Chlorocyphidae

Chlorocyphidae
Rhinocypha bisignata
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Clade: Pancrustacea
Class: Insecta
Order: Odonata
Suborder: Zygoptera
Superfamily: Calopterygoidea
Family: Chlorocyphidae
Cowley, 1937[1]
Map showing African and Asian distribution of Chlorocyphidae
Distribution of Chlorocyphidae

Chlorocyphidae is a family of damselflies in the superfamily Calopterygoidea, commonly known as jewels or heliodors.[2][3] Members of the family are typically small to medium-sized damselflies with brightly coloured bodies and often conspicuous wing markings. They inhabit forest streams and rivers throughout the Old World tropics, with their greatest diversity occurring in Southeast Asia.[4][5]

Many species are noted for their metallic colours and elaborate courtship displays, with males using brightly coloured wings and body markings in territorial and mating behaviour.[6] Chlorocyphidae is one of the most distinctive damselfly families and is consistently recovered as a monophyletic lineage in both morphological and molecular studies.[7][8][9][10]

Taxonomic history

Cowley (1937) recognised Chlorocyphidae as a distinct family of damselflies and noted that many contemporary authors used the alternative name Libellaginidae for the same group.[1] The family has long been regarded as a distinctive lineage of tropical stream-dwelling damselflies.

Morphological and molecular studies have consistently supported the monophyly of Chlorocyphidae.[7][8][9][10][11] Modern classifications recognise approximately twenty genera distributed throughout the Old World tropics.[3]

Although the family-group name Libellaginidae Yakobson & Bianchi, 1905 predates Chlorocyphidae under the principle of priority, the latter name has been used overwhelmingly in the scientific literature for much of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.[10][12] Dijkstra et al. (2013) reported that Chlorocyphidae was preferred in almost 99% of published usage and recommended retaining it in the interests of nomenclatural stability.[10]

Genera

The following genera are currently placed in Chlorocyphidae:[3]

  1. Africocypha Pinhey, 1961
  2. Aristocypha Laidlaw, 1950
  3. Calocypha Fraser, 1928
  4. Chlorocypha Fraser, 1928
  5. Cyrano Needham & Gyger, 1939
  6. Disparocypha Ris, 1916
  7. Heliocypha Fraser, 1949
  8. Heterocypha Laidlaw, 1950 (monotypic)
  9. Indocypha Fraser, 1949
  10. Libellago Selys, 1840
  11. Melanocypha Fraser, 1949
  12. Pachycypha Lieftinck, 1950
  13. Paracypha Fraser, 1949
  14. Platycypha Fraser, 1949
  15. Rhinocypha Rambur, 1842
  16. Rhinoneura Laidlaw, 1915
  17. Sclerocypha Fraser, 1949
  18. Stenocypha Dijkstra, 2013
  19. Sundacypha Laidlaw, 1950
  20. Watuwila van Tol, 1998

Etymology

The family name Chlorocyphidae is derived from the type genus Chlorocypha, with the standard zoological suffix -idae used for animal families.

The genus name Chlorocypha was proposed by Fraser in 1928 as a replacement name during a discussion of the nomenclature of Micromerus and Libellago.[13] Fraser did not explain the derivation of the name. It is probably derived from the Greek χλωρός (chlōros, "green" or "greenish-yellow"), a reference that may allude to the metallic coloration common in many members of the family, and cypha, a name element used in several damselfly genera.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Cowley, J. (1937). "The penis of the Chlorocyphidae (Odonata) as a group-character". Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London. 86 (1): 1–18. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1937.tb00423.x.
  2. ↑ "Family CHLOROCYPHIDAE". Australian Faunal Directory. Australian Biological Resources Study. 2022. Retrieved 1 May 2026.
  3. 1 2 3 Paulson, D.; Schorr, M.; Abbott, J.; Bota-Sierra, C.; Deliry, C.; Dijkstra, K.-D.; Lozano, F. "World Odonata List". OdonataCentral. University of Alabama. Retrieved 1 May 2026.
  4. ↑ Hämäläinen, M., & Karube, H. (2001). Rhinocypha orea spec. nov., a new damselfly from Vietnam (Odonata: Chlorocyphidae). Zoologische Mededelingen, 75, 405-408.
  5. ↑ Mitra, Amit; Dem, Chimi; Gyeltshen, Karma; Dorji, Lungten; Puri, Nir Kumar; Tshering, Pema; Wangdi, Phurpa; Acharya, Promela; Namgyel, Rinzin; Dorji, Singye; Phuntsho, Sonam; Lhaden (2014). "Odonata survey in Central and Western Bhutan covering eight Dzongkhags (Districts): An annotated species list with nine new records" (PDF). Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies. 2 (2): 11–15.
  6. ↑ Bybee, S. M.; Kalkman, V. J.; Erickson, R. J.; Frandsen, P. B.; Breinholt, J. W.; Suvorov, A.; Ware, J. L. (2021). "Phylogeny and classification of Odonata using targeted genomics". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 160: 1–15. Bibcode:2021MolPE.16007115B. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107115. hdl:11093/2768. PMID 33609713.
  7. 1 2 Rehn, A.C. (2003). "Phylogenetic analysis of higher-level relationships of Odonata". Systematic Entomology. 28 (2): 181–239. Bibcode:2003SysEn..28..181R. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3113.2003.00210.x.
  8. 1 2 Bybee, S.M.; Ogden, T.H.; Branham, M.A.; Whiting, M.F. (2008). "Molecules, morphology and fossils: a comprehensive approach to odonate phylogeny and the evolution of the odonate wing". Cladistics. 24 (4): 477–514. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2007.00191.x. PMID 34879634.
  9. 1 2 Dumont, H.J.; Vierstraete, A.; Vanfleteren, J.R. (2010). "A molecular phylogeny of the Odonata (Insecta)". Systematic Entomology. 35 (1): 6–18. Bibcode:2010SysEn..35....6D. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.2009.00489.x.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Dijkstra, Klaas-Douwe B.; Bechly, Günter; Bybee, Seth M.; Dow, Rory A.; Dumont, Henri J.; Fleck, Günther; Garrison, Rosser W.; Hämäläinen, Matti; Kalkman, Vincent J.; Karube, Haruki; May, Michael L.; Orr, Albert G.; Paulson, Dennis R.; Rehn, Andrew C.; Theischinger, Günther; Trueman, John W.H.; Van Tol, Jan; von Ellenrieder, Natalia; Ware, Jessica (2013). "The classification and diversity of dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata). In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013)". Zootaxa. 3703 (1): 36–45. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.9. hdl:10072/61365. ISSN 1175-5334.
  11. ↑ Dijkstra, Klaas-Douwe B.; Kalkman, Vincent J.; Dow, Rory A.; Stokvis, Frank R.; Van Tol, Jan (2014). "Redefining the damselfly families: A comprehensive molecular phylogeny of Zygoptera (Odonata)". Systematic Entomology. 39 (1): 68–96. doi:10.1111/syen.12035.
  12. ↑ Jacobson, G. G.; Bianchi, V. L. (1905). Orthoptera and Pseudoneuroptera of the Russian Empire and bordering countries [Прямокрылые и ложносетчатокрылые Российской империи и сопредельных стран] (in Russian). St. Petersburg: A.F. Devrien. pp. 952 [723]. ISBN 978-5-4460-2061-4. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  13. ↑ Fraser, F.C. (1928). "Indian dragonflies. Part XXX". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 32 (4): 683–691 [684].
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