Gurjars in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Gurjars in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Total population
1,21,510 (1931 census)
Regions with significant populations
Pakistan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Languages
Pashto,[a] Gujari,[a] Hindko,[a] Urdu,[a] Punjabi[a]
Religion
Sunni Islam
Related ethnic groups
Gurjar, Muslim Gurjars, Punjabi Gujjars, Awan
Titles: Khan, Malik, Khaghan, Sardar, Chaudhary, Mian

Gurjars in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Gurjaras in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa or Gujjars in KPK,[b] are an ethnic community native to the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (formerly NWFP) province of Pakistan. They are descended from Gurjars who moved into this region during classical period. They are scattered across almost all districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: They are densely populated in Mansehra, Swat, Dir, Kohistan, Haripur, Battagram, Malakand, Torghar, Bajaur, Swabi, Upper Chitral, Abottabad and Peshawar districts, while Kurram, Khyber, and Dera Ismail Khan districts has the smallest Gujjar population.

Gurjars are an important ethnic group in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. In terms of population, they rank after the Pashtuns and Awans.[5][6] The majority of Gurjars in K.P.K speak both Pashto and Gujari as their mother tongues. A significant population of Gurjars also speak Hindko as their mother tongue.[a]

In K.P.K they are part of the larger Hindkowan and Pashtun linguistics communities of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.[4] The majority of Gurjars in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa belong to agricultural and settled communities of the province.[c] Some are also nomads; these nomad Gujars are further divided into Ajar and Shapunkis subgroups.[d]

According to the 1931 census of British India, which was the last census to systematically count ethnicity/tribe, the Gurjar population in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa region was 1,24,510. They were predominantly Muslims and constituted 15% of the total population of the Hazara region.[11]

In the northern regions of Pakistan, there are almost one hundred one clans or Khels of Gurjars, out of a total around forty-five Gurjar clans scattered across the Hazara region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.[12] Gurjars in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa live in isolation and do not marry outside their own community.[13]

Etymology and origin

Etymology

The word Gurjar is derived from the Sanskrit word Gurjara, which means "enemy destroyer".[14][15]

Origin

Many scholars, including Grierson and Olaf Caroe, believe the Gurjars originally came from central Asia and got settled in the northern Pakistani areas including Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Gilgit Baltistan and Azad Kashmir. Further, Olaf Caroe notes, the ancestors of the Gurjars, known as the "Gurjaras", were "a kind of dependent group of tribes". They entered India with the Hephthalites, also called the White Huns, during their invasion in the 5th century. Grierson, however dates the invasion to the 6the century.[16]

According to Bowles, Gurjars of Swat District are the original and oldest inhabitants, and they belong to the Aryan race of the Indians.[17]

According to Elizabeth Balneaves, are many Gurjar settlements in the upper valleys of Swat, and Dir, and in the Yusafzai plain of Mardan district. Some historical evidence, originally the Gurjars are believed to have been helots of the "White Huns" (also known Hephthalites).[18]

According to N.D. Ahmed, the white Huns brought Gujaras as tenants in both instances. Descendants of these "Gurjaras" still exist in large numbers today. They now live as modern Gurjars across Swat, Dir, and Mardan as well as in the interior regions of India.[19]

Gurjars are considered the first people to live in the Hazara region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. They are believed to have been living there even before the arrival of Islam.[20][21][22]

Gurjars in the Hindu Kush mountain of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are likely the original inhabitants of the area. Another theory is that they have originated from the Punjab region. Linguistics similarities between the Gujari and Punjabi languages also suggest that their origin lies in Punjab. They first settled in Punjab around the 6th century. In the 7th century, they moved to mountain valleys northwest in the northwest of the Indian subcontinent. Today they live in mountain areas from Uttar Pradesh In the east to the Hindu Kush mountain in the west.[23]

The Gurjars of Swat and Mardan districts in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, as well as those in Kashmir and eastern Afghanistan, claim that they are originated from the larger region of Punjab.[24]

History

According to Syed Jabir Raza, the ancestors of the Gurjars likely lived in this region before the Afghans settled in the Peshawar plain. As the lowland areas became occupied, they gradually moved to the nearby hills that were more accessible.[25]

As per the old inhabitants of the Mittikot village in Mansehra district,  Baba Ransi Ullah, an elder who belong to Bakarwal community, was the first to settle in the village. Afterward ,  the Bakarwals invited Dedar Gurjars to come to Mittikot for protection  ad defense. Following this, the other Gurjars clans — the Khatana, Chechi, Kohli, and Thekri Gurjars — also arrived and made their homes in Mittikot. [26]

British period

In 1849, the British government took control of all parts of Mansehra. While the Western Pashtun tribes agreed to British rule, the Gurjars chose to fight against Britishers. The fighting caused heavy losses on both sides. Many Gurjars men were killed, and the Pashtuns also lost a large number of people. After about 18 months, the Gurjars and Pashtuns made a brotherhood pact and joined together to fight the British government. In these battles, they lost nearly 70,000 soldiers, but they were still willing to continue the fight. At that time, James Abbott was working as the commissioner of both Mansehra and Abbottabad. The British government pulled out of Mansehra but held on to full control of Abbottabad. Because of their heavy losses, the British government divided the Hazara District into three tehsils. Mansehra was placed under Gurjar rule, Abbottabad remained under British rule, and Haripur was placed under Pashtun rule.[27]

Muqaddam Musharaf, a Gurjar ruler of Kotnajibula in Hazara region, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

In the early 18th century, a Gujjar of the Khatana clan[28][29] in the Hazara region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa was the chief of Jagir of Kot Najibula. Later, he lost his Jagir to Tareen tribe.[29] In the 18th century, Ranjit Singh, the founder of the Sikh Empire, again granted Muqaddam Musharaf, the Jagir of Kot Najibula consisting of eight villages in the Hazara region in exchange for 15,000 rupees. The villages comparised Kokalia, Pandori, Jharr, Dedra, Dingi, Chamba Pind-Gujran, Kot Najibullah and some other.[28][30][31] After the death of Muqaddam General Sir James Abbott gave the Jagir to his son, Mir Muqaddam Ahmad. Mir Ahmad died on 12 October 1849.[28] After Ahmad's death, Jagir was given to his elder son, Mir Ghulam Muhammad.[30] Ghulam Ahmad died on 1 May 1880, and later his jagir was given to his elder son, Mir Abdullah.[28]

In 1890, Charles Francis Massy noted about Gurjars of Hazara region of present-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa as:

The Gujars are one of the most numerous clans in Hazara, and out-number the Pathans and Swatis yet they have never attained political importance. The Maka-dams of Kot Najibula assert that one of their ancestors be-came Governor of Hazara, under Mahmud of Ghazni, and founded the village of Shekhabad on the site of Kot. In the time of Aurangzeb the title of Makadam was given to Chaudhri Daulat Beg, then head of the clan. The Tarins ousted the Gujars from many of their villages in the Hazara plain; and in 1760, Najibula Khan Tarin became Governor of Hazara under the Duranis. His widow afterwards entrust-ed the management of her possessions to Makadam Masharaf, who for many years administered the Tarin and Gujar Tapas, holding his own against Utmanzais, Tanaulis and Gakkars.[32]

In 1896, Harold Arthur Deane British administrator and former Chief Commissioner of North-West Frontier Province note about Gurjars:

Another, and distinct, remnant of the old races will undoubtedly be found in the large clan of Gujars, extending from Kunar on the west to Kashmir on the east. A very interesting point is noticeable regarding these Gujars. In the Peshawar district, and on the hills bordering on the Peshawar district, the Gujars all speak Pashtu, and in some ways are more Pathan than the Pathans themselves. In the hills across the Swat Valley the Gujars understand and use at times Hindi, though they speak Pashtu. At Dir and on the high ranges beyond, the same clan of Gujars use Hindi entirely in their houses and amongst themselves. The Greek historians describe the cowherds as one of the classes inhabiting this country, and there can be little doubt the clan of Gujars represents the men they wrote about.[33]

In 1911, Hugh Chisholm British journalist noted:

The conquered strata of the popu-lation speak servile Indian dialects, called Hindki in the north and Jatki in the south, while Gujari is spoken by the large Gujar population in the hills of Hazara and north of Peshawar.[34]

Clan system

In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the Gurjars are divided into many named patrilineal tribes, called Khels or clans. There are often myths about how a clan started, and these stories are usually used to explain the meaning of the clan name.[35] Gurjar clans vary in size, and only small clans live in one area. Family ties are based on short, father-line groups. Gurjars with the same clan name feel a stronger bond, even if they are not directly related. Among Gurjars, the clan does not determine marriages, and Gurjars strictly marry within their own community.[35][36]

In northern Pakistan, there are almost 105 clans or Khels of Gurjars, out of a total around forty five Gurjar clans scattered across the Hazara region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.[12]

Subgroups

Gurjars in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are divided into two major subgroups Ajars and Shpankiyans to nomadic class of the Gurjars.[37][38]

Ajars

Ajars are a subgroup of the Gujjars of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.[39][40][41][42]

Shapunkis

Shapunkis or Shpankiyans are a subgroup of the Gujjars of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.[10]

Clans

Demographics

Gurjars in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are mainly found in the Malakand, Swabi, Peshawar, Buner and Hazara divisions.[49][50] They are almost found across all valleys of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, especially in the Siran,[22] Dir,[51] Shishikoh,[52] Swat,[51] Golen,[52] Patrak,[53] Naran,[54] Kaghan,[55][56][57] three Kalasha valleys,[58] and Gabral valley.[59]

Distribution of Gujari-speaking Gurjars in various districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

A large settlements of Gurjars in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa found in the Mansehra,[60] Malakand,[61] Haripur, Abbottabad, Buner, Swabi, Battagram,[62][63] Torghar, Chitral, Dir, Swat, and Upper Kohistan districts.

They own a good amount of land in the districts like Malakand, Haripur, Abbottabad, Dir, Swat,[64] and Mansehra. In Mansehra district alone, they own almost 25% of the district's land.[65]

Religion

Almost all Gurjars of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are the follower of Islam religion and they belong to the sunni sect of Islam.

Population

In the 1931 census of British India, the total Gurjar population in present-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province was 1,21,510. Almost all of them were Muslims, with fewer less than 150 being Hindus.

Historical population

Population of Gurjars recorded in different census reports of the British India for North-West Frontier Province (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan).

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1901108,000—    
1911113,571+0.50%
192185,590−2.79%
1931121,510+3.57%
source: 1901 census[66] - 1911 census[67] - 1921 census[68] - 1931 census[69]

Culture

Dwelling

Most Gurjars in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa live in "pacca" (concrete) houses. Some who live in mountain areas also have kachcha or temporary houses. Gujjar houses are usually simple huts made of concrete, wood, or sometimes mud. Each house generally has two rooms - one for people and one for guests or their livestock. Some mud-made houses have walls made of rough, irregular stones without mud plaster.[70]

A 2008 study conducted in Hilkot watershed, a small water catchment area in Mansehra, found that 23% of Gurjars have pakka or concrete houses and 77% have kaccha houses.[71] Same study also found, that among Gurjars, the average home size was 4.75 marlas.[71]

Food

Gurjars in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa follow a simple diet they mostly eat roti (chapati) an unleavened bread made from grain flour.[72]

Marriages

Endogamy

In KPK, Gurjars live in relative isolation and do not enter into marriages outside their own community. Within Gurjar community, clan affiliation does not determine marriage partners. Marriage is strictly practiced within the Gurjar community.[13][36]

Language

In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the Gurjars are a multilingual community. They speak three major languages as their mother tongues, Pashto followed by Gujari[8][73][74] and Hindko.[75][76][77][78][79] Some also speak languages like Punjabi, Saraiki and Urdu. Gujari as mother tongue is approximately spoken by 2,50,000 Gujjars of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

Genetics

Y-DNA

A 2022 genetic study using the Neighbor joining tree analysis of ethic groups in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa found a close genetic relationship between Gurjars in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Gurjars in Punjab province.[80] This study also revealed that Gurjars in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa have a high frequency of the Haplogroup R1a.[80]

Haplogroups found among Gujjars of Buner & Swabi districts
  1. R1a (61.0%)
  2. L (21.0%)
  3. H (4.84%)
  4. J2a (4.82%)
  5. R2 (4.03%)
  6. J2b (1.61%)
  7. Q1a (1.60%)
  8. o3-M122 (0.81%)

The majority of Gurjars in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa's districts of Swabi and Buner belong to the R1a haplogroup, with a frequency of 61%[81] and 48%[82] in Swat district, respectively.

Among Gurjars in the Swabi and Buner districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the most common Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup was R1a at a 61%. Other haplgroups observed were L at 20.97%, H at 4.84%, J2a at 4.84%, R2 at 4.03%, J2b at 1.61%, Q1a at 1.61%, and O3-M122 at 0.81%.[81]

Mt-DNA

A 2016 Mitochondrial DNA genetic study conducted on Hazarewal tribes in the Hazara region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa found that Gurjars carry haplogroup H at 58.97%, haplogroup R at 5.13%, haplogroup M at 7.69%, haplogroup N1 at 7.69%, haplogroup J at 2.56%, haplogroup T2 at 2.56%, haplogroup U7 at 2.56%, haplogroup X at 2.56%, and other haplogroups at 10.27%.[83]

MtDNA haplogroups found among Gujjars of Hazara region
  1. H (59.0%)
  2. M (7.69%)
  3. R (5.13%)
  4. N1 (7.69%)
  5. J (2.56%)
  6. T2 (2.56%)
  7. U7 (2.56%)
  8. X (2.56%)
  9. other (10.3%)

Education and literacy rate

A 2008 study conducted in Hilkot watershed, a small water catchment area in Mansehra, found that average literacy rate in the area was found to be about 46.7%. among Gurjars, the average literacy rate was 49% for male members and about 33% for females members.[84]

Occupation and economy

Occupation

"Gurjars in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa" have different kinds of occupations. The main occupations of the Gurjars in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are Agriculture, dairy farming, hunters, carpet weavers, and labours.[85][86][87] In KPK, some Gurjars so work as tenants or labour for other groups. Many settled Gurjars do own land. However, only a few men are educated, and very few hold important positions outside their own village.[85]

The Gurjars of Chitral valley work as Hunters. They depend on hunting wild animals and eating wild fruits to make a living, and they follow this practice as a hobby.[88] In Kaghan Valley, the Gurjars produce very fine blankets, through the designs on those blankets are quite simple. The making Nakhai, pile-carpets, and other similar items is a highly skilled occupation, and Gurjars along with many other people work in this trade.[89]

In recent decades many Gurjars found jobs in big cities across Pakistan and overseas. The money they sent home helped families feel less worried about poverty.[90]

Economy

In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the Gurjar economy is mainly based on agriculture and herding live stocks. Along with livestock they also grow grains, maize, wheat, or millet on their own land. They grow these grains on small farms in high-alitide areas, or they trade butter, meat, and wool to get them. To meet their basic needs, two subgroups of tribal Gurjars — Ajars and Shpankiyans — live in two different ways: transhumance, where they move seasonly with animals and nomadism, where they move from place to place more frequently.[91]

In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Gurjars, Ajars and Kohistanis communities often go for hunting. Their hunting activities cover fishing, catching birds that migrate, and tracking both plant-eating wild animals. Kids and teens usually hunt birds and other small wild animals using a traditional slingshot known as a "Leenda".[92] Gurjars in the forest areas of Mansehra district depend a lot of forest resources. They use wood for fuel and for building their houses.[93]

Politics

Gurjars is an influential community in local politics of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, especially, in the Abbottabad, Haripur, Battagra, Malakand, Dir, and Mansehra[94] districts.

In 1971, the Gurjars realized that their population size had grown large enough to make them an important factor in election results. The first sign of this awareness appeared in the 1971 elections. In that Year, Sardar Abdur Rahman Gujjar contested against a Sayyid candidate. By entering the race, he showed that for the first time the Gurjars were ready to assert themselves more directly and challenge the established leadership in the area through elections.[95]

In the 1970s Pakistan people party's social reform policies in mountain areas of Swat district brought a new group in Swati politics: the poor and landless. For the first time, they started taking an active role in local politics to protect their own interests. One key PPP measure was the push to redistribute land. A major change came with the PPP's policies on tenant rights and the end of compulsory labor. These reforms challenged the traditional authority of landlords over their tenants. The effects were most visible in the highland areas, where Gurjar tenants lived in scattered, isolated homes in the valleys. Inspired by the PPP tenancy policy, Gurjars organized against their landlords and claimed ownership of the land. This led to violent clashes. The Gurjars resisted and , in the fighting some Pashtuns were killed by Gurjars.[96]

In the 1990s, relations between the Sayeds and Gurjars became worse. In the northern areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Anti-Sayed feelings were very strong among the Gurjars. This led to occasional incidents of violence. During this time, 'Gujjarism' emerged as a popular slogan and functioned almost like an ideology. "Gujjarism" helped Gurjar leaders gain more political power in the region.[95]

In 1990, Sardar Muhammad Yusuf, a Gujjar politician from Mansehra district in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, entered electoral politics. He established a political organization named "Kisan Mahaz Tanzeem" (or Farmer's Fron Organization) and mobilized the Gurjar community. During this he promoted two main slogans: the development of Gurjar community and independence from the Sayid and Swati landlords in the local politics of the area.[97]

See also

Notables

Royalty

Politics

References

  1. ↑ Morgan, Llewelyn; Oliveri, Luca Maria (2022-06-02). The View from Malakand: Harold Deane's 'Note on Udyana and Gandhara'. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. pp. 87_89. ISBN 978-1-80327-208-5. In the Peshawar District & on the hills bordering on the Peshawar District the Gujars all speak Pushtu (Pashto) and in some ways are more Pathan than the Pathans themselves.
  2. 1 2 Bashir, Elena L.; Israr-ud-Din (1996). Proceedings of the Second International Hindukush Cultural Conference. Oxford University Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-19-577571-6. Gujar tribe: The Gujar is an important cultural group inhabiting the area (K.P.K). They are of the Jat or Rajput race found elsewhere in the subcontinent and have clans similar to those of the Afghans or Kohistanis. In addition to Pashto, they speak the Gojri language which also includes words from Panjabi, Urdu, and Hindko.
  3. ↑ Dikshit, K. R.; Dikshit, Jutta K. (2025-02-18). Regional Geography of Pakistan: A Study in Spatial Relations. Taylor & Francis. pp. 3.10.2.1. ISBN 978-1-040-30665-9. Unlike other parts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Hazara division has a sprinkling of non-Pashtun population, represented by Gujars, Khokhars and other hill tribes who speak Hinduki (Hindko) as their mother tongue.
  4. 1 2 Spain, James William (1963). The Pathan Borderland. Mouton. p. 61. All of these people are referred to as Hindkis. Most important among them are the Gujars, who are concentrated among the Yusufzai and serve them as artisans and tenant farmers. The Gujars and the Awans, a similar group, resemble the Pathans in almost every respect and, away from the Frontier, frequently pass as Yusufzai.
  5. ↑ The North-west Frontier Province Year Book. Information Department, Northwest Frontier Province, Pakistan. 1954. p. 14. Numerically strong tribes in the province are Pathans, Awans, Gujars and Jats. Of these, the Pathans are the largest. The people who speak Pushto are the Pathans except a few tribes in Chitral.
  6. ↑ Ali, Shaheen Sardar; Rehman, Javaid (2013-02-01). Indigenous Peoples and Ethnic Minorities of Pakistan: Constitutional and Legal Perspectives (0 ed.). Routledge. p. 79. doi:10.4324/9780203824344. ISBN 978-0-203-82434-4. Nearly one-third of the popu-lation of the NWFP (KPK) is non-Pukhtun. The non-Pukhtun population con-sists largely of landless artisans and peasants who are mainly Gujars and Awans by caste.
  7. ↑ Young, Ruth (2003). Agriculture and Pastoralism in the Late Bronze and Iron Age, North West Frontier Province, Pakistan: An Integrated Study of the Archaeological Plant and Animal Remains from Rural and Urban Sites, Using Modern Ethnographic Information to Develop a Model of Economic Organisation and Contact. Archaeopress. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-84171-500-1. Among those who have studied the ethnic groups of NWFP there is some consensus and also some disagreement about these groups and their occupations. For example, Wilber (1964, 60) says that Pathans (or Pukhtuns) are in the majority, but also describes Sayyids, a specialised religious group, and Awans and Gujars who are "agriculturist" in nature, and nomadic Pashtuns or Powindehs, who move between Afghanistan and Pakistan with herds of sheep and goats.
  8. 1 2 Claus, Peter J.; Diamond, Sarah; Mills, Margaret Ann (2003). South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka. Taylor & Francis. p. 447. ISBN 978-0-415-93919-5. Gujari speakers (Gujars) are found in scattered communities of the NWFP; originally pas-toral nomads, they are now often transhumant or set-tled agriculturists.
  9. ↑ Young, Ruth (2003). Agriculture and Pastoralism in the Late Bronze and Iron Age, North West Frontier Province, Pakistan: An Integrated Study of the Archaeological Plant and Animal Remains from Rural and Urban Sites, Using Modern Ethnographic Information to Develop a Model of Economic Organisation and Contact. Archaeopress. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-84171-500-1. The summer transhumants all described themselves as Pathans and Gujars, and again this may reflect economic factors such as land owning versus renting, rather than an ethnic division between subsistence practices.
  10. 1 2 Sultan-i-Rome (2008). Swat State (1915-1969) from Genesis to Merger: An Analysis of Political, Administrative, Socio-political, and Economic Development. Oxford University Press. p. 328. ISBN 978-0-19-547113-7. Shpunkis (Shpankyan): The Shpunkis are generally nomads like the Ajars and a segment of the Gujars.
  11. ↑ Mallam, G. L.; Dundas, A. D. F. (1933). Census of India, 1931, vol. XV. North-west frontier province. Part I-Report. Part II-Tables;: Census Reports - 1931. Peshawar, Printed by the manager, Government stationery and printing, 1933. p. 202. JSTOR saoa.crl.25793233. Most of the Gujars in this Province are Muslim by religion, only 143 having returned their religion as Hindu or Sikh. In Hazara, which is their home in the Province and where they contribute 15 per cent. of the total population, they are all Muslim.
  12. 1 2 3 Organization (Pakistan), Census (1962). Population Census of Pakistan, 1961: Jessore. Government of Pakistan. There are as many as 101 tribes amongst the Gujjars out of which 45 are to be found in Hazara. The Kathana Gujjars of Kot Najibullah and Jagal Gujjars of Haripur plain are prominent. The Gujjars of the hills are very poor people and all of them are tenants, cultivating land ...
  13. 1 2 Ullah, Inam; Olofsson, Jill K.; Margaryan, Ashot; Ilardo, Melissa; Ahmad, Habib; Sikora, Martin; Hansen, Anders J.; Shahid Nadeem, Muhammad; Fazal, Numan; Ali, Murad; Buchard, Anders; Hemphill, Brian E.; Willerslev, Eske; Allentoft, Morten E. (November 2017). "High Y-chromosomal Differentiation Among Ethnic Groups of Dir and Swat Districts, Pakistan". Annals of Human Genetics. 81 (6): 234–248. doi:10.1111/ahg.12204. ISSN 0003-4800. PMID 28771684. According to Barth (1956), there is little reported intermarriage between Pashtuns, Gujars and Kohistanis because they tend to live in isolation and discourage intermarriages with members of other ethnic groups.
  14. ↑ Sharma, Vijay Paul; John Mortan, Kohler-Rollefson (2020). Pastoralism in India: A Scoping Study (PDF). Natural Resources institute, University of Greenwich, UK. pp. 5–7.
  15. ↑ Pandhe, M. K. (1976). Bonded Labour in India. India Book Exchange : [exclusive distributors, K. P. Bagchi]. p. 35. The Gujjars take their name from the Sanskrit "Gurjara" (enemy destroyer).
  16. ↑ Rensch, Calvin Ross; O'Leary, Clare F.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (1992). Hindko and Gujari. National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University. p. 94. Many scholars support the theory of a Central Asian origin. (See Ibbetson et al., 1911; Grierson LSI IX; Caroe 1958.) Caroe (1958:83) describes the ancestors of the Gujars, the Gurjaras, as "a sort of vassal or helot group of tribes" which accompanied the Hephthalites (or White Huns) on their invasion of India in the fifth century. (Grierson dates it sixth century, LSI IX:6.)
  17. ↑ Öztürk, Münir; Hakeem, Khalid Rehman; Faridah-Hanum, I.; Efe, Recep (2015-05-05). Climate Change Impacts on High-Altitude Ecosystems. Springer. p. 51. ISBN 978-3-319-12859-7. Gujars, the Indian Aryans (Bowles 1977; Anonymous 1978), are the original inhabitants of the area (Bellew 1994). They generally use the foothills for agriculture and the highland meadows as grazing pastures. Though highly defused among Pa-thans, they exclusively occupy the mountain slopes and high-altitude areas. These areas comprise forests. The climate is cold, supporting monocrop agriculture at high altitudes of 1900 m and above.
  18. ↑ Balneaves, Elizabeth (1972). Mountains of the Murgha Zerin: Between the Hindu Khush and the Karakoram. Gifford. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-7071-0213-9. There are thousands of these Gujars in the upper valleys of Swat, Dir and the Yusufzai Saman of Mardan one of the latter's longest village being called Gujjar Ghari Mardan, literally ' the town of the Gujars'. The original Gujars are believed to have been helots of the White Huns or Epthalites.
  19. ↑ Ahmad, N. D. (1990). The Survival of Afghanistan, 1747-1979: A Diplomatic History with an Analytic and Reflective Approach. Institute of Islamic Culture. p. 100. The white Huns were in both the cases accompanied by Gujaras as their tenants who still exist in thousands in the garb of modern Gujars all over Swat, Dir and Mardan as well as in the interior of India.
  20. ↑ Rensch, Calvin Ross; O'Leary, Clare F.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (1992). Hindko and Gujari. National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University. p. 137.
  21. ↑ Organization (Pakistan), Census (1962). Population Census of Pakistan, 1961: Jessore. Manager of Publications. pp. 1–24. Gujjars: The Gujjars are among the oldest inhabitants of the district and were in occupation of the Hazara plain before the arrival of Islam in the area.
  22. 1 2 Lari, Yasmeen (2008). NWFP Document. KaravanPakistan Institute. p. 2. The Siran Valley consist largely of Swathis, Sayeds and Gujjars. The Gujjars are considered the original inhabitants of Hazara and lived here long before other tribes found a foothold here.
  23. ↑ Irfanullah, Sahibzada (2002). "Gujars in the Pakistani Hindu Kushhimalayas: Conflicts and Dilemmas About Lifestyles and Forest Use". Nomadic Peoples. 6 (2): 99–100. doi:10.3167/082279402782311130. ISSN 0822-7942. JSTOR 43123669. Though little is known with any certainty about their origins, they have been said to be the original inhabitants of this area (Watson 1907: 62-24). It has also been suggested that they settled mainly in the Punjab at the beginning of sixth century (Ibbetson and Maclagan 1892: 112-13), and the similarities between their language, Gujri, and Punjabi indicate that their roots are in Punjab. Some place names in Punjab, such as Gujrat and Gujranwala, also appear to support this statement. In the seventh century, the Gujar prob-ably began to settle in the mountain valleys in the northwest of the Indian subcontinent (Ibbetson and Maclagan 1982: 33-37). Today their mountain settlements extend from the Central Indian Himalayas (the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh) in the east to the Hindukush in the west.
  24. ↑ Warikoo, Kulbhushan; Som, Sujit (2000). Gujjars of Jammu and Kashmir. Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya. p. 9. Gujars of eastern Afghanistan , Swat , Mardan and Kashmir claim Punjab as their original home. Their language is called Gojri in Kashmir and Hindko in the Frontier Province.
  25. ↑ Raza, Syed Jabir (1994). "The Afghans and Their Relations with the Ghaznavids and the Ghurids". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 55: 785. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44143455. Before the expansion of the Afghans into the plains of Peshawar, this area was probably inhabited by the ancestors of the Gujars, who were dispos-sessed of the fertile land and driven into the accessible hilly region.
  26. ↑ Rensch, Calvin Ross; O'Leary, Clare F.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (1992). Hindko and Gujari. National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University. p. 137. According to the older villagers, Baba Ransi Ullah of the Bakarwals was the first person to settle in Mittikot. Later the Bakarwals brought in Dedar Gujars for defense purposes. Then later, Khatana, Chechi, Kohli and Thekri Gujars came and settled in Mittikot.
  27. ↑ Khan, Shakirullah; Samad, Abdul; L.Young, Ruth; Neuson, Paul (2023). "ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATION AT OLD FORT MANSEHRA: A PRELIMINARY REPORT 2023". International Research Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities. 03 (1). Department of Archaeology, Hazara University Mansehra, Pakistan, Department of Ancient History and Archaeology, Leicester University UK, Department of History and Archaeology, American University of Beirut, Lebanon: 309. By 1849, the British had gained control of all of Mansehra. However, the western Pashtun tribes accepted their government while Gujjars fought against the British Raj. The Gujjars lost their major fighters, and the Pashtuns too lost a significant number. After eighteen months the Gujjars and the Pashtun created a brotherhood relationship and fought against the British Raj. In this struggle, they lost about 70,000 soldiers but they were still ready to fight. James Abbot was the commissioner of Mansehra and Abbottabad at that time. The Britishers left Mansehra but established total control at Abbottabad. After the major losses of the British Army, the British divided Hazara District into three Tehsils (administrative subdivisions): Mansehra, which was governed by the Gujjars, Abbottabad which was governed by the British Raj, and Haripur which was governed by the Pashtuns.
  28. 1 2 3 4 Sahaab, Khan (2014). تاریخ ہزارہ قبل از مسیح سے 2010 تک [History of Hazara from B.C to 2010]. تایا سانز پبلشر (Taaya Sons Publisher). p. 81.
  29. 1 2 Rashid, Haroon (2002). History of the Pathans: The Sarabani Pathans. Haroon Rashid. pp. 103_105.
  30. 1 2 Massy, Charles Francis (1890). Chiefs and families of note in the Delhi, Jalandhar, Peshawar and Derajat divisions of the Panjab. University of California Libraries. Allahabad, Printed at the Pioneer Press. p. 445.
  31. ↑ Khan Punni, Dr. Sher Bahadur (1969-08-01). Tarikh e Hazara [تاریخ ہزارہ] (in Urdu) (1st ed.). Shanayi Barqi Press (شنائی برقی پریس). pp. 254_261.
  32. ↑ Massy, Charles Francis (1890). Chiefs and Families of Note in the Dehli [sic], Jalandhar, Peshawar and Derajat Divisions of the Panjab. Printed at the Pioneer Press. p. 445.
  33. ↑ Deane, H. A. (1896). "Note on Udyāna and Gandhāra". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland: 662. ISSN 0035-869X. JSTOR 25207806.
  34. ↑ Chisholm, Hugh (1911). The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information. At the University Press. p. 796.
  35. 1 2 Cohen, Yehudi A. Man in Adaptation: The Cultural Present. Transaction Publishers. p. 382. ISBN 978-0-202-36721-7. The Gurjar population is subdivided into a number of named patrilineal tribes, Khels, or clans-units claiming descent from a common known or unknown ancestor, but without supporting genealogies. There are sometimes myths re-lating to the clan origin, and these frequently serve as etymologies for the clan name. The clans vary greatly in size and only the smallest are localized. The effective descent units are patrilineal lineages of limited depth, though there is greater identification between unre-lated Gujars bearing the same clan name than between strangers of different clans. These clans are irrelevant to marriage regulations. There is little intermarriage between Gujars and the host group.
  36. 1 2 Manners, Robert Alan; Kaplan, David. Anthropological Theory. Transaction Publishers. p. 389. ISBN 978-0-202-36419-3.
  37. ↑ Sultan-i-Rome (2008). Swat State (1915-1969) from Genesis to Merger: An Analysis of Political, Administrative, Socio-political, and Economic Development. Oxford University Press. pp. 325–328. ISBN 978-0-19-547113-7.
  38. ↑ Inam-ur-Rahim; Viaro, Alain Mario (2002). Swat: An Afghan Society in Pakistan : Urbanisation and Change in Tribal Environment. City Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-969-8380-55-7.
  39. ↑ Sultan-i-Rome (2008). Swat State (1915-1969) from Genesis to Merger: An Analysis of Political, Administrative, Socio-political, and Economic Development. Oxford University Press. p. 325. ISBN 978-0-19-547113-7. Ajars. The Ajars are a segment of the Gujars. Unlike the majority of the Gujars, they practiced nomadism by proceeding to the plains in winter, along with their cattle and belongings etc., and to the hills and pastures (bandas) in the summer.
  40. ↑ Rensch, Calvin Ross; O'Leary, Clare F.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (1992). Hindko and Gujari.Today, however, there is a spectrum of lifestyles among the Gujars of Pakistan, ranging from nomadic shepherds found among the Bakarwals in the east and the Ajars in the west to completely settled Gujars.
  41. ↑ Casimir, Michael J. (1991). Flocks and Food: A Biocultural Approach to the Study of Pastoral Foodways. Bahri Sons (India Research Press). p. 116. ISBN 978-3-412-09991-6. In Swat and neighbouring areas sheep and goat breeders are known as Ajar, and Gujar following this occupa-tion are known as Ajar-Gujar (Dichter 1967: 54, Van Banning 1984: 34-34a).
  42. ↑ Nations, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United (2003). Transhumant Grazing Systems in Temperate Asia. Food & Agriculture Org. p. 241. ISBN 978-92-5-104977-8.
  43. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Program for Culture and Conflict Studies GUJAR TRIBE". The Khatanas appear to be the dominant clan. The Gujars are said to have 84 clans, although some accounts ascribe 101, 170 or 388 different sections. A specific breakdown of these sections is not yet available. In Hazara District, the Gujar clans are Katharis, Hakla, and Sarju. They maintain an identity distinct from other Gujars...
  44. 1 2 3 4 5 Khan, Shahrukh Rafi; Khan, Foqia Sadiq; Akhtar, Aasim Sajjad (2007). Initiating Devolution for Service Delivery in Pakistan: Ignoring the Power Structure. Oxford University Press. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-19-547221-9. All major castes are further divided into numerous sub-castes. For example, Gujjars have Khatana, Jharah, Paswal, Chuhan, Chichi, Thakar, Kasana, Barwal and the Killah sub-castes.
  45. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Shamozai, Muhammad Jamil Khan (2016-10-01). Roots of Pashtun's /Afghan's. Shoaib Sons Publishers and Booksellers, GT Road, Mingora, Swat. p. 259. Gujjars are a large nation among the nations of the world. They are mostly settled in Pakistan, Afghanistan and India. Before the arrival of the Aryans, the Kols and Dravidians lived in India, while the Gujjars lived in Iran. The Kols and Dravidians were short and dark-skinned people, while the Gujjars were also dark but tall and had clear features. The major tribes of Gujjars include Awan, Bajwal, Bajjar, Bajral, Bhalot, Barwal, Bemna, Bhatti, Bhumla, Chauhan,Chachi, Dedhar, Dhodi, Gaursi, Jarah, Kathana, Katarian, Klas, Poswar and Thakarya. The Gujjars had their own language, Brahmi (Hindi) or Gurjari, but today the Gujjars living in Punjab speak Punjabi and the Gujjars living in Pakhtoonakhwa speak Pashto. The Gujjars used to worship the sun, but today the Gujjars of Pakistan are Muslims and the Gujjars of India adhere to the Hindu and Sikh religions.
  46. 1 2 3 4 Rensch, Calvin Ross; O'Leary, Clare F.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (1992). Hindko and Gujari. National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University. pp. 13u. According to the older villagers, Baba Ransi Ullah of the Bakarwals was the first person to settle in Mittikot. Later the Bakarwals brought in Dedar Gujars for defense purposes. Then later, Khatana, Chechi, Kohli and Thekri Gujars came and settled in Mittikot.
  47. 1 2 3 Shamozai, Muhammad Jamil Khan (2016-10-01). Roots of Pashtun's /Afghan's. Shoaib Sons Publishers and Booksellers, GT Road, Mingora, Swat. p. 270. A large number of Gujjars still live in Swat, including the Kathans, the Poswar, the Gidar, Bajar, Jangar and the Qambars, among other nomadic tribes. The Kathan Gujjars, who live in Upper Swat, are in large numbers.
  48. ↑ Khan, Talimand (2010). Description of the Study Areas. Sustainable Development Policy Institute. p. 3. JSTOR resrep00588.6. The population of the villages is predominantly Khttan Khel Gujars, who are now the de facto owners of the forest and deed holders of the cultivable agricultural land.
  49. ↑ Branch, India Army Intelligence (1979). Tribes north of the Kabul River. Nisa Traders : sole distributors, Gosha-e-Adab. pp. IV.
  50. ↑ Abdulla, Ahmed (1973). The Historical Background of Pakistan and Its People. Tanzeem Publishers. p. 200. N.W.F.P. The Province known as has an area of 39,200 sq. miles with a population of one crore ten lacs. Its most populous district called Hazara on the eastern bank of River Indus is inhabited, from Mansehra downward, by non-Pakhtuns, mostly Gujjars and Hindko speaking Pathans of mixed blood. In the regions west of river Indus starting from the north, the people of the (former) State.
  51. 1 2 Balneaves, Elizabeth (1972). Mountains of the Murgha Zerin: Between the Hindu Khush and the Karakoram. Gifford. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-7071-0213-9. There are thousands of these Gujars in the upper valleys of Swat, Dir and the Yusufzai Saman of Mardan one of the latter's longest village being called Gujjar Ghari Mardan, literally ' the town of the Gujars'. The original Gujars are believed to have been helots of the White Huns or Epthalites.
  52. 1 2 Khan, Mohammad Afzal (1975). Chitral and Kafiristan: A Personal Study. Ferozsons. p. 86. The Gujars who are found in Golen and Shishikuh valley in lower Chitral.
  53. ↑ Khan, Amir Hasan; Adil, Muhammad; Aziz, Muhammad Abdul; Sõukand, Renata; Pieroni, Andrea (2023-03-31). "Traditional foraging for ecological transition? Wild food ethnobotany among three ethnic groups in the highlands of the eastern Hindukush, North Pakistan". Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 19 (1) 9. doi:10.1186/s13002-023-00581-9. ISSN 1746-4269. PMC 10064566. PMID 37004043.
  54. ↑ Khan, Shujaul M.; Page, Sue; Ahmad, Habib; Shaheen, Hamayun; Ullah, Zahid; Ahmad, Mushtaq; Harper, David M. (2013-01-10). "Medicinal flora and ethnoecological knowledge in the Naran Valley, Western Himalaya, Pakistan". Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 9 4. doi:10.1186/1746-4269-9-4. ISSN 1746-4269. PMC 3570439. PMID 23302393. The most important among these are the Gujars (descendents of the Indian Arians) who are famous for their unique culture, way of life, rituals and bravery. The Gujars are concentrated in the upper parts of most valleys in Pakistan where they cultivate rain-fed slopes, and are generally more aware of traditional knowledge, of plant use and local ecology.
  55. ↑ Virsa, Lok (1977). Folk Heritage of Pakistan. Institute of Folk Heritage. p. 158. ...ture of the Gujjars, a pastoral commu valley of Kaghan. The Gujjars are a well known comm-unity of the South East Asia, a small part of which has retained its traditional way of life.
  56. ↑ Nazia, Dr. (2014). GENETIC ANALYSES OF THE MAJOR TRIBES OF ABBOTTABAD AND MANSEHRA DISTRICTS THROUGH DENTAL MORPHOLOGY AND DNA ANALYSES. Department of Genetics Hazara University, Mansehra. p. 15. Gujar populations are spread all over the country in urban and rural areas of all the five provinces. They are found everywhere in Hazara division especially in the Mansehra, Haripur and Abbottabad districts. They once owned a tract of 84 villages in the center of Hazara including the Channai Hazara. The chief of Gujar Tribe of Hazara was the ever-mentioned Mokaddam Mir Ahmad Gujar, the jagirdar of Kot Najibulla (Watson, 1907). Gujars are in simple majority in Mansehra and Haripur Districts, especially in Kaghan Valley.
  57. ↑ Shoaib, Ghazala; Shah, Ghulam Mujtaba; Shad, Nasir; Dogan, Yunus; Siddique, Zeeshan; Shah, Abbas Hussain; Farooq, Muhammad; Khan, Khalid Rasheed; Nedelcheva, Anely (2020-11-09). "Traditional practices of the ethnoveterinary plants in the Kaghan Valley, Western Himalayas-Pakistan". Revista de Biología Tropical. 69 (1): 3. doi:10.15517/rbt.v69i1.42021. ISSN 2215-2075. Kaghan Valley. The valley is mainly inhabited by the Gujars tribe and Hindko language speakers.
  58. ↑ Maggi, Wynne (2001). Our Women are Free: Gender and Ethnicity in the Hindukush. University of Michigan Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-472-06783-1. Although the center of each of the three Kalasha val-leys is primarily populated by Kalasha people, Chitralis (whom the Kalasha call pátua) and Gujar families also own houses and fields.
  59. ↑ Inam-ur-Rahim; Viaro, Alain Mario (2002). Swat: An Afghan Society in Pakistan : Urbanisation and Change in Tribal Environment. City Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-969-8380-55-7.
  60. ↑ Irfanullah, Sahibzada (2002). "Gujars in the Pakistani Hindu Kushhimalayas: Conflicts and Dilemmas About Lifestyles and Forest Use". Nomadic Peoples. 6 (2): 99–109. doi:10.3167/082279402782311130. ISSN 0822-7942. JSTOR 43123669. In Hilkot, as in the entire District of Mansehra, Gujars represent the largest ethnic group.
  61. ↑ Barkatullah; Ibrar, Muhammad; Rauf, Abdur; Ben Hadda, Taibi; Mubarak, Mohammad S.; Patel, Seema (2015-07-01). "Quantitative ethnobotanical survey of medicinal flora thriving in Malakand Pass Hills, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 169: 335–346. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2015.04.052. ISSN 0378-8741. PMID 25952168. To bridge the gap in knowledge of botanical diversity, this study investigated the indigenous flora of Malakand Pass Hills. The study area included three adjacent villages, Malakand khas, Jaban and Banj. The original inhabitants in this area are Gujars, with native language Gujro (Gujari) and local language Pashto (Khan et al.,2011a, 2011b).
  62. ↑ Bergen, Peter; Tiedemann, Katherine (2013-01-04). Talibanistan: Negotiating the Borders Between Terror, Politics, and Religion. Oxford University Press. p. 279. ISBN 978-0-19-998677-4. Battagram District: The major ethnic groups of the district are Gujjar, Swati, Akhunkhel, and Medakhel.
  63. ↑ "Battagaram District". Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Battagaram District: 80% population speak Pashto,18% Gujri. 2% population speak Hindko and Kohistani About 100 population of Hindu community also living in village Batagram and Shamlai.
  64. ↑ Khan, Talimand (2010). Description of the Study Areas. Sustainable Development Policy Institute. p. 3. JSTOR resrep00588.6.
  65. ↑ Khan, Shahrukh Rafi; Khan, Foqia Sadiq; Akhtar, Aasim Sajjad (2007). Initiating Devolution for Service Delivery in Pakistan: Ignoring the Power Structure. Oxford University Press. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-19-547221-9. Mansehra. Gujjars constituted about 70 per cent of the population and owned about 25 per cent of the land. Other castes included Mughal, Awan, and Tanoli.
  66. ↑ Not Available (1908). Imperial Gazetteer Of India Provincial Series North West Frontier Province. p. 33.
  67. ↑ Census Of India 1911 Vol I Part II p. 173
  68. ↑ 1921 census of India Volume I part II p. 162
  69. ↑ 1931 census of India part (2) p.526
  70. ↑ Bashir, Elena L.; Israr-ud-Din (1996). Proceedings of the Second International Hindukush Cultural Conference. Oxford University Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-19-577571-6.
  71. 1 2 Hussain, Anwar Hussain; Khattak, Naeem Ur Rehman and; Khan, Abdul Qayyum (2008). An Analysis of Socioeconomic Profiles of the Rural Community Involved in Natural Resources Management: A case study of Hilkot Watershed Mansehra (PDF). Pakistan Instittute of Development Economics Islamabad Pakistan. p. 673. In swati and Syed communities, about 59% of the sampled respondents had pakka homes and 41% had kachha homes whereas in Gujar community 23% had pakka homes while 77% had kachha homes. The average size of the homes in the watershed was 5.81 Marlas out of which the average covered area was 4.75 Marlas. In Swatis and Syeds the average home size was 6.3 Marlas whereas in Gujars the average size of the home was 4.75 Marlas (Fig. 4).
  72. ↑ Joshi, S. C. (1987). Western Himalaya: Problems and development. Gyanodaya Prakashan. p. 782.
  73. ↑ Manners, Robert Alan; Kaplan, David. Anthropological Theory. Transaction Publishers. p. 390. ISBN 978-0-202-36419-3. Thus most Pathan villages contain a small number of Gujars these may speak Gujri as their home language and retain their separate culture, or may be assimilated to the extent of speaking only Pashto.
  74. ↑ Khan, Faquir Mohammad (1965). Working Plan for the Lower Indus Kohistan and Buner Forests, Swat State, 1964-1978. West Pakistan Government Press. p. 18. The local language spoken over the entire area is Pushto. Amongst themselves the Gujar nomads speak their typical language Gujri.
  75. ↑ KARAMAT, SAIDA KULSOOM (1958). THE WESTERN FRONTIER OF WEST PAKISTAN, A STUDY IN POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY. University of MICHIGAN. p. 74. Gujars also live in large numbers in Dir , Swat , and Bajaur and speak mainly Pashto though on the border of Dir and Asmar they retain their own ' ' Indian ' ' speech (Gujri).
  76. ↑ Studies Honouring the Centennial of Universitetets Etnografiske Museum, Oslo, 1857-1957: Indus and Swat Kohistan; an ethnographic survey, by Frederik Barth. Forenede Trykkerier. 1956. p. 13. Gujars: ...nomadic summer visitors, some in permanent settlements, speakers of Pashto or Gujri (a lowland Indian dialect), and mainly found in Swat Kohistan. Finally, two settlements of Badeshi are reported to exist in Chakesar just south of Indus Kohistan, presumably be-longing to the Dardic group of peoples.
  77. ↑ Abdulla, Ahmed (1973). The Historical Background of Pakistan and Its People. Tanzeem Publishers. p. 149. The Gujjars speak Hindko and reside on the fringes of the mountain valleys of the frontier province.
  78. ↑ Öztürk, Münir; Hakeem, Khalid Rehman; Faridah-Hanum, I.; Efe, Recep (2015-05-05). Climate Change Impacts on High-Altitude Ecosystems. Springer. p. 51. ISBN 978-3-319-12859-7. Both the Gujars and Kohistani are fluent in speaking Pukhto, the local Pathan language, besides their mother tongues, Gojri and Kohistani, respectively. Pres-ently, the Swiss-sponsored "Kohistan Integrated Development Project" has greatly improved the Kohistani economy through the development of social organizations and the extension of improved agricultural technologies, especially the off-season vegetables culture.
  79. ↑ Öztürk, Münir; Hakeem, Khalid Rehman; Faridah-Hanum, I.; Efe, Recep (2015-05-05). Climate Change Impacts on High-Altitude Ecosystems. Springer. p. 171. ISBN 978-3-319-12859-7. The Gujars have their own specific language called Gujri which is amongst one of the most ancient languages of the world. The origin of Gujri goes back to 400 BC and it has a rich vocabulary.
  80. 1 2 Ahmad, Habib; Tariq, Muhammad; Hemphill, Brian E.; Farooq, Umar; Schurr, Theodore G. (19 January 2022). "Contrasting maternal and paternal genetic histories among five ethnic groups from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan". Scientific Reports. 12 (1): 6 and 9. Bibcode:2022NatSR..12.1027T. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-05076-3. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 8770644. PMID 35046511.
  81. 1 2 Tariq, Muhammad (17 February 2017). Genetic Analysis of the Major Tribes of Buner and Swabi Areas through Dental Morphology and DNA Analysis. Hazara University, Mansehra: DEPARTMENT OF GENETICS HAZARA UNIVERSITY MANSEHRA. pp. 178–179.
  82. ↑ Ullah, Inam (3 March 2018). DENTAL MORPHOLOGY AND HAPLOTYPIC DIVERSITY IN THE MAJOR ETHNIC GROUPS OF SWAT AND DIR DISTRICTS. Hazara University, Mansehra: DEPARTMENT OF GENETICS HAZARA UNIVERSITY MANSEHRA. p. 128.
  83. ↑ Akbar, N.; Ahmad, H.; Nadeem, M.S.; Hemphill, B.E.; Muhammad, K.; Ahmad, W.; Ilyas, M. (January 2016). "HVSI polymorphism indicates multiple origins of mtDNA in the Hazarewal population of Northern Pakistan" (PDF). Genetics and Molecular Research. 15 (2): 5. doi:10.4238/gmr.15027167. PMID 27420957.
  84. ↑ Hussain, Anwar Hussain; Khattak, Naeem Ur Rehman and; Khan, Abdul Qayyum (2008). "An Analysis of Socioeconomic Profiles of the Rural Community Involved in Natural Resources Management: A case study of Hilkot Watershed Mansehra" (PDF). Sarhadh Journal of Agriculture. 24 (4). Pakistan Instittute of Development Economics Islamabad Pakistan: 674. The average literacy rate in the area was found to be about 46.7%, average literacy rate of male members of the Swati and Gujar communities was approximately 59% and that of female was about 40%. In Swati and Syed communities, literacy level in men and women was 73% and 58% respectively whereas in Gujar community it was found to be 49 % and 33 % respectively (Fig.5).
  85. 1 2 Rensch, Calvin Ross; O'Leary, Clare F.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (1992). Hindko and Gujari. National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University. p. 98 - 99.
  86. ↑ Swat), Sir Abdul Wadud (Wali of; K̲h̲ān̲, Muḥammad Āṣif (1963). The Story of Swat as Told by the Founder Miangul Abdul Wadud Badshah Sahib to Muhammad Asif Khan. pp. XV.
  87. ↑ Unesco (1 January 2026). Biosphere Reserves in Pakistan POCKETS OF HOPE: BiosphereReserves in South and Central Asia. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan: UNESCO. p. 116. JSTOR resrep78309.11.
  88. ↑ Quddus, Syed Abdul (1987). The Pathans. Ferozsons. p. 163. ISBN 978-969-0-00681-3.
  89. ↑ Chitra, V. R. (1948). Cottage Industries of India: Guide Book & Symposium. Silpi publication.
  90. ↑ Initiating Devolution for Service Delivery in Pakistan: Ignoring the Power Structure By Shahrukh Rafi Khan, Foqia Sadiq Khan & Aasim Sajjad Akhtar (2007) p.121.
  91. ↑ Man in Adaptation The Cultural Present By Yehudi A. Cohen. p.382.
  92. ↑ Inam-ur-Rahim; Viaro, Alain Mario (2002). Swat: An Afghan Society in Pakistan : Urbanisation and Change in Tribal Environment. City Press. p. 119. ISBN 978-969-8380-55-7. ...the evening and late night games for the youngers and teenagers particularly played during the winter inside the Hujra. Hunting is more common among Pukhtun, Kohistani, and Gujar/Ajars and includes fishing, hunting of migratory birds, wild ruminants and wild carnivores. The child and teenager use Leenda" for hunting the birds.
  93. ↑ Irfanullah, Sahibzada (2002). "Gujars in the Pakistani Hindu Kushhimalayas: Conflicts and Dilemmas About Lifestyles and Forest Use". Nomadic Peoples. 6 (2): 108. doi:10.3167/082279402782311130. ISSN 0822-7942. JSTOR 43123669.
  94. ↑ Mansehra District: Socio-political Profile. Pattan Development Organization. 2006. p. 15. Mansehra district has its own influential families like other districts of Pakistan. The most important are the Sayyeds, the Gujjars and the Tanolis. Each of them played an important part in the political activities of the district during the last fifteen years.
  95. 1 2 Khan, Shahrukh Rafi; Khan, Foqia Sadiq; Akhtar, Aasim Sajjad (2007). Initiating Devolution for Service Delivery in Pakistan: Ignoring the Power Structure. Oxford University Press. pp. 107–108. ISBN 978-0-19-547221-9.
  96. ↑ Lindholm, Charles (1979). "Contemporary Politics in a Tribal Society: Swat District, NWFP, Pakistan". Asian Survey. 19 (5): 498–499. doi:10.2307/2644040. ISSN 0004-4687. JSTOR 2644040.
  97. ↑ Khan, Shahrukh Rafi; Khan, Foqia Sadiq; Akhtar, Aasim Sajjad (2007). Initiating Devolution for Service Delivery in Pakistan: Ignoring the Power Structure. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-547221-9. Sardar Mohammad Yusuf became actively involved in electoral politics in 1990. He rallied the Gujjars and provided them with a political platform, the Kisan Mahaz Tenzeem (Farmer's Front Organization). 15 He raised the slogans of independence (from Syed and Swati landowners) and development (of the Gujjar population).
  98. ↑ "Fanoos Gujjar's struggle for oppressed communities commemorated". The Nation. 2019-02-02. Retrieved 2025-10-31.
  99. ↑ "Fanoos Gujjar: A legacy of resistance". NayaDaur. 2018-12-10. Retrieved 2025-10-31.
  100. ↑ Initiating Devolution for Service Delivery in Pakistan: Ignoring the Power Structure By Shahrukh Rafi Khan, Foqia Sadiq Khan, Aasim Sajjad Akhtar· (2007) p.108

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  • Stein, Sir Aurel (1929). On Alexander's Track to the Indus Personal Narrative of Explorations on the North-West Frontier of India. Macmillan. ASIN 9380852975.

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Gurjars speak various languages in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa as their mother tongues, including Pashto,[1][2] Gujari,[2] Hindko[3][4] and additional languages Urdu and Punjabi.
  2. ↑ Locally in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa they are also known as Gurjara, Gujara, Gujar, Gujjaro, Gojar, or (Gujar qawm / ګوجر قوم). Pashto: (په خیبر پښتونخوا کې ګجر); Gujari: (خیبر پختون خواہ ماں گرجر); Hindko: (خیبر پختونخوا اچ گرجر)
  3. ↑ In K.P.K Gurjars are mainly involved in agricultural activities.[7][8]
  4. ↑ There are also some tribal Gurjars[9] in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa known as Ajars and Shapunkins.[10]
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