Haloarcula
| Haloarcula | |
|---|---|
 | |
| SEM image of Haloarcula quadrata. | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Archaea |
| Kingdom: | Methanobacteriati |
| Phylum: | Methanobacteriota |
| Class: | Halobacteria |
| Order: | Halobacteriales |
| Family: | Haloarculaceae |
| Genus: | Haloarcula Torreblanca et al. 1986 emend. Ma et al. 2024[1] |
| Type species | |
| Haloarcula vallismortis (Gonzalez, Gutierrez & Ramirez 1979) Torreblanca et al. 1986 | |
| Species | |
| Synonyms | |
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Haloarcula (common abbreviation Har.) is a genus of extreme halophilic Archaea in the class of Halobacteria.[2]
Cell structure
Haloarcula species can be distinguished from other genera in the family Halobacteriaceae by the presence of specific derivatives of TGD-2 polar lipids. H. quadrata has predominantly flat, square-shaped, somewhat pleomorphic cells.[3]
Metabolism
Haloarcula quadrata was first isolated when researchers were attempting to culture Haloquadratum walsbyi, a haloarchaeon that was thought to be unculturable until 2004. Similar to other halophilic archaea, Haloarcula species grow optimally at 40–45 °C. Growth appears in sheets of up to 65 cells often in the shape of a square or triangle.
Taxonomy
The genus of Haloarcula was long grouped with other halophilic archaea such as Halobacterium until genomic analysis prompted to reorder this genus in the new family of Haloarculaceae.
Phylogeny
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)[4] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).[1]
| 16S rRNA based LTP_07_2026[5][6][7] | 53 marker proteins based GTDB 11-RS232[8][9][10] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Unassigned Haloarcula
- "H. ajinwuensis"
- "H. algeriensis" Kharroub et al. 2005b
- "H. altuensis"
- "H. morrhuae" Torreblanca et al. 1986
- "H. siamensis" Namwong et al. 2007
Ecology
Haloarcula species are found in neutral saline environments such as salt lakes, marine salterns, and saline soils. Like other members of the family Halobacteriaceae, Haloarcula requires at least 1.5 M NaCl for growth, but grow optimally in 2.0 to 4.5 M NaCl.[1]
See also
References
- 1 2 3 C.L. Schoch. "Haloarcula". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 2026-08-01.
- ↑ Oren, Aharon (2014), "The Family Halobacteriaceae", in Rosenberg, Eugene; DeLong, Edward F.; Lory, Stephen; Stackebrandt, Erko (eds.), The Prokaryotes: Other Major Lineages of Bacteria and The Archaea, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 41–121, Bibcode:2014prok.book...41O, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-38954-2_313, ISBN 978-3-642-38954-2, retrieved 2021-11-17
- ↑ Oren, A.; Ventosa, A.; Gutierrez, M. C.; Kamekura, M. (1999). "Haloarcula quadrata sp. nov., a square, motile archaeon isolated from a brine pool in Sinai (Egypt)". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 49 (3): 1149–1155. doi:10.1099/00207713-49-3-1149. PMID 10425773.
- ↑ Haloarcula in LPSN; Freese, H. M.; Meier-Kolthoff, J. P.; Sardà Carbasse, J.; Afolayan, A. O.; Göker, M. (29 October 2025). "TYGS and LPSN in 2025: a Global Core Biodata Resource for genome-based classification and nomenclature of prokaryotes within DSMZ Digital Diversity". Nucleic Acids Research. 53: D1–D12. doi:10.1093/nar/gkaf1110.
- ↑ "The LTPlus". The All-Species Living Tree Project. Retrieved 1 August 2026.
- ↑ "LTP_all tree in newick format". The All-Species Living Tree Project. Retrieved 1 August 2026.
- ↑ Rossello-Mora, Ramon; Viver, Tomeu; Palmer-Rodríguez, Pere; Westram, Ralf; Bustos-Caparros, Esteban; Gago, Joan Francisco; Gonzalez-Mendez, Jaime; Llabrés, Mercè; Ludwig, Wolfgang; Amann, Rudolf (22 April 2026). "A pipeline for improved 16S rRNA gene-based phylogeny and diversity analyses of Bacteria and Archaea". Nature Portfolio. doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9370187/v1.
- ↑ "GTDB release 11-RS232". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 1 May 2026.
- ↑ "ar53_r232.sp_label". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 1 May 2026.
- ↑ "Taxon History". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 1 May 2026.
Further reading
- Torreblanca M, Rodriquez-Valera F, Juez G, Ventosa A, Kamekura M, Kates M (1986). "Classification of non-alkaliphilic halobacteria based on numerical taxonomy and polar lipid composition, and description of Haloarcula gen. nov. and Haloferax gen.nov". Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 8 (1–2): 89–99. doi:10.1016/s0723-2020(86)80155-2.
- Oren A, Ventosa A (2000). "International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology Subcommittee on the taxonomy of Halobacteriaceae. Minutes of the meetings, 16 August 1999, Sydney, Australia". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 50 (3): 1405–1407. doi:10.1099/00207713-50-3-1405. PMID 10843089.
- Javor B, Requadt C, Stoeckenius W (1982). "Box-shaped halophilic bacteria". J. Bacteriol. 151 (3): 1532–1542. doi:10.1128/jb.151.3.1532-1542.1982. PMC 220435. PMID 6286602.