceous (Albian) 112.6 to 99.7 Ma[14]
  • †Jurahemiphlebia Bechly, 2019 Solnhofen Limestone, Germany, Late Jurassic (Tithonian) 145 Ma.[5]
  • †Kachinhemiphlebia Zheng 2020 Burmese amber, Myanmar, Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) 99 Ma[16]
  • †Mersituria Vasilenko 2005 Doronino Formation, Russia, Early Cretaceous (Barremian) 130 to 125 Ma.[6]
  • †Pantelusa Vassilenko 2014 Ora Formation, Israel, Late Cretaceous (Turonian) 94.3 - 89.3 Ma[17]
  • †Parahemiphlebia Jarzembowski et al. 1998 Durlston Formation, United Kingdom Early Cretaceous (Berriasian) 145-140 Ma[18] Crato Formation, Brazil Early Cretaceous (Aptian) 122-112 Ma.[19]
  • †Thairia Felker and Vasilenko 2018 Doronino Formation, Russia, Early Cretaceous (Barremian) 130 to 125 Ma.[20]

Etymology

The family name Hemiphlebiidae is derived from the type genus Hemiphlebia, with the standard zoological suffix -idae used for animal families.

The genus name Hemiphlebia is derived from the Greek ἡμι- (hēmi, "half") and φλέψ (phleps, "vein"), referring to the reduced venation of the forewing.[21]

References

  1. 1 2 Kennedy, C.H. (1920). "The phylogeny of the zygopterous dragonflies as based on the evidence of the penes". Ohio Journal of Science. 21 (1): 19–29 [25] – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  2. ↑ "Family HEMIPHLEBIIDAE". Australian Faunal Directory. Australian Biological Resources Study. 2022. Retrieved 1 May 2026.
  3. 1 2 Paulson, D.; Schorr, M.; Abbott, J.; Bota-Sierra, C.; Deliry, C.; Dijkstra, K.-D.; Lozano, F. "World Odonata List". OdonataCentral. University of Alabama. Retrieved 1 May 2026.
  4. ↑ "Species Hemiphlebia mirabilis Selys, 1869". Australian Faunal Directory. Australian Biological Resources Study. 2022. Retrieved 1 May 2026.
  5. 1 2 3 Bechly, Günter (2019-12-20). "New fossil Odonata from the Upper Jurassic of Bavaria with a new fossil calibration point for Zygoptera" (PDF). Palaeoentomology. 2 (6): 618–632–618–632. Bibcode:2019Plegy...2..618B. doi:10.11646/palaeoentomology.2.6.13. ISSN 2624-2834. S2CID 210159976.
  6. 1 2 D. V. Vasilenko. 2005. New Damselflies (Odonata: Synlestidae, Hemiphlebiidae) from the Mesozoic Transbaikalian Locality of Chernovskie Kopi. Paleontological Journal 39(3):280-283
  7. ↑ Selys-Longchamps, E. (1868). "Diagnose d'un nouveau genre d'Agrionine". Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique (Comptes-rendus) (in French). 11: lxxi-lxxiv [lxxii, lxiii] – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  8. ↑ Fraser, F.C. (1957). A reclassification of the order Odonata. Handbook / Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales; 12. Sydney: Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales. pp. 133 [60].
  9. ↑ Silsby, Jill (2001). Dragonflies of the World. CSIRO Publishing. p. 102. ISBN 0643065121.
  10. ↑ Dijkstra, Klaas-Douwe B.; Bechly, Günter; Bybee, Seth M.; Dow, Rory A.; Dumont, Henri J.; Fleck, Günther; Garrison, Rosser W.; Hämäläinen, Matti; Kalkman, Vincent J.; Karube, Haruki; May, Michael L.; Orr, Albert G.; Paulson, Dennis R.; Rehn, Andrew C.; Theischinger, Günther (2013). "The classification and diversity of dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata). In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013)". Zootaxa. 3703 (1): 36–45. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.9. ISSN 1175-5334.
  11. ↑ Bybee, S. M.; Kalkman, V. J.; Erickson, R. J.; Frandsen, P. B.; Breinholt, J. W.; Suvorov, A.; Ware, J. L. (2021). "Phylogeny and classification of Odonata using targeted genomics". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 160 107115: 1–15. Bibcode:2021MolPE.16007115B. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107115. hdl:11093/2768. PMID 33609713.
  12. ↑ "The Paleobiology Database". Retrieved 1 June 2026.
  13. ↑ Zheng, Daran; Zhang, Qingqing; Nel, André; Jarzembowski, Edmund A.; Zhou, Zhicheng; Chang, Su-Chin; Wang, Bo (2016-05-18). "New damselflies (Odonata: Zygoptera: Hemiphlebiidae, Dysagrionidae) from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 41 (1): 12–21. doi:10.1080/03115518.2016.1164402. ISSN 0311-5518. S2CID 89353025.
  14. 1 2 LAK, MALVINA; FLECK, GÜNTHER; AZAR, DANY; ENGEL FLS, MICHAEL S.; KADDUMI, HANI F.; NERAUDEAU, DIDIER; TAFFOREAU, PAUL; NEL, ANDRÉ (August 2009). "Phase contrast X-ray synchrotron microtomography and the oldest damselflies in amber (Odonata: Zygoptera: Hemiphlebiidae)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 156 (4): 913–923. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00497.x. ISSN 0024-4082.
  15. ↑ L. N. Pritykina and D. V. Vassilenko. 2014. Odonata, in Upper Jurassic Lagerstätte Shar Teg, southwestern Mongolia. Paleontological Journal 48:1641-1647
  16. ↑ Zheng, Daran (September 2020). "Odonatans in lowermost Cenomanian Kachin amber: updated review and a new hemiphlebiid damselfly". Cretaceous Research. 118 104640. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104640. S2CID 225190432.
  17. ↑ D. V. Vassilenko. 2014. The first damselfly (Insecta: Odonata, Hemiphlebiidae) recorded from the Turonian of Israel. Far Eastern Entomologist 278:1-7
  18. ↑ Jarzembowski, E.A.; Martı́nez-Delclòs, X.; Bechly, G.; Nel, A.; Coram, R.; Escuillié, F. (June 1998). "The Mesozoic non-calopterygoid Zygoptera: description of new genera and species from the Lower Cretaceous of England and Brazil and their phylogenetic significance (Odonata, Zygoptera, Coenagrionoidea, Hemiphlebioidea, Lestoidea)". Cretaceous Research. 19 (3–4): 403–444. Bibcode:1998CrRes..19..403J. doi:10.1006/cres.1997.0113. ISSN 0195-6671.
  19. ↑ G. Bechly. 1998. New fossil dragonflies from the Lower Cretaceous Crato Formation of north-east Brazil (Insecta: Odonata). Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie) 264:1-66
  20. ↑ A. S. Felker and D. V. Vasilenko. 2018. A new genus and species of the damselfly family Hemiphlebiidae from the Lower Cretaceous Chernovskie Kopi locality (eastern Transbaikalia). Paleontological Journal 52:142-145
  21. ↑ Endersby, Ian; Fliedner, Heinrich (2015). The Naming of Australia's Dragonflies. Eltham, Victoria, Australia: Busybird Publishing. ISBN 9781925260625.
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