1920 Manitoba general election

1920 Manitoba general election
June 29, 1920
55 seats of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba
28 seats needed for a majority
  First party Second party
 
Leader Tobias Norris
Party Liberal Farmer
Leader since 1910
Leader's seat Lansdowne
Last election 40 pre-creation
Seats won 21 14
Seat change Decrease19 Increase14
Percentage 35.1% 14.1%
Swing Decrease20.0pp Increase14.1pp
  Third party Fourth party
 
Leader Fred Dixon Richard G. Willis
Party Labour Conservative
Leader since 1920 1919
Leader's seat Winnipeg Ran in Turtle Mountain (lost)
Last election pre-creation 5
Seats won 11 8
Seat change Increase11 Increase3
Percentage 20.5% 18.5%
Swing Increase20.5pp Decrease14.5pp
Premier before election

Tobias Norris
Liberal

 Premier after election

Tobias Norris
Liberal

The 1920 Manitoba general election was held on June 29, 1920 to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Manitoba, Canada. This was the first election since the Winnipeg General Strike, which had violently divided the people of Winnipeg, Manitoba's capital and largest city, into two camps. Partly to soften this polarization, a form of proportional representation was adopted in Winnipeg, and the 1920 Manitoba election was the first North American government election above the city level to use proportional representation. This was the first election where single transferable voting was used to elect Winnipeg MLAs, now ten in number.[1][2]

It was also the first Manitoba provincial election to allow women, excepting Treaty Indians, to vote and to run as candidates. Edith Rogers, a Metis, was elected in Winnipeg, becoming the first woman elected to the Manitoba Legislature.

The election produced a minority government, with no group holding a majority of seats in the legislature. Norris's Liberals had more seats than any other party, 21 seats out of 55, so were given power. The government survived only two years.

Background

Between the previous 1915 election and the 1920 campaign, Manitoba experienced profound social and cultural change. Since the formal introduction of partisan politics in 1888, Manitoba had been dominated by the Liberal and Conservative parties, which governed the province in succession. After World War I, new political groups and interests emerged to threaten the two-party system.

The Winnipeg General Strike of 1919 brought labour issues to the forefront of provincial concern and radicalized many working-class Manitobans. In previous elections, labour and socialist parties were a marginal force. Going into the 1920 election, they stood to make significant electoral gains. In the rural constituencies, several candidates ran for office as farmer representatives, or as "people's candidates" opposed to partisan government.

Against this backdrop, the governing Liberal Party of Tobias Norris ran a defensive campaign. Supported by the Winnipeg Free Press, the Liberals portrayed themselves as a stabilizing force amid the province's changes.

The 1920 election is notable for its use of single transferable voting (STV) in the City of Winnipeg. Previously, the city had been divided into three two-member constituencies, each seat elected in a separate "first past the post" election.

Starting in the 1920 election, Winnipeg was covered by a city-wide ten-member constituency, in which each voter had one vote. The method of election was the STV system of proportional representation. In the world, this was the largest number of legislators elected by STV in any district up to that time.[3] Winnipeg would use STV to elect its MLAs until 1958.

Winnipeg's change to STV was done in an attempt to calm the political waters, which might have been roiled up even more if majority government was granted to a party that did not have majority support.[4]

Outcome

The election resulted in a fragmented parliament, with no group holding majority of seats in the legislature. Norris's Liberals remained the largest party, but were reduced to a minority government with 21 seats out of 55. The party remained in office until 1922, but unwilling or unable to find joint cause with the other factions, it did little in the way of legislative initiatives.

Twelve "farmer" and "independent farmer" members were elected in rural constituencies. These candidates were a heterogeneous group and did not run a united campaign. While not a "political party" in the traditional sense, they formed a functional caucus group in the legislature. Some members of this group later joined the political wing of the United Farmers of Manitoba, which took power in the next election.

In Winnipeg's ten seats, Liberal candidates took four seats and Conservatives two. Labour made a good showing there as well. Four different working-class and left-wing parties ran candidates in Winnipeg and altogether ran ten candidates, electing four.

The Labour Party won an impressive victory in Winnipeg, taking two seats. Party leader Fred Dixon received 1100 votes in the First Count, a lead of more than 7,000 votes ahead of his nearest rival. His vote tally was more than twice the number needed to take a seat (the quota). His surplus were not wasted but under the rules of STV, it was transferred to other candidates. Many went to other DLP candidates, and Ivens then exceeded quota and was declared elected.

Leftists were rewarded with four seats of the 10 Winnipeg seats. Elected were Dixon and William Ivens of the Dominion Labour Party, George Armstrong of the Socialist Party of Canada, and John Queen of the Social Democratic Party. SPC's Robert B. Russell narrowly failed to win a second seat for his party. A candidate of the Ex-Soldiers and Ex-Sailors Party of Manitoba also campaigned with the Labour candidates in Winnipeg. When he was eliminated, his votes went mostly to the remaining candidates of the DLP, SPC and SDP.

Ivens, Armstrong, Queen and Russell were all serving prison sentences at the time of the election, due to their leadership of the Winnipeg General Strike. Many Winnipegers believed the prison sentences were politically motivated, and the issue was a rallying cry for labour in the campaign.

Seven other labour MLAs were elected in the rest of the province, making the Labour group the third largest in the legislature.

The Conservative Party managed a minor recovery from its disastrous showing in 1915 and won eight seats under its new leader, Richard G. Willis. Willis himself was not elected.

Three independents were also elected to the legislature in rural districts.

The first woman was elected to the Legislature in this election. Edith Rogers was also the first Indigenous woman in the Manitoba Legislature.

Party results

Party Party leader # of
candidates		 Members elected Popular vote
1915 1920 % change # % % change
  Liberal Tobias Norris   40 21 -47.5%   35.1% -20%
Farmer -     12     14.1%  
  Labour (DLP) Fred Dixon 12   9     17.7%  
  Socialist Party 4   1     2.8%  
  Social Democratic (1) 1 1 1 -      
  Conservative Richard G. Willis   5 8 +60.0%   18.5% -14.5%
  Independents/others (1)   1 3 +200%   2.6%  
Total   47 55 +17.0%   100%  

Note:

(1) SDP popular vote included in "Independents/others".

Popular vote
Liberal
 
 35.10%
DLP/Soc/SD
 
 20.50%
Conservative
 
 18.50%
Farmer
 
 14.10%
Others
 
 11.80%
Seats summary
Liberal
 
 38.18%
Farmer
 
 21.82%
DLP/Soc/SD
 
 20.00%
Conservative
 
 14.55%
Others
 
 5.45%

Riding results

Arthur:

Assiniboia:

Beautiful Plains:

Birtle:

Brandon City:

Carillon:

Cypress:

Dauphin:

Deloraine:

Dufferin:

Emerson:

Ethelbert:

  • Nicholas Hryhorczuk (Independent Farmer) 1271
  • Ernest A. Marcroft (Farmer) 684
  • James Guiszdaski (L) 110

Fairford:

  • Albert Kirvan (L) 241
  • Gabriel Gilbert Serkan (L) 240
  • Oliver Calverley (Ind) 236
  • A.F. Carpenter (Ind) 137
  • J. Matheson (Ind) 121

Fisher:

  • Henry Mabb (Independent Farmer) 443
  • J.W. Arsenyth (L) 362
  • A.J. Gamache (L) 214

Gilbert Plains:

Gimli:

Gladstone:

Glenwood:

Hamiota:

Iberville:

Kildonan & St. Andrews:

  • Charles Tanner (DLP/Labour) 1184
  • David Morrison (L) 876
  • T. McConnell (Farmer) 852

Killarney:

Lakeside:

Lansdowne:

La Verendrye:

Manitou:

Minnedosa:

Morden and Rhineland:

Morris:

  • William Clubb (Farmer) 930
  • Alex Ayotte (Farmer) 765
  • Frederick J. Last (Ind) 251

Mountain:

  • (incumbent) James Baird (L) 1304
  • Andrew Young (Farmer) 1178

Norfolk:

Portage la Prairie:

Roblin:

Rockwood:

Rupertsland:

Russell:

St. Boniface:

St. Clements:

St. George:

Ste. Rose:

  • (incumbent) Joseph Hamelin (C) 878
  • D.J. Hill (Ind) 745
  • Z.H. Rheaume (L) 488

Springfield:

  • Arthur Moore (Labour) 987
  • Isaac Cook (Farmer) 928
  • E.D.R. Bissett (L) 352
  • E.H. Dugard (Farmer) 123

Swan River:

The Pas:

  • (incumbent) Edward Brown (L) 560
  • Allan Norgrove (Labour) 126

Turtle Mountain:

Virden:

  • (incumbent) George Clingan (L) 1313
  • Reginald Arthur Knight (Farmer) 1022

Winnipeg election results

The electoral districts of Winnipeg were combined to form one city-wide multi-member constituency, with its ten MLAs elected via single transferable vote. While the parties that contested the election all filed slates of candidates, or coordinated with allies to field joint slates, the election itself was not conducted by party list. Each voter only cast one vote for a single candidate, but had the option to mark back-up choices by ranking the other candidates. Votes were transferred in cases where it was found that the marked preference had more than enough votes to be elected or was not popular enough to be elected. Nine of the candidates in the top ten spots in the first round of counting were elected in the end. The vote transfers mostly merely confirmed that initial ordering of candidates but in one case they had an effect - they caused the election of SDP candidate John Queen, instead of the initially-more popular Socialist candidate Russell. However, each voter having just one vote meant that no one party could take much more than its due share of seats in the first round, and a wide range of parties were represented among those in winning positions even in the first round of counting.

The two main parties each ran a full slate of candidates, an inefficient practice they avoided in later elections. A joint "Labour" ten-name slate was filed by the Dominion Labour Party, the Socialist Party, the Social Democratic Party and the Ex-Soldiers and Ex-Sailors Party of Manitoba. Those thirty party candidates were joined on the ballot by 11 independent candidates. At least five candidates were women (1 Conservative, 1 Liberal, 1 SPC and 2 Independent).

The Droop Quota was calculated based on valid votes cast. Any candidate with votes enough to equal or exceed the quota were declared elected, and their surplus votes distributed based on voters' next marked usable preference in a subsequent count. At the start of each count, if there were still seats remaining to be filled but no candidates had been elected to produce surplus votes needing transfer, the candidate with the least votes at that count was eliminated and their votes distributed based on voters' next usable marked preference. The process repeated until all ten seats were filled. The last seats were filled on the 38th round of counting, when the fourth remaining candidate was eliminated, leaving just three left in the running with three seats still to be filled. These last three were declared elected even though they did not have quota.

In total, 47,321 valid votes were cast. Accordingly, the Droop quota was 4,312.

Two candidates, Labour Fred Dixon, and Liberal minister Thomas Johnson secured the quota (with Dixon getting almost three times the quota) and were declared elected. Dixon's large number of surplus votes were transferred, impacting several candidates' rankings in the second count. Close to half of the surplus votes went to party running-mate William Ivens, which enabled him to leapfrog from fifth place to secure the third seat in the second round of counting. Each subsequent count produced only small changes in ranking, in part due to the vote transfers of eliminated candidates going from less popular candidates to more popular ones. It was not until the thirty-first count the fourth member was declared elected, Conservative John Thomas Haig, followed by Social Democrat John Queen on the thirty-second count. (He had moved up from the 13th spot through vote transfers.) Liberals John Stovel and Duncan Cameron were elected on the thirty third count. The final three members, Socialist George Armstrong, Liberal Edith Rogers, and Conservative William J. Tupper (son of the one time Prime Minister) did not obtain enough votes to match the Droop quota but were declared elected after a 4th remaining candidate was eliminated in the thirty-eighth round of counting, leaving just three candidates in the running for the last three seats.

PartyCandidatesElectedElected members Party tally of first preferences
Votes%
Liberal10 [a]4Thomas Johnson, John Stovel, Duncan Cameron, Edith Rogers1442330.64%
Dominion LabourJoint slate42Fred Dixon, William Ivens1366529.03%
Social Democratic11John Queen12532.66%
Socialist41George Armstrong479710.19%
Ex-Soldier104520.96%
Conservative102John Thomas Haig, William J. Tupper647513.76%
Independents110636213.52%

Nine of the ten elected MLAs were among the top ten vote-getters in the first count. The only exception was John Queen of the Social Democratic Party, who was in thirteenth in the first count, but moved up to sixth place in the second count. Only one of the five women running, Liberal Edith Rogers, was elected, and only at the end, with a partial quota.

Effectiveness in reflecting voters wishes

Under the STV system used to elect Winnipeg's ten MLAs, 42,040 (89 percent of the 47,427 valid votes cast) were actually used to help elect someone.

A total of 30,999 first preferences (65 percent of the 47,427 valid votes) were expressed for those who were declared elected sooner or later.

Every party, except the Ex-Soldiers Party (Samuel Cartwright) elected at least one representative, so of the party voters, all but 452 voters (in the first count) saw someone of their preferred party elected.

In each case, the most-personally-popular candidate on the party slate was elected.


Winnipeg results summary by candidates

Candidate
Incumbent re-elected defeated
Newly elected		 Affiliation 1st count Final[b]
PartySlate Votes #[c]CountVotes#
Frederick John “Fred” Dixon Dominion LabourLabour115861 1st11,5861
Thomas Herman Johnson Liberal43862 1st4,3862
William “Bill” IvensDominion LabourLabour19285 2nd5,5443
John Thomas HaigConservative18936 31st4,4164
John QueenSocial DemocraticLabour125313 32nd4,3325
John StovelLiberal17437 33rd4,6746
Duncan CameronLiberal 24024 33rd4,3947
George ArmstrongSocialistLabour 27673 38th4,2828
Edith Frances MacTavish Rogers Liberal 15418 38th4,0109
William Johnston TupperConservative 150010 38th3,58310
Robert Boyd “R. B.” RussellSocialistLabour1535937th3,52011
Harriet Snetsinger Dick Independent13071133th2,93112
Robert JacobLiberal 12061431st2,34713
William Clarence MordenIndependent 11501630th1,38414
Nelson D. ArmstrongIndependent 11741529th1,86415
William John ChristieConservative12741228th1,72616
William Linton ParrishLiberal 9451727th1,42417
Samuel CartwrightSoldiers & SailorsLabour4522326th1,38418
Leoni St. Clairze “Leo” WardeIndependent8451825th1,20119
Mrs. William Arthur (Eleanor) Pritchard SocialistLabour4432424th1,15520
William GibbonLiberal7921923rd1,06721
Neil T. CareyIndependent7762122nd1,01922
Thomas Glendenning HamiltonLiberal 7862021st93423
James LightfootConservative5542220th86224
Edward Bailey FisherIndependent4312519th50825
Walter A. JamesDominion LabourLabour563818th47526
Genevieve Elsie Alice Lipsett (Skinner)Conservative3592717th46127
Frederick William LawLiberal3682616th45028
Albert MacMartinConservative1893315th34229
Frederick George “Fred” TippingDominion LabourLabour953614th31330
Charles Henry ForresterInd Prog-C2822813th30931
Robert Newton Lowery Liberal2543012th28432
Percy V. TorranceConservative2652911th28233
George Waldron ProutIndependent2193110th26134
Malcolm McInnesConservative218329th23035
Richard James “Dickie” JohnsSocialistLabour52398th17336
George H. LawrenceConservative135347th15937
Alice Ann Dean HollingIndependent105356th13138
James O. TurnbullConservative88375th9039
David S. LyonsInd. Liberal45404th5040
J. H. GislasonIndependent Liberal28414th4041

Detailed results by count

Vote tallies in the table below were extracted from reporting in the Winnipeg Free Press.

Rankings, gains and the exhausted tallies were calculated based on those reports. There were some apparent errors that were not reconcilable. These were simply bridged by understating the calculated exhausted tallies. The purpose of the table is to provide an easy visual to the movement of votes and candidates in the successive rounds.

Shading under change (±) columns informally highlight significant gains with colour indicating the affiliation of the source of transfer (no fixed threshold for highlight, varies at different counts, generally applied if a candidate received more than ~10% of the votes being transferred during that count, or if the transfer boost the candidate's tally by more than ~2%

Arrows ↑↓ highlight selected changes in rankings that were significant, of interest, or consequential. (Not all changes were highlighted with arrows)
Both shading and arrows are for informal reference only.

1st to 20th counts

remaining at start of round 10 / 418 / 397 / 387 / 387 / 38 7 / 367 / 357 / 347 / 337 / 32 7 / 317 / 307 / 297 / 287 / 27 7 / 267 / 257 / 247 / 237 / 22
Elected or eliminated Dixon;Johnson electedDixon surplus. Ivens electedJohnson surplusIvens surplus.Lyon; Gislason elim.Turnbull elim.Holling elim.Lawrence elim.Johns elim.McInnes elim. Prout elim.Torrance elim.Lowery elim.Forrester elim.Tipping elim.MacMartin elim.Law elim.Lipsett elim.James elim.Fisher elim.
Count 1st2nd3rd4th5th6th7th8th9th10th 11th12th13th14th15th16th17th18th19th20th
CandidateVotes#±Votes#±Votes#±Votes#±Votes#±Votes#±Votes#±Votes#±Votes#±Votes# Candidate±Votes#±Votes#±Votes#±Votes#±Votes#±Votes#±Votes#±Votes#±Votes#±Votes#
Fred Dixon115861-727443121E43121E43121E43121E43121E43121E43121E43121E43121 Fred DixonE43121E43121E43121E43121E43121E43121E43121E43121E43121E43121
Thomas Johnson 43862043862 -7443122E43122E43122 E43122E43122E43122 E43122E43122 Thomas JohnsonE43122 E43122E43122E43122 E43122E43122E43122 E43122E43122E43122
Bill Ivens192853616 5544↑3 055443-123243123E43123 E43123E43123E43123 E43123E43123 Bill Ivens043123E43123 E43123E43123E43123 E43123E43123E43123 E43123E43123
J.T. Haig18936761969↓811970821972831975815199089199988200780200784120488 J.T. Haig15206382420878320908172107822109849215881421728482220813223386422978
John Queen1253138512104↑60210463742478↑58248650248652248853249151725085025085 John Queen9251750251752251956252554925745182592582600532603511727205927295
John Stovel17437301773↓9101783921785901785901785*9717929417969117979718049 John Stovel28183297183993518749218769318799318829471929921195093195393419879
Duncan Cameron2402482410582418512419↓6124206024206124216124226124236524286 Duncan Cameron14244261024526172469612470602470662476637251365251860251862725456
George Armstrong276734203187403187453324041324140324140324142324342032634232654 George Armstrong53270413271413272473279412329144329542329743330042633264933354
Edith Rogers1541825156610615721041576100157610215781010158810115891001589104159310 Edith Rogers9160210201622↓1121164311616491131652117165911461705↑10441749↓ 11317521117176911
W.J. Tupper1500105150511115061101506111150711151522110152211415261111527118153511 W.J. Tupper111546111021648↑1081656101016661061672102817001041704↓ 11721776↑10117771022179910
R.B. Russell153594932028↑7020287163219176219772219972220172220372422277222297 R.B. Russell72236702236702236722238763230172230375230873231175223637423677
Harriet Dick1307111331440121144112814491221451122145312261479122148112414851212149712 Harriet Dick181515122151712715241211525121215371215155212211573121001673121216851259174412
Robert Jacob12061434124014101250148125814212601421262144126614312691431272148128014 Robert Jacob1512951412130714731380↑13413841331387133139014471437↑133144013214421323146513
William Morden1150168112311511232159124115412451581253154125715312601511261158126915 William Morden201289155129415613001525132515213271543137015141384154138815713951535143015
N.D. Armstrong1174153312071601207162120916112101631213166121916212211601221164122516 N.D. Armstrong11123616612421611243167125016112511681259161312721611128316312861629131516
W.J. Christie12741223129713012971311298134130213213041311305134130913013091314132313 W.J. Christie3132613181344130134414171361142136314271390↑13213921435142714114281428145614
William Parrish9451713958171897617297817298017098017498417198517298717599217 William Parrish810001761006172910351711036171103717610431721106417510691741073↓ 1922109519
S. Cartwright45223436888↑1908881968956↑18295818095818195918196018796718196818 S. Cartwright397118197218097218597718321009185101418710211931024191091133↑ 1711114417
Leo Warde8451849894181895183898↓19189919490319390619290819190920991820 Leo Warde1393120149452014959↑19396219897020397321491022↑181110331831036↓ 2023105920
Eleanor Pritchard4432428272523072523163888↑2028902008902038932028952053948↑ 19094819 Eleanor Pritchard29501909501939532019542019973196979205984213987211041091↑ 188109918
William Gibbon7921954846204850202852211853226859210? 85921686521086521386821 William Gibbon687421287621218972179042139072129092219928226934222936222596122
Neil T. Carey7762154830210830211831222285321085322085322185422085422085422 Neil T. Carey38572208572208572337894↑ 22089422106[d] 1000↑ 1901000202100220210042110101421
Thomas Hamilton786203181722682322182423082423082423182523182623282823082823 Thomas Hamilton68342318352323858↑ 2210868230868*23387123258962310906230906231291823
J. Lightfoot55422405942405942435972436002486082436112417628244632241164324 J. Lightfoot564824226702416712496802406802441721244476524448092498182424Red X symbolN 84224
E.B. Fisher431254347425047425147525447925148025048025048025048025248225 E.B. Fisher13495250495252497254501250501252503251504254508250Red X symbolN 50825-508 dist'ed 25
W. A. James563890146↑35014636207353↑284357281358284362281363281838128438528 W. A. James13862803862803862863922877469↑ 263472262474261Red X symbolN 47526-475 dist'ed 26
G. Lipsett3592713372270372271373271374274? 3782714392272394270394271140527 G. Lipsett104152710425271426274430272432↓ 2822454↑ 277Red X symbolN 46127-461 dist'ed 27
F.W. Law368262839626339926440326240526240726541226141326341626241826 F.W. Law44222664282616444262446261447↓ 273Red X symbolN 450↓ 28-450 dist'ed 28
A. MacMartin18933132023402023412033522053502053502053576281↑ 3112823144326↑ 29 A. MacMartin4330296336292338294342290Red X symbolN 34229-342 dist'ed 29
Fred Tipping9536123218↑3302183370288↑30128930329230329530029530429930130031 Fred Tipping9309312311300311302Red X symbolN 31330-313 dist'ed 30
Charles Forrester282281830028030028130129230329230529330829030829030829130930 Charles Forrester0309300309↓ 310Red X symbolN 30931-309 dist'ed 31
R.N. Lowery254301026430326729226931026931026931427331227532227732528232 R.N. Lowery2284320Red X symbolN 28432-284 dist'ed 32
P.V. Torrance 265291266290266300266321267322269320269320269330269331228133 P.V. Torrance1Red X symbolN 28233-282 dist'ed 33
George Prout 2193133252311253314257330257330257331258331259342261340Red X symbolN 26134 George Prout-261 dist'ed 34
Malcolm McInnes21832522332022332122434022434 5229340229341230350Red X symbolN 23035-230 dist'ed 35Malcolm McInnes
Dickie Johns 5239521043801043865169↑361170360170362172361Red X symbolN 17336-173 dist'ed 36Dickie Johns
G.H. Lawrence 1353418153360153352155371156371157372Red X symbolN 15937-159 dist'ed 37G.H. Lawrence
Ann Holling 105352312837012837112938113038113138Red X symbolN -131 0 (dist'ed) 38Ann Holling
J. O. Turnbull 883729039090390903909039Red X symbolN -90 0 (dist'ed) 39J. O. Turnbull
David S. Lyons 4540449400494015040Red X symbolN -50 0 (dist'ed) 40David S. Lyons
J. H. Gislason 28411139410394114041Red X symbolN -40 41J. H. Gislason
Candidate1st2nd3rd4th5th 6th7th8th9th10th Candidate11th12th13th14th15th 16th17th18th19th20th
Total Valid4742747427474274742747423 [e] 4742447418474144741247408 4740247397[e]473994729047278[e]47351 47341473214731947306
[f]Exhaust44-1369413215419625530-22810913712149-73[g] 76108620106210813121
Total4742747427474274742747427 4742747427474274742747427474274742747427 47427474274742747427474274742747427

21st to 38th counts

remaining 7 / 217 / 207 / 197 / 187 / 17 7 / 167 / 157 / 147 / 137 / 12 7 / 116 / 95 / 73 / 43 / 4 3 / 43 / 43/4
Elected or eliminated Lightfoot elim.Hamilton elim.Carey elim.Gibbon elim.Pritchard elim.Warde elim. Cartwright elim.Parrish elim.Christie elim.N. Armstrong elim. Morden elim. Haig electedJacob elim. Queen elected Dick elim. Stovel, Cameron electedHaig's surplusQueen's surplusStovel surplusCameron surplusRussell declared defeated
Count # 21st22nd23rd24th25th 26th27th28th29th30th 31st32nd33rd34th35th 36th37th38th
Candidate ±Votes#±Votes#±Votes#±Votes#±Votes#±Votes#±Votes#±Votes#±Votes#±Votes# Candidate±Votes#±Votes#±Votes#±Votes#±Votes#±Votes#±Votes#±Votes#
Fred Dixon E43121E43121E43121E43121E43121E43121E43121E43121E43121E43121 Fred Dixon E43121E43121E43121E43121E43121E43121E43121E43121
Thomas Johnson E43122E43122E43122E43122E43122E43122E43122E43122E43122E43122 Thomas Johnson E43122E43122E43122E43122E43122E43122E43122E43122
Bill Ivens E43123E43123E43123E43123E43123E43123E43123E43123E43123E43123 Bill Ivens 043123E43123E43123E43123E43123E43123E43123E43123
J.T. Haig 1452442↑733247578725627592621752626869269583127268522778910163794↑62264020↑5 J.T. Haig39644164044164044164-10443124E43124E43124E43124E43124
John Queen 14274351427575832840511285165403391↑540343154393870↑41738874203907418040874 John Queen187427455843325043325043325-2043125E43125E43125E43125
John Stovel 382025912221479262173915923329523379932430924245495072961850301191273138↑8 John Stovel19333318764409585794674↑646746046746-36243126E43126E43126
Duncan Cameron 202565615627216312752621829705329736483021693030625032806323312714934617 Duncan Cameron1013562756141236-4394↓727143947043947043947-8243127E43127
George Armstrong 143349473356424338041033904693459434349343633856↓533859510386951374006↓6 George Armstrong84409061341037-unknown?[h]1424245↓804245813425882442828042828
Edith Rogers 38180711116192311241947111262073↑1072080107421541023217710212238910342423↓11147257011 Edith Rogers124269412495318910-unknown?[h]6123801↑9438059142394796340109040109
W.J. Tupper 13919381012195010932043101420571132060115521151110212512382163123382501↑1097259810 W.J. Tupper324292211147306911-unknown?[h]4193488↑1003488↓ 11313519↑10? 633582100358210
R.B. Russell 92376842380818239887240584152820↑7322852717830307103040733043↓8713114↓9 R.B. Russell92320692032269-unknown?[h]2613487↓ 11163503↑101635191013520↓ 113520 [i]11
Harriet Dick 251769124718161294191012811991121420051281208612842170↑1143221311752288↓12270255812 Harriet Dick1852743↑101912934↓12-2934 dist'ed 12
Robert Jacob 141479151501629↑1319164814156180413518091366187513221897132222119132921481375222313 Robert Jacob1242347 13-2347 dist'ed 13
William Morden 821512↑141315251512016451515166014716671487175414441798151318111558186914unknown14 William Morden-?? dist'ed 14
N.D. Armstrong 5213671614138116241405161514201661426163031729↑15761805↑141518201424184415-1844 dist'ed 15 N.D. Armstrong
W.J. Christie 921548↑1310155814921650↑1391659↓151166015221682162317051621172616-1726 dist'ed 16 W.J. Christie
William Parrish 211116191031219↑17411260171221382171138317361419175142417-1424 dist'ed 17 William Parrish
S. Cartwright 131157175116218501212181112231855127818106138418-1384 dist'ed 18 S. Cartwright
Leo Warde 4311022015111720461163↑192511881913120119-1201 dist'ed 19 Leo Warde
Eleanor Pritchard 201119185112419231147↓208115520-1155 dist'ed 20 Eleanor Pritchard
William Gibbon 1197222871059↑218106721-1067 dist'ed 21 William Gibbon
Neil T. Carey 410182111019↓22-1019 dist'ed 22 Neil T. Carey
Thomas Hamilton 1693423-934 dist'ed Thomas Hamilton
J. Lightfoot -842 dist'ed 24 J. Lightfoot
21st22nd23rd24th25th 26th27th28th29th30th 31st32nd33rd34th35th 36th37th38th
Total Valid 47274 47254 47138 47117 47111 47056 47003 46982 46945 46820 46521 46423 [j] [k] 45,669 45669 45509 [e] 45578 42038
Exhaust 3215320[g]17311628921310631655371534242124537482125607299906981004--754[l]1758017581601918-69[m]1849
Total 47427 47427 47427 47427 474274742747427474274742747427474274742747,42747,42747427474274742747427
  1. ↑ including five incumbents, four of which were defeated
  2. ↑ Under final, Count was the count following which the candidate was either declared elected or eliminated, Votes was the candidate's vote tally at that count before surplus (if elected) or remainder (if eliminated) were redistributed. As some of the final votes were later transferred, the "final" counts together add up to more than votes cast. # indicates the order in which the candidates were declared elected.
  3. ↑ In column under # was the candidate's ranking at a particular count.
  4. ↑ likely incorrect
  5. 1 2 3 4 Error: Total gains exceeded distributed tally. Error to be abridged by reducing the exhausted tally (this is an abridgement and not reconciliation as ballot cannot be un-exhausted once it has exhausted)
  6. ↑ Exhausted tally is notional and not actual, calculated at each count by taking the difference between the tally being redistributed and the sum of all the gain. Notations are made where part of exhausted tally were used to abridge apparent or irreconcilable recording errors.
  7. 1 2 The probable significant error introduced in the tally of Carey at the 16th count meant that the notional exhausted tallies from the 16th count to the 22nd count would be significant off from actual tallies.
  8. 1 2 3 4 total of gains in 33rd count and 34th count
  9. ↑ not transferred and not used to elect anyone
  10. ↑ Numbers for the 33rd count not listed. Dick eliminated. Stovel elected with 4674 votes; Cameron elected with 4394 votes.
  11. ↑ Due to lack of tally reports for the 33rd count, gains calculation for the 34th count was done against the 32nd count.
  12. ↑ Due to lack of tally reports for the 33rd count, gains calculation for the 34th count was done against the 32nd count.
  13. ↑ Actual reported exhausted tally.

Sources

The first ballot results for Winnipeg and results for all other constituencies are taken from an official Manitoba government publication entitled "Manitoba elections, 1920-1941" (cross-referenced with an appendix to the government's report of the 2003 provincial election). The Canadian Parliamentary Guide for 1921 lists slightly different results for Dufferin and Gladstone; the other two sources contain more information, however, and may be taken as more reliable.

All ballot results for Winnipeg after the first count are taken from reports in the Winnipeg Free Press newspaper. There were some apparent errors in the reporting. Those errors were noted in the datatable and were abridged with exhausted ballot tallies.

Post-election changes

The Independent and Farmer members formed a parliamentary bloc after the election, known as the Independent-Farmer group. St. George MLA Albert Kristjansson later left the Labour caucus to sit with this group.

Two were appointed to the cabinet, and they faced administrative by-elections as was the rule in those days.

Birtle (George Malcolm appointed to cabinet, September 30, 1920. October 14, 1920 by-election:

Lakeside (Charles Duncan McPherson appointed to cabinet, January 20, 1921. January 31, 1921 by-election:

References

  1. ↑ "Events in Manitoba History: Proportional Voting (1920-1957)" https://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/events/proportionalvoting.shtml accessed August 19, 2025
  2. ↑ Evidence given by Ronald Hooper to the 1936 House of Commons Committees, 18th Parliament, 1st Session : Special Committee on Franchise and Elections Acts, vol. 1. page 102 https://parl.canadiana.ca/view/oop.com_HOC_1801_2_1/146 accessed August 18, 2025
  3. ↑ Farrell and McAllister, Australian electoral systems, p. 61
  4. ↑ House of Commons Committees, 18th Parliament, 1st Session : Special Committee on Franchise and Elections Acts, vol. 1, p. 102 https://archive.org/stream/nationalmunicipa37natirich/nationalmunicipa37natirich_djvu.txt

Further reading

  • Hopkins, J. Castell (1921). The Canadian Annual Review of Public Affairs, 1920. Toronto: The Canadian Review Company.
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