Groningen (electoral district)

The district of Groningen in 1888

Groningen was an electoral district of the House of Representatives in the Netherlands from 1848 to 1918.

Background

Groningen was created as a single-member district in 1848 and briefly became a two-member district in 1888 before being reverted to a single-member district in 1897. It was named after the city of Groningen. In the first period, the municipalities of Groningen and Haren were consistently part of the district, while it also contained the municipalities of Adorp, Hoogezand, Hoogkerk, Noorddijk, Sappemeer, Winsum and Ten Boer at various points. As a two-member district, Groningen included the municipalities of Groningen, Haren, Hoogezand, Noorddijk, Ten Boer, Bedum and Slochteren. In 1897, it was reconstituted as an exclusively urban single-member district containing only the municipality of Groningen; all other municipalities were moved to the newly created district of Hoogezand.[1][2][3]

Throughout its first iteration, Groningen's population increased slightly from 21,459 in 1848 to 23,424 in 1878. In 1888, after the district's considerable enlargement, the district had a population of 90,573. After it was reduced again to include only the municipality of Groningen, its population increased from 66,537 in 1897 to 74,613 to 1909. From 1848 to 1869, the district's religious makeup was fairly stable, with around 72–75% of the population being Dutch Reformed, 13–15% being Roman Catholic, 1–5% being Gereformeerd, and another 9–11 % belonging to other denominations. From 1878 onward, the share of people identifying with the Dutch Reformed Church fell to 46% in 1909, while the share of people identifying as Gereformeerd rose to 14%, and the "others" grouping rose to 28%, which included 17% not belonging to any denomination.[4][2]

The district of Groningen was abolished upon the introduction of party-list proportional representation in 1918.

Members

Samuel van Houten
Hendrik Lodewijk Drucker

Groningen was a progressive district which elected liberals throughout its existence. Early representatives of the district include Berend Wichers and Steven Blaupot ten Cate, as well as the prominent statesman Johan Rudolph Thorbecke briefly in 1866. Groningen's longest-serving member was the independent liberal Samuel van Houten, who represented the district from 1869 until 1894, when he was unseated by the more progressive Hendrik Lodewijk Drucker, later parliamentary leader of the Free-thinking Democratic League. Van Houten was subsequently appointed interior minister in the Röell cabinet. In 1901, Drucker failed to send a letter of acceptance of his election in time, thus triggering a by-election in which he was re-elected unopposed. After Drucker's election to the Senate in 1913, the district elected Dirk Bos, but he had also been elected for the district of Winschoten, and opted to represent the latter, thus triggering another by-election in Groningen.

Election First member Party Second member Party
1848 Berend Wichers Ind One seat (1848–1888)
1850
1851 Steven Blaupot ten Cate Ind
1853
1856
1859 Berend Wichers Ind
1860
1863 Johan Herman Geertsema Czn. Ind
1864
1866 Johan Rudolph Thorbecke Ind
1866
1866 Willem Hendrik Dullert Ind
1868
1868 Johan Herman Geertsema Czn. Ind
1869 Samuel van Houten Ind
1871
1875
1879
1883
1884
1886
1887
1888 Lib Jacob Dirk Veegens Lib
1891
1894 Hendrik Lodewijk Drucker Lib
1897 One seat (1897–1918)
1901 VD
1901
1905
1909
1913 Dirk Bos VD
1913 Joseph Limburg VD
1917

Election results

Elections in the 1840s

1848 general election: Groningen
CandidatePartyVotes%
Berend WichersIndependent70083.73
W.L. de SturlerIndependent344.07
Arnoldus OudemanIndependent222.63
L.T. JorissenIndependent212.51
O.Q.J.J. van SwinderenIndependent141.67
Others455.38
Total836100.00
Valid votes83699.76
Invalid/blank votes20.24
Total votes838100.00
Registered voters/turnout1,19170.36
Independent gain
Source: Electoral Council,[5] Huygens Institute[6]

Elections in the 1850s

1850 general election: Groningen
CandidatePartyFirst roundSecond round
Votes%Votes%
Steven Blaupot ten CateIndependent39048.3335142.19
Berend WichersIndependent26332.5948157.81
Ludolf WichersIndependent769.42
Others789.67
Total807100.00832100.00
Valid votes80799.0283298.35
Invalid/blank votes80.98141.65
Total votes815100.00846100.00
Registered voters/turnout1,41757.521,41759.70
Independent hold
Source: Electoral Council,[7] Huygens Institute[8][9]
1851 Groningen by-election
CandidatePartyVotes%
Steven Blaupot ten CateIndependent35664.49
J.D. van HerwerdenIndependent9016.30
G. DiephuisIndependent376.70
Others6912.50
Total552100.00
Valid votes55299.46
Invalid/blank votes30.54
Total votes555100.00
Registered voters/turnout1,41739.17
Independent hold
Source: Electoral Council,[7] Huygens Institute[10]


1853 general election: Groningen
CandidatePartyVotes%
Steven Blaupot ten CateIndependent55764.24
G.W.H. baron van ImhoffIndependent28632.99
Others242.77
Total867100.00
Valid votes86799.09
Invalid/blank votes80.91
Total votes875100.00
Registered voters/turnout1,44360.64
Independent hold
Source: Electoral Council,[11] Huygens Institute[12]
1856 periodic election: Groningen
CandidatePartyVotes%
Steven Blaupot ten CateIndependent44390.78
Guillaume Groen van PrinstererIndependent224.51
Others234.71
Total488100.00
Valid votes48899.39
Invalid/blank votes30.61
Total votes491100.00
Registered voters/turnout1,47633.27
Independent hold
Source: Electoral Council,[13] Huygens Institute[14]
1859 Groningen by-election
CandidatePartyVotes%
Berend WichersIndependent20671.28
O.Q.J.J. van SwinderenIndependent4314.88
L.T. JorissenIndependent279.34
Others134.50
Total289100.00
Valid votes28997.64
Invalid/blank votes72.36
Total votes296100.00
Registered voters/turnout1,48419.95
Independent hold
Source: Electoral Council,[15] Huygens Institute[16]

Elections in the 1860s

1860 periodic election: Groningen
CandidatePartyVotes%
Berend WichersIndependent25393.01
Others196.99
Total272100.00
Valid votes27293.79
Invalid/blank votes186.21
Total votes290100.00
Registered voters/turnout1,52119.07
Independent hold
Source: Electoral Council,[17] Huygens Institute[18]
1863 Groningen by-election
CandidatePartyVotes%
Johan Herman Geertsema Czn.Independent38974.24
Willem Jozef Andreas JonckbloetIndependent7313.93
J.J. BleekerIndependent326.11
Others305.73
Total524100.00
Valid votes52499.24
Invalid/blank votes40.76
Total votes528100.00
Registered voters/turnout1,56433.76
Independent hold
Source: Electoral Council,[19] Huygens Institute[20]
1864 periodic election: Groningen
CandidatePartyVotes%
Johan Herman Geertsema Czn.Independent58382.81
James John Teding van BerkhoutIndependent8211.65
O.Q.J.J. van SwinderenIndependent273.84
Others121.70
Total704100.00
Valid votes70499.72
Invalid/blank votes20.28
Total votes706100.00
Registered voters/turnout1,49347.29
Independent hold
Source: Electoral Council,[21] Huygens Institute[22]
March 1866 Groningen by-election
CandidatePartyVotes%
Johan Rudolph ThorbeckeIndependent52069.15
O.Q.J.J. van SwinderenIndependent11615.43
J.D. van HerwerdenIndependent486.38
D.R. Wijckerheld BisdomIndependent455.98
Others233.06
Total752100.00
Valid votes75299.87
Invalid/blank votes10.13
Total votes753100.00
Registered voters/turnout1,46351.47
Independent hold
Source: Electoral Council,[21] Huygens Institute[23]
October 1866 general election: Groningen
CandidatePartyVotes%
Johan Rudolph ThorbeckeIndependent56463.30
E. van LoonIndependent15116.95
Levinus Wilhelmus Christiaan KeucheniusIndependent12514.03
O.Q.J.J. van SwinderenIndependent323.59
Others192.13
Total891100.00
Valid votes89199.66
Invalid/blank votes30.34
Total votes894100.00
Registered voters/turnout1,46361.11
Independent hold
Source: Electoral Council,[24] Huygens Institute[25]
December 1866 Groningen by-election
CandidatePartyVotes%
Willem Hendrik DullertIndependent36158.89
Coos CremersIndependent18430.02
Jan Willem van LoonIndependent437.01
Others254.08
Total613100.00
Valid votes61399.84
Invalid/blank votes10.16
Total votes614100.00
Registered voters/turnout1,46341.97
Independent hold
Source: Electoral Council,[24] Huygens Institute[26]
1868 general election: Groningen
CandidatePartyVotes%
Willem Hendrik DullertIndependent54365.11
J.A. FeithIndependent17320.74
Guillaume Groen van PrinstererIndependent11013.19
Others80.96
Total834100.00
Valid votes83499.88
Invalid/blank votes10.12
Total votes835100.00
Registered voters/turnout1,50755.41
Independent hold
Source: Electoral Council,[27] Huygens Institute[28]
1868 Groningen by-election
CandidatePartyVotes%
Johan Herman Geertsema Czn.Independent74072.55
J.A. FeithIndependent23523.04
Guillaume Groen van PrinstererIndependent383.73
Others70.69
Total1,020100.00
Valid votes1,02099.61
Invalid/blank votes40.39
Total votes1,024100.00
Registered voters/turnout1,50767.95
Independent hold
Source: Electoral Council,[27] Huygens Institute[29]
1869 Groningen by-election
CandidatePartyVotes%
Samuel van HoutenIndependent42279.92
Jacob DirksIndependent6011.36
P.A.S. van Limburg BrouwerIndependent183.41
Theo van Lynden van SandenburgIndependent163.03
Others122.27
Total528100.00
Valid votes52898.88
Invalid/blank votes61.12
Total votes534100.00
Registered voters/turnout1,50735.43
Independent hold
Source: Electoral Council,[27] Huygens Institute[30]

Elections in the 1870s

1871 periodic election: Groningen
CandidatePartyVotes%
Samuel van HoutenIndependent41254.50
Levinus Wilhelmus Christiaan KeucheniusIndependent19926.32
Alexander de Savornin LohmanIndependent12015.87
Others253.31
Total756100.00
Valid votes75699.60
Invalid/blank votes30.40
Total votes759100.00
Registered voters/turnout1,52949.64
Independent hold
Source: Electoral Council,[31] Huygens Institute[32]
1875 periodic election: Groningen
CandidatePartyVotes%
Samuel van HoutenIndependent61571.10
Oncko Wicher Star NumanAR24628.44
Others40.46
Total865100.00
Valid votes86599.65
Invalid/blank votes30.35
Total votes868100.00
Registered voters/turnout1,63253.19
Independent hold
Source: Electoral Council,[33] Huygens Institute[34]
1879 periodic election: Groningen
CandidatePartyVotes%
Samuel van HoutenIndependent39465.67
Coos CremersIndependent11719.50
Levinus Wilhelmus Christiaan KeucheniusAR7813.00
Others111.83
Total600100.00
Valid votes60098.36
Invalid/blank votes101.64
Total votes610100.00
Registered voters/turnout1,48641.05
Independent hold
Source: Electoral Council,[35] Huygens Institute[36]

Elections in the 1880s

1883 periodic election: Groningen
CandidatePartyVotes%
Samuel van HoutenIndependent64055.36
O.Q. van SwinderenIndependent30626.47
W.J. QuintusIndependent20918.08
Others10.09
Total1,156100.00
Valid votes1,15699.74
Invalid/blank votes30.26
Total votes1,159100.00
Registered voters/turnout1,60172.39
Independent hold
Source: Electoral Council,[37] Huygens Institute[38]
1884 general election: Groningen
CandidatePartyVotes%
Samuel van HoutenIndependent52752.39
Pieter Cort van der LindenIndependent37136.88
Alexander de Savornin LohmanAR10410.34
Others40.40
Total1,006100.00
Valid votes1,00699.70
Invalid/blank votes30.30
Total votes1,009100.00
Registered voters/turnout1,63061.90
Independent hold
Source: Electoral Council,[39] Huygens Institute[40]
1886 general election: Groningen
CandidatePartyVotes%
Samuel van HoutenIndependent70668.08
Petrus Johannes van SwinderenIndependent32831.63
Others30.29
Total1,037100.00
Valid votes1,03799.71
Invalid/blank votes30.29
Total votes1,040100.00
Registered voters/turnout1,72660.25
Independent hold
Source: Electoral Council,[41] Huygens Institute[42]
1887 general election: Groningen
CandidatePartyVotes%
Samuel van HoutenIndependent46572.77
Petrus Johannes van SwinderenIndependent10917.06
Ferdinand Domela NieuwenhuisIndependent304.69
Others355.48
Total639100.00
Valid votes63997.41
Invalid/blank votes172.59
Total votes656100.00
Registered voters/turnout1,73337.85
Independent hold
Source: Electoral Council,[43] Huygens Institute[44]
1888 general election: Groningen
CandidatePartyFirst roundSecond round
Votes%Votes%
Samuel van HoutenLib2,57325.57
Jacob Dirk VeegensLib2,37223.573,73867.01
Anthony BrummelkampAR1,64316.331,84032.99
Herman SchaepmanKa1,54015.31
J.A. NieuwenhuisRad9359.29
Ferdinand Domela NieuwenhuisSoc7267.22
A.M. PrinsProt1031.02
Others1701.69
Total10,062100.005,578100.00
Valid votes10,06298.695,57899.82
Invalid/blank votes1341.31100.18
Total votes10,196100.005,588100.00
Registered voters/turnout6,360160.316,36087.86
Liberal gain
Liberal gain
Source: Electoral Council,[45] Huygens Institute[46][47]

Elections in the 1890s

1891 general election: Groningen
CandidatePartyFirst roundSecond round
Votes%Votes%
Jacob Dirk VeegensLib2,38730.94
Samuel van HoutenLib1,78523.142,62966.61
Anthony BrummelkampAR1,10314.301,31833.39
Herman SchaepmanKa1,05913.73
Adriaan Louis PoelmanRad90411.72
Ferdinand Domela NieuwenhuisV3204.15
F. van der GoesV921.19
Others640.83
Total7,714100.003,947100.00
Valid votes7,71497.923,94798.67
Invalid/blank votes1642.08531.32
Total votes7,878100.004,000100.00
Registered voters/turnout6,021130.846,02166.43
Liberal hold
Liberal hold
Source: Electoral Council,[48] Huygens Institute[49][50]
1894 general election: Groningen
CandidatePartyVotes%
Jacob Dirk VeegensLib2,12331.94
Hendrik Lodewijk DruckerLib1,84127.70
Samuel van HoutenLib1,10716.65
Anthony BrummelkampAR5828.76
J. HaspersAR5087.64
Herman SchaepmanKa1992.99
Johan George GleichmanIndependent1121.68
Others1752.63
Total6,647100.00
Valid votes6,64793.12
Invalid/blank votes4916.88
Total votes7,138100.00
Registered voters/turnout6,026118.45
Liberal hold
Liberal hold
Source: Electoral Council,[51] Huygens Institute[52]
1897 general election: Groningen
CandidatePartyFirst roundSecond round
Votes%Votes%
Hendrik Lodewijk DruckerLib1,70939.612,65160.89
Samuel van HoutenVL1,02423.731,70339.11
Anthony BrummelkampAR1,00523.29
J. Domela NieuwenhuisCHK3628.39
F. van der GoesSDAP2154.98
Total4,315100.004,354100.00
Valid votes4,31599.454,35498.44
Invalid/blank votes240.55691.56
Total votes4,339100.004,423100.00
Registered voters/turnout5,63077.075,63078.56
Liberal hold
Source: Electoral Council,[53] Huygens Institute[54][55]

Elections in the 1900s

1901 general election: Groningen
CandidatePartyFirst roundSecond round
Votes%Votes%
Hendrik Lodewijk DruckerVD2,48147.863,17664.63
Samuel van HoutenVL1,42827.551,73835.37
Willem HelsdingenSDAP70413.58
Anthony BrummelkampAR57111.01
Total5,184100.004,914100.00
Valid votes5,18498.914,91499.39
Invalid/blank votes571.09300.61
Total votes5,241100.004,944100.00
Registered voters/turnout6,42481.586,42476.96
Free-thinking Democratic gain
Source: Electoral Council,[56] Huygens Institute[57][58]
1901 Groningen by-election
CandidatePartyVotes%
Hendrik Lodewijk DruckerVD
Total
Registered voters/turnout6,424–
Free-thinking Democratic hold
Source: Electoral Council,[56] Huygens Institute[59]
1905 general election: Groningen
CandidatePartyFirst roundSecond round
Votes%Votes%
Hendrik Lodewijk DruckerVD2,57339.354,40567.19
Alexander de Savornin LohmanCHP1,89729.012,15132.81
H. GorterSDAP1,23018.81
J. baron van Aulnis de BourouillVL81512.46
F. van der PersCD240.37
Total6,539100.006,556100.00
Valid votes6,53998.816,55699.48
Invalid/blank votes791.19340.52
Total votes6,618100.006,590100.00
Registered voters/turnout7,84984.327,84983.96
Free-thinking Democratic hold
Source: Electoral Council,[60] Huygens Institute[61][62]
1909 general election: Groningen
CandidatePartyVotes%
Hendrik Lodewijk DruckerVD3,50151.20
Alexander de Savornin LohmanCHU2,17031.73
Willem VliegenSDAP1,16717.07
Total6,838100.00
Valid votes6,83898.19
Invalid/blank votes1261.81
Total votes6,964100.00
Registered voters/turnout9,09676.56
Free-thinking Democratic hold
Source: Electoral Council,[63] Huygens Institute[64]

Elections in the 1910s

1913 general election: Groningen
CandidatePartyFirst roundSecond round
Votes%Votes%
Dirk BosVD3,76043.024,17155.62
Goswijn SannesSDAP2,45128.043,32844.38
Jan AnkermanCHU2,40627.53
G. SterringaSDP1241.42
Total8,741100.007,499100.00
Valid votes8,74198.467,49999.13
Invalid/blank votes1371.54660.87
Total votes8,878100.007,565100.00
Registered voters/turnout10,45284.9410,45272.38
Free-thinking Democratic hold
Source: Electoral Council,[65] Huygens Institute[66][67]
1913 Groningen by-election
CandidatePartyVotes%
Joseph LimburgVD3,78666.07
Eltjo RuggeSDAP1,86332.51
G. SterringaSDP811.41
Total5,730100.00
Valid votes5,73098.88
Invalid/blank votes651.12
Total votes5,795100.00
Registered voters/turnout10,45255.44
Free-thinking Democratic hold
Source: Electoral Council,[65] Huygens Institute[68]
1917 general election: Groningen
CandidatePartyVotes%
Joseph LimburgVD3,07058.76
Samuel van HoutenAG1,66031.77
G. SterringaSDP4959.47
Total5,225100.00
Valid votes5,22597.85
Invalid/blank votes1152.15
Total votes5,340100.00
Registered voters/turnout12,37243.16
Free-thinking Democratic hold
Source: Electoral Council,[69] Huygens Institute[70]

References

  1. ↑ "Gemeenten per district: Groningen". Huygens Resources (in Dutch). Retrieved 5 May 2026.
  2. 1 2 "opmerkingen_per_district: Groningen". Huygens Resources (in Dutch). Retrieved 5 May 2026.
  3. ↑ De Jong, Ron; Van der Kolk, Henk; Voerman, Gerrit (2011). Verkiezingen op de kaart 1848-2010: Tweede Kamerverkiezingen vanuit geografisch perspectief [Elections on the map 1848-2010: House of Representative elections from a geographic perspective] (in Dutch). Utrecht: Uitgeverij Matrijs. ISBN 9789053454374.
  4. ↑ "Samenstelling per district: Groningen". Huygens Resources (in Dutch). Retrieved 5 May 2026.
  5. ↑ Tweede Kamer 30 november 1848, Electoral Council
  6. ↑ Verkiezingsuitslag Groningen (30/11/1848), Huygens Institute
  7. 1 2 Tweede Kamer 27 augustus 1850, Electoral Council
  8. ↑ Verkiezingsuitslag Groningen (27/08/1850), Huygens Institute
  9. ↑ Verkiezingsuitslag Groningen (11/09/1850), Huygens Institute
  10. ↑ Verkiezingsuitslag Groningen (10/10/1851), Huygens Institute
  11. ↑ Tweede Kamer 17 mei 1853, Electoral Council
  12. ↑ Verkiezingsuitslag Groningen (17/05/1853), Huygens Institute
  13. ↑ Tweede Kamer 10 juni 1856, Electoral Council
  14. ↑ Verkiezingsuitslag Groningen (10/06/1856), Huygens Institute
  15. ↑ Tweede Kamer 8 juni 1858, Electoral Council
  16. ↑ Verkiezingsuitslag Groningen (30/08/1859), Huygens Institute
  17. ↑ Tweede Kamer 12 juni 1860, Electoral Council
  18. ↑ Verkiezingsuitslag Groningen (12/06/1860), Huygens Institute
  19. ↑ Tweede Kamer 10 juni 1862, Electoral Council
  20. ↑ Verkiezingsuitslag Groningen (15/09/1863), Huygens Institute
  21. 1 2 Tweede Kamer 14 juni 1864, Electoral Council
  22. ↑ Verkiezingsuitslag Groningen (14/06/1864), Huygens Institute
  23. ↑ Verkiezingsuitslag Groningen (01/03/1866), Huygens Institute
  24. 1 2 Tweede Kamer 30 oktober 1866, Electoral Council
  25. ↑ Verkiezingsuitslag Groningen (30/10/1866), Huygens Institute
  26. ↑ Verkiezingsuitslag Groningen (04/12/1866), Huygens Institute
  27. 1 2 3 Tweede Kamer 22 januari 1868, Electoral Council
  28. ↑ Verkiezingsuitslag Groningen (22/01/1868), Huygens Institute
  29. ↑ Verkiezingsuitslag Groningen (20/02/1868), Huygens Institute
  30. ↑ Verkiezingsuitslag Groningen (16/02/1869), Huygens Institute
  31. ↑ Tweede Kamer 13 juni 1871, Electoral Council
  32. ↑ Verkiezingsuitslag Groningen (13/06/1871), Huygens Institute
  33. ↑ Tweede Kamer 8 juni 1875, Electoral Council
  34. ↑ Verkiezingsuitslag Groningen (08/06/1875), Huygens Institute
  35. ↑ Tweede Kamer 10 juni 1879, Electoral Council
  36. ↑ Verkiezingsuitslag Groningen (10/06/1879), Huygens Institute
  37. ↑ Tweede Kamer 12 juni 1883, Electoral Council
  38. ↑ Verkiezingsuitslag Groningen (12/06/1883), Huygens Institute
  39. ↑ Tweede Kamer 28 oktober 1884, Electoral Council
  40. ↑ Verkiezingsuitslag Groningen (28/10/1884), Huygens Institute
  41. ↑ Tweede Kamer 15 juni 1886, Electoral Council
  42. ↑ Verkiezingsuitslag Groningen (15/06/1886), Huygens Institute
  43. ↑ Tweede Kamer 1 september 1887, Electoral Council
  44. ↑ Verkiezingsuitslag Groningen (01/09/1887), Huygens Institute
  45. ↑ Tweede Kamer 6 maart 1888, Electoral Council
  46. ↑ Verkiezingsuitslag Groningen (06/03/1888), Huygens Institute
  47. ↑ Verkiezingsuitslag Groningen (20/03/1888), Huygens Institute
  48. ↑ Tweede Kamer 9 juni 1891, Electoral Council
  49. ↑ Verkiezingsuitslag Groningen (09/06/1891), Huygens Institute
  50. ↑ Verkiezingsuitslag Groningen (23/06/1891), Huygens Institute
  51. ↑ Tweede Kamer 10 april 1894, Electoral Council
  52. ↑ Verkiezingsuitslag Groningen (10/04/1894), Huygens Institute
  53. ↑ Tweede Kamer 15 juni 1897, Electoral Council
  54. ↑ Verkiezingsuitslag Groningen (15/06/1897), Huygens Institute
  55. ↑ Verkiezingsuitslag Groningen (25/06/1897), Huygens Institute
  56. 1 2 Tweede Kamer 14 juni 1901, Electoral Council
  57. ↑ Verkiezingsuitslag Groningen (14/06/1901), Huygens Institute
  58. ↑ Verkiezingsuitslag Groningen (27/06/1901), Huygens Institute
  59. ↑ Verkiezingsuitslag Groningen (09/08/1901), Huygens Institute
  60. ↑ Tweede Kamer 16 juni 1905, Electoral Council
  61. ↑ Verkiezingsuitslag Groningen (16/06/1905), Huygens Institute
  62. ↑ Verkiezingsuitslag Groningen (28/06/1905), Huygens Institute
  63. ↑ Tweede Kamer 11 juni 1909, Electoral Council
  64. ↑ Verkiezingsuitslag Groningen (11/06/1909), Huygens Institute
  65. 1 2 Tweede Kamer 17 juni 1913, Electoral Council
  66. ↑ Verkiezingsuitslag Groningen (17/06/1913), Huygens Institute
  67. ↑ Verkiezingsuitslag Groningen (25/06/1913), Huygens Institute
  68. ↑ Verkiezingsuitslag Groningen (13/08/1913), Huygens Institute
  69. ↑ Tweede Kamer 15 juni 1917, Electoral Council
  70. ↑ Verkiezingsuitslag Groningen (15/06/1917), Huygens Institute
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