Vancouver Kingsway

Vancouver Kingsway
British Columbia electoral district
Interactive map of riding boundaries from the 2025 federal election
Federal electoral district
LegislatureHouse of Commons
MP
 
 		 
Don Davies
New Democratic
District created1996
First contested1997
Last contested2025
District webpageprofile, map
Demographics
Population (2021)[1]108,054
Electors (2015)69,812
Area (km²)[1]15.3
Pop. density (per km²)7,062.4
Census divisionMetro Vancouver
Census subdivisionVancouver (part)

Vancouver Kingsway is a federal electoral district in British Columbia, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1953 to 1988 and since 1997. It is located in Vancouver.

Demographics

This riding's population is over 54 percent immigrants. The three largest pan-ethnic groups include East Asians (35.5 percent), Europeans (27.6 percent) and Southeast Asians (19.4 percent). The service sector, retail trade and manufacturing are the major sources of employment in Vancouver Kingsway. The average family income is over $72,000. Unemployment is around 6.5 percent.[2]

9.9 percent of the population is Buddhist, the highest in Canada.[3] More generally, Vancouver Kingsway has the highest proportion of non-Christians, 62.8 percent in particular, of which: no religious affiliation: 43.5 percent, Buddhist: 9.9 percent, Sikh: 3.2 percent etc.[4][5]

Panethnic groups in Vancouver Kingsway (2011−2021)
Panethnic group 2021[6] 2016[7] 2011[8]
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
East Asian[a] 38,035 35.53% 39,675 38.24% 40,580 39.98%
European[b] 29,530 27.58% 29,545 28.47% 27,845 27.43%
Southeast Asian[c] 20,770 19.4% 19,545 18.84% 19,420 19.13%
South Asian 7,810 7.29% 7,085 6.83% 6,955 6.85%
Latin American 2,885 2.69% 1,525 1.47% 1,370 1.35%
Indigenous 1,855 1.73% 1,890 1.82% 1,460 1.44%
African 1,405 1.31% 915 0.88% 855 0.84%
Middle Eastern[d] 1,065 0.99% 625 0.6% 510 0.5%
Other[e] 3,705 3.46% 2,965 2.86% 2,505 2.47%
Total responses 107,065 99.08% 103,760 98.94% 101,495 99.5%
Total population 108,054 100% 104,870 100% 102,003 100%
Note: Totals greater than 100% due to multiple origin responses. Demographics based on the 2012 Canadian federal electoral redistribution riding boundaries.

History

The name "Vancouver Kingsway" has been used twice to describe federal ridings. It was first created in 1952, carved out of Vancouver South riding. In 1987, the riding was divided between Burnaby—Kingsway, Vancouver East, Vancouver Quadra and Vancouver South ridings. In 1996, a new Vancouver Kingsway was created out of these same four ridings.

This riding has been held by the NDP and its precursor CCF for most of its history. The NDP (along with the CCF) has won 15 of the 21 elections held since the riding was formed in 1953, the Liberals have won five, and the Conservatives, one. The two candidates who topped the poll in the 2008 election ran again in 2011. The incumbent member of Parliament, Vancouver lawyer Don Davies, represented the NDP,[9] and Vancouver businesswoman Wendy Yuan represented the Liberal Party again.[10] Davies won by approximately 3,000 votes in 2008. In 2011, Davies quintupled that margin, topping the Liberal candidate by over 15,000 votes, the Conservative candidate by over 10,000 votes, and winning over 50 percent of the votes cast.

The 2012 federal electoral boundaries redistribution concluded that the electoral boundaries of Vancouver Kingsway should be adjusted, and a modified electoral district of the same name was created.[11] The redefined Vancouver Kingsway lost its territory west of Main Street to the new district of Vancouver Granville, as well as a small area in its extreme southeast to Vancouver South. These new boundaries were legally defined in the 2013 representation order, which came into effect upon the call of the 2015 election.[12]

Historical boundaries

David Emerson controversy

David Emerson was first elected in 2004, for the Liberal Party of Canada, and served in the Cabinet led by Prime Minister Paul Martin as the Minister of Industry.

Emerson was re-elected as a Liberal in the 2006 election, but crossed the floor two weeks later on February 6, 2006, to become the new Minister of International Trade in Stephen Harper's Conservative government.

Emerson's floor-crossing was highly controversial. Then Prime Minister-designate Stephen Harper dispatched campaign co-chair John Douglas Reynolds, on the day after the election, to offer Emerson a cabinet post in a Conservative government. Emerson's acceptance of that offer made Canadian history, marking the first time a member of parliament, let alone a cabinet minister, had crossed the floor before a new government was even sworn in.

As a result of the controversy, a number of groups formed to fight for Emerson's resignation. Some groups also seek legislation that would prevent floor crossing altogether or restrict a member of parliament if they abandon their party's caucus. Groups that fought against Emerson's defection included the Recall David Emerson campaign, which was aligned with the New Democratic Party, and the De-Elect Emerson campaign, which began under Liberal alignment but which eventually outgrew the influence of that party and became entirely citizen-powered.

Emerson chose not to seek re-election in 2008.

Members of Parliament

This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

Parliament Years Member Party
Vancouver Kingsway
Riding created from Vancouver South
22nd  1953–1957     Angus MacInnis Co-operative Commonwealth
23rd  1957–1958 Alexander Macdonald
24th  1958–1962     John Ferguson Browne Progressive Conservative
25th  1962–1963     Arnold Webster New Democratic
26th  1963–1965
27th  1965–1968 Grace MacInnis
28th  1968–1972
29th  1972–1974
30th  1974–1979     Simma Holt Liberal
31st  1979–1980     Ian Waddell New Democratic
32nd  1980–1984
33rd  1984–1988
Riding dissolved into Burnaby—Kingsway, Vancouver East,
Vancouver Quadra and Vancouver South
Riding re-created from Burnaby—Kingsway, Vancouver East,
Vancouver Quadra and Vancouver South
36th  1997–2000     Sophia Leung Liberal
37th  2000–2004
38th  2004–2006 David Emerson
39th  2006–2006
 2006–2008     Conservative
40th  2008–2011     Don Davies New Democratic
41st  2011–2015
42nd  2015–2019
43rd  2019–2021
44th  2021–2025
45th  2025–present

Election results

1997–present

Vote shareYear00.10.20.30.40.50.61995200020052010201520202025ConservativeNDPLiberalGreenReform/AlliancePCPeople'sCAPElection results in Vancouver Kingsway (since 1997)
View chart definition.
Graph of election results in Vancouver Kingsway (since 1997, minor parties that never received 2% or more of the vote or that did not run candidates consistently are omitted)
2025 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes%±%Expenditures
New DemocraticDon Davies18,78837.24–13.16$116,136.09
LiberalAmy K. Gill18,48536.64+7.62$96,281.50
ConservativeRavinder Bhatia12,35224.49+10.35$44,122.30
GreenImtiaz Popat4990.99–2.64none listed
People'sFiona Wang3220.64–1.56none listed
Total valid votes/expense limit 50,44699.35–$127,774.38
Total rejected ballots 3320.65–0.15
Turnout 50,77862.99+9.06
Eligible voters 80,608
New Democratic notional hold Swing –10.38
Source: Elections Canada[13][14]
2021 federal election redistributed results[15]
Party Vote %
  New Democratic21,86850.40
  Liberal12,59129.02
  Conservative6,13614.14
  Green1,5753.63
  People's9562.20
  Others2610.60
2021 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes%±%Expenditures
New DemocraticDon Davies20,99452.28+3.19$99,674.26
LiberalVirginia Bremner11,02227.45+4.36$47,586.74
ConservativeCarson Binda5,45613.59–6.35$7,752.14
GreenFarrukh A. Chishtie1,5753.92–2.14$2,013.80
People'sJeremy MacKenzie8682.16+1.19$247.30
CommunistKimball Cariou1750.44–0.23none listed
Marxist–LeninistDonna Petersen680.17–0.04none listed
Total valid votes/expense limit 40,15899.20–$108,601.94
Total rejected ballots 3240.80–0.20
Turnout 40,48253.93–4.73
Eligible voters 75,060
New Democratic hold Swing –0.59
Source: Elections Canada[16][17]
2019 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes%±%Expenditures
New DemocraticDon Davies21,68049.09+3.35$100,998.49
LiberalTamara Taggart10,19423.08–4.73$99,083.54
ConservativeHelen Quan8,80419.94–1.08$39,178.78
GreenLawrence Taylor2,6756.06+2.81$2,197.44
People'sIan Torn4270.97–$3,869.88
CommunistKimball Cariou2920.66–0.32$640.69
Marxist–LeninistDonna Petersen910.21+0.03none listed
Total valid votes/expense limit 44,16399.00–$105,475.06
Total rejected ballots 4461.00–0.03
Turnout 44,60958.67–4.65
Eligible voters 76,039
New Democratic hold Swing +4.04
Source: Elections Canada[18][19]
2015 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes%±%Expenditures
New DemocraticDon Davies20,76345.74–5.53$113,476.84
LiberalSteven Kou12,62527.81+11.64$82,210.90
ConservativeJojo Quimpo9,53821.01–7.09$51,416.77
GreenCatherine Moore1,4763.25–0.28$1,663.13
LibertarianMatt Kadioglu4681.03+0.44none listed
CommunistKimball Cariou4450.98+0.53none listed
Marxist–LeninistDonna Petersen810.18+0.01none listed
Total valid votes/expense limit 45,39698.97–$204,392.06
Total rejected ballots 4711.03+0.36
Turnout 45,86763.32+6.26
Eligible voters 72,438
New Democratic hold Swing –8.58
Source: Elections Canada[20][21]
2011 federal election redistributed results[22]
Party Vote %
  New Democratic18,75251.27
  Conservative10,17727.82
  Liberal5,91616.17
  Green1,2923.53
  Others4411.21
2011 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes%±%Expenditures
New DemocraticDon Davies23,45250.08+14.91$76,686.19
ConservativeTrang Nguyen13,15728.10+0.68$83,075.98
LiberalWendy Yuan7,79616.65–12.41$83,368.33
GreenLouise Boutin1,8603.97–2.72$276.79
LibertarianMatt Kadioglu2750.59–0.09none listed
CommunistKimball Cariou2100.45–0.19$306.08
Marxist–LeninistDonna Petersen780.17–0.16none listed
Total valid votes/expense limit 46,82899.33–$88,454.41
Total rejected ballots 3150.67–0.05
Turnout 47,14357.06+0.61
Eligible voters 82,619
New Democratic hold Swing +7.10
Source: Elections Canada[23][24]
2008 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes%±%Expenditures
New DemocraticDon Davies15,93335.18+1.67$80,613.12
LiberalWendy Yuan13,16429.06–14.39$74,285.88
ConservativeSalomon Rayek12,41927.42+8.62$65,417.06
GreenDoug Warkentin3,0316.69+3.86$3,478.12
LibertarianMatt Kadioglu3090.68+0.08none listed
CommunistKimball Cariou2910.64+0.29$391.12
Marxist–LeninistDonna Petersen1490.33+0.18none listed
Total valid votes/expense limit 45,29699.28–$84,757.87
Total rejected ballots 3280.72+0.13
Turnout 45,62456.45–2.29
Eligible voters 80,817
New Democratic gain from Liberal Swing +8.03
Source: Elections Canada[25][26]
2006 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes%±%Expenditures
LiberalDavid Emerson20,06243.45+3.01$72,376.35
New DemocraticIan Waddell15,47033.51–3.77$56,932.14
ConservativeKan Wong8,67918.80+2.32$46,990.20
GreenArno Schortinghuis1,3072.83–0.73$671.37
LibertarianMatt Kadioglu2770.60–none listed
CommunistKimball Cariou1620.35–0.05$297.06
Canadian ActionConnie Fogal1430.31–0.02$2,986.80
Marxist–LeninistDonna Petersen680.15–0.07none listed
Total valid votes/expense limit 46,16899.41–$79,206.36
Total rejected ballots 2740.59–0.33
Turnout 46,44258.74+0.74
Eligible voters 79,058
Liberal hold Swing +3.39
Source: Elections Canada[27][28]
2004 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes%±%Expenditures
LiberalDavid Emerson17,26740.44–2.63$60,912.54
New DemocraticIan Waddell15,91637.28+21.36$55,150.12
ConservativeJesse Johl7,03716.48–17.94$64,937.59
GreenTracey Jastinder Mann1,5213.56+0.87$5,052.41
IndependentJeannie Kwan5481.28–$6,229.81
CommunistJason Mann1720.40–0.05$389.85
Canadian ActionJacob Rempel1420.33–2.87$373.66
Marxist–LeninistDonna Petersen940.22–0.12$150.00
Total valid votes/expense limit 42,69799.08–$74,633.04
Total rejected ballots 3950.92+0.08
Turnout 43,09258.01+2.03
Eligible voters 74,286
Liberal hold Swing –12.00
Change is based on redistributed results from 2000. Conservative change is from the total of the Canadian Alliance and Progressive Conservative votes.
Source: Elections Canada[29][30][31]
2000 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes%±%Expenditures
LiberalSophia Leung16,11843.07+2.45$56,204
AllianceAlice Wong11,07629.60+11.23$39,286
New DemocraticVictor Wong5,92115.82–14.72$7,654
Progressive ConservativeKan Wong1,8034.82+0.85$11,072
Canadian ActionConnie Fogal1,2003.21–$54,962
GreenPhillip Petrik1,0092.70+0.37$134
CommunistElwyn Patterson1680.45–$189
Marxist–LeninistDonna Petersen1260.34–0.12$22
Total valid votes 37,42199.16
Total rejected ballots 3160.84–0.37
Turnout 37,73755.98–7.39
Eligible voters 67,413
Liberal hold Swing –4.39
Change for the Canadian Alliance is based on the Reform Party.
Source: Elections Canada[32][33]
1997 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes%±%Expenditures
LiberalSophia Leung14,18240.62–$48,495
New DemocraticVictor Wong10,66230.54–$52,412
ReformRaymond Leung6,41218.37–$15,532
Progressive ConservativeKan Wong1,3853.97–$4,577
IndependentGim Huey8942.56–$23,368
GreenIrene Louise Schmidt8112.32–none listed
Natural LawSteven R. Beck2100.60–none listed
Marxist–LeninistDonna Petersen1610.46–$699
IndependentRoger Annis1160.33–none listed
IndependentDavid Tsai780.22–$2,450
Total valid votes 34,91198.79
Total rejected ballots 4261.21+0.58
Turnout 35,33763.37–12.21
Eligible voters 55,760
This riding was re-created from parts of Burnaby—Kingsway, Vancouver East, Vancouver Quadra and Vancouver South, which elected three Liberals and one New Democrat (Burnaby—Kingsway) in the previous election.
Source: Elections Canada[34][35]

1953–1988

Graph of election results in Vancouver Kingsway (1953–1984, minor parties that never got 2% of the vote or didn't run consistently are omitted)
1984 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes%±%
New DemocraticIan Waddell20,17951.10+4.25
LiberalNancy Morrison11,64029.48–0.84
Progressive ConservativeCollin Wong7,15218.11–3.82
GreenTed Mousseau3050.77–
CommunistBert Ogden2140.54+0.13
Total valid votes 39,49099.37
Total rejected ballots 2500.63+0.19
Turnout 39,74075.59+5.15
Eligible voters 52,576
New Democratic hold Swing +2.54
Source: Elections Canada[36][37][38]
1980 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes%±%
New DemocraticIan Waddell16,92846.85+2.09
LiberalSimma Holt10,95430.32–2.01
Progressive ConservativeDrew Taylor7,92421.93–0.27
CommunistBert Ogden1490.41+0.00
IndependentNorm Baker1130.31–
Marxist–LeninistLeanne Corcoran630.17–0.12
Total valid votes 36,13199.56
Total rejected ballots 1580.44+0.26
Turnout 36,28970.43–2.87
Eligible voters 51,524
New Democratic hold Swing +2.05
Source: Elections Canada[39][40][41]
1979 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes%±%
New DemocraticIan Waddell15,92844.76+11.71
LiberalSimma Holt11,50332.33–5.05
Progressive ConservativeCal Davis7,90022.20–6.31
CommunistJack Phillips1470.41–0.29
Marxist–LeninistTarlochan S. Bains1060.30–0.06
Total valid votes 35,58499.82
Total rejected ballots 640.18–0.31
Turnout 35,64873.30+3.64
Eligible voters 48,635
New Democratic gain from Liberal Swing +8.38
Source: Elections Canada[42][43][44]
1974 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes%±%
LiberalSimma Holt12,00237.38+18.60
New DemocraticDennis F. Mulroney10,61433.06–23.76
Progressive ConservativeJohn Russell Taylor9,15528.51+7.33
CommunistFred Wilson2250.70–
Marxist–LeninistThomas J. Boylan1140.36–
Total valid votes 32,11099.51
Total rejected ballots 1580.49–3.33
Turnout 32,26869.66–1.00
Eligible voters 46,322
Liberal gain from New Democratic Swing +21.18
Source: Library of Parliament[45][46]
1972 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes%±%
New DemocraticGrace MacInnis18,10856.81+7.26
Progressive ConservativeJohn A. Cherrington6,75221.18+10.75
LiberalEdward Bodnarchuk5,98618.78–15.64
Social CreditFaren Garner7502.35–3.24
IndependentWilliam John Turner2110.66–
IndependentClaire Alston660.21–
Total valid votes 31,87396.18
Total rejected ballots 1,2673.82+2.97
Turnout 33,14070.66–1.80
Eligible voters 46,901
New Democratic hold Swing −1.74
Source: Library of Parliament[47][48]
1968 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes%±%
New DemocraticGrace MacInnis15,59949.55+0.48
LiberalEdward Bodnarchuk10,83534.42+5.85
Progressive ConservativeClaude Britton3,28510.44+2.43
Social CreditLorena T. Green1,7605.59–8.75
Total valid votes 31,47999.15
Total rejected ballots 2700.85–0.10
Turnout 31,74972.46–1.44
Eligible voters 43,818
New Democratic hold Swing −2.68
Source: Library of Parliament[49][50]
1965 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes%±%
New DemocraticGrace MacInnis13,73049.08+1.84
LiberalJack Austin7,99428.57+1.00
Social CreditArthur Holmes4,01214.34+3.70
Progressive ConservativeGarfield Milner2,2408.01–6.54
Total valid votes 27,97699.05
Total rejected ballots 2690.95+0.26
Turnout 28,24573.89–4.75
Eligible voters 38,224
New Democratic hold Swing +0.42
Source: Library of Parliament[51][52]
1963 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes%±%
New DemocraticArnold Webster13,96647.24–0.87
LiberalDouglas A. Walker8,15427.58+5.45
Progressive ConservativeGerald E. Klein4,30114.55–4.65
Social CreditArthur Holmes3,14510.64+0.07
Total valid votes 29,56699.31
Total rejected ballots 2060.69–0.27
Turnout 29,77278.64+1.38
Eligible voters 37,858
New Democratic hold Swing –3.16
Source: Library of Parliament[53][54]
1962 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes%±%
New DemocraticArnold Webster13,83748.10+6.12
LiberalDouglas A. Walker6,36622.13+12.71
Progressive ConservativeJohn Ferguson Browne5,52319.20–23.51
Social CreditArthur Holmes3,03910.56+4.68
Total valid votes 28,76599.04
Total rejected ballots 2800.96+0.23
Turnout 29,04577.26+3.75
Eligible voters 37,595
New Democratic gain from Progressive Conservative Swing −3.30
Change for the New Democrats is based on the Co-operative Commonwealth.
Source: Library of Parliament[55][56]
1958 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes%±%
Progressive ConservativeJohn Ferguson Browne11,92842.71+17.04
Co-operative CommonwealthAlexander Macdonald11,72441.98+7.66
LiberalEveret King2,6319.42–6.79
Social CreditGus Froese1,6425.88–17.90
Total valid votes 27,92599.26
Total rejected ballots 2070.74–0.34
Turnout 28,13273.51+2.45
Eligible voters 38,270
Progressive Conservative gain from Co-operative Commonwealth Swing +4.69
Source: Library of Parliament[57][58]
1957 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes%±%
Co-operative CommonwealthAlexander Macdonald9,04034.33–11.85
Progressive ConservativeJohn Ferguson Browne6,76225.68+17.95
Social CreditThomas Williamson6,26223.78–1.71
LiberalEverett Crowley4,27016.21–1.77
Total valid votes 26,33498.93
Total rejected ballots 2861.07+0.34
Turnout 26,62071.06+8.52
Eligible voters 37,463
Co-operative Commonwealth hold Swing −14.90
Source: Library of Parliament[59][60]
1953 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes%±%
Co-operative CommonwealthAngus MacInnis10,16246.18–
Social CreditNicholas James Bartman5,61025.49–
LiberalArthur Ralph Gordon Helps3,95717.98–
Progressive ConservativeWalter Redvers Dent1,7007.72–
Labor–ProgressiveMona Laufey Morgan5782.63–
Total valid votes 22,00799.26
Total rejected ballots 1630.74–
Turnout 22,17062.53–
Eligible voters 35,453
This riding was created from parts of Vancouver South, which elected a Liberal in the previous election.
Source: Library of Parliament[61][62]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Statistic includes total responses of "Chinese", "Korean", and "Japanese" under visible minority section on census.
  2. ↑ Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity.
  3. ↑ Statistic includes total responses of "Filipino" and "Southeast Asian" under visible minority section on census.
  4. ↑ Statistic includes total responses of "West Asian" and "Arab" under visible minority section on census.
  5. ↑ Statistic includes total responses of "Visible minority, n.i.e." and "Multiple visible minorities" under visible minority section on census.

Citations

  1. 1 2 "Population and dwelling counts: Canada and federal electoral districts (2013 Representation Order)". Statistics Canada. Government of Canada. February 9, 2022. Retrieved February 9, 2022.
  2. ↑ Vancouver Kingsway, CBC.ca, 2008.
  3. ↑ "Census « Pundits' Guide to Canadian Federal Elections".
  4. ↑ "Religion (13) and Age Groups (8) for Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories and Federal Electoral Districts (2003 Representation Order), 2001 Census - 20% Sample Data". 2.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved November 20, 2012.
  5. ↑ "2001 Census of Canada: Topic-based tabulations". 2.statcan.ca. July 4, 2012. Archived from the original on July 30, 2013. Retrieved November 30, 2012.
  6. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 26, 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  7. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 27, 2021). "Census Profile, 2016 Census". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  8. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (November 27, 2015). "NHS Profile". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  9. ↑ Candidate « Pundits' Guide to Canadian Federal Elections. Punditsguide.ca. Retrieved on April 12, 2014.
  10. ↑ Candidate « Pundits' Guide to Canadian Federal Elections. Punditsguide.ca. Retrieved on April 12, 2014.
  11. ↑ Final Report – British Columbia, archived from the original on March 20, 2018, retrieved September 2, 2013
  12. ↑ Timeline for the Redistribution of Federal Electoral Districts, archived from the original on April 18, 2017, retrieved September 2, 2013
  13. ↑ "Forty-Fifth General Election 2025 — Poll-by-poll Results: Vancouver Kingsway". elections.ca. Elections Canada. 2025.
  14. ↑ Canada, Chief Electoral Officer (2025). "Candidate Campaign Returns, 2025 General Election: Part 3C – Summary of Electoral Campaign Expenses and Other Outflows – Election expenses subject to the limit – Total". elections.ca. Elections Canada. Expenses are reported "as amended" where amendments have been filed; otherwise, they are reported "as submitted".
  15. ↑ "Transposition of Votes from the 44th General Election to the 2023 Representation Orders". Elections Canada. Retrieved April 9, 2024.
  16. ↑ "Forty-Fourth General Election 2021 — Poll-by-poll Results: Vancouver Kingsway". elections.ca. Elections Canada. 2021.
  17. ↑ Canada, Chief Electoral Officer (2021). "Candidate Campaign Returns, 2021 General Election: Part 3C – Summary of Electoral Campaign Expenses and Other Outflows – Election expenses subject to the limit – Total". elections.ca. Elections Canada. Expenses are reported "as amended" where amendments have been filed; otherwise, they are reported "as submitted".
  18. ↑ "Forty-Third General Election 2019 — Poll-by-poll Results: Vancouver Kingsway". elections.ca. Elections Canada. 2019.
  19. ↑ Canada, Chief Electoral Officer (2019). "Candidate Campaign Returns, 2019 General Election: Part 3C – Summary of Electoral Campaign Expenses and Other Outflows – Election expenses subject to the limit – Total". elections.ca. Elections Canada. Expenses are reported "as amended" where amendments have been filed; otherwise, they are reported "as submitted".
  20. ↑ "Forty-Second General Election 2015 — Poll-by-poll Results: Vancouver Kingsway". elections.ca. Elections Canada. 2015.
  21. ↑ Canada, Chief Electoral Officer (2015). "Candidate Campaign Returns, 2015 General Election: Part 4 – Campaign Financial Summary – Total election expenses subject to the limit". elections.ca. Elections Canada. Expenses are reported "as amended" where amendments have been filed; otherwise, they are reported "as submitted".
  22. ↑ Pundits' Guide to Canadian Elections
  23. ↑ "Forty-First General Election 2011 — Poll-by-poll Results: Vancouver Kingsway". elections.ca. Elections Canada. 2011.
  24. ↑ Canada, Chief Electoral Officer (2011). "Candidate Campaign Returns, 2011 General Election: Part 4 – Campaign Financial Summary – Total election expenses subject to the limit". elections.ca. Elections Canada. Expenses are reported "as amended" where amendments have been filed; otherwise, they are reported "as submitted".
  25. ↑ "Fortieth General Election 2008 — Poll-by-poll Results: Vancouver Kingsway". elections.ca. Elections Canada. 2008.
  26. ↑ Canada, Chief Electoral Officer (2008). "Candidate Campaign Returns, 2008 General Election: Part 4 – Campaign Financial Summary – Total election expenses subject to the limit". elections.ca. Elections Canada. Expenses are reported "as amended" where amendments have been filed; otherwise, they are reported "as submitted".
  27. ↑ "Thirty-Ninth General Election 2006 — Poll-by-poll Results: Vancouver Kingsway". elections.ca. Elections Canada. 2006.
  28. ↑ Canada, Chief Electoral Officer (2006). "Candidate Campaign Returns, 2006 General Election: Part 4 – Campaign Financial Summary – Total election expenses subject to the limit". elections.ca. Elections Canada. Expenses are reported "as amended" where amendments have been filed; otherwise, they are reported "as submitted".
  29. ↑ Canada, Library of Parliament (2026). "Elections and Ridings: Vancouver Kingsway, British Columbia (2004)". lop.parl.ca.
  30. ↑ "Thirty-Eighth General Election 2004 — Poll-by-poll Results: Vancouver Kingsway". elections.ca. Elections Canada. 2004.
  31. ↑ Canada, Chief Electoral Officer (2004). "Candidate Campaign Returns, 2004 General Election: Part 4 – Campaign Financial Summary – Total election expenses subject to the limit". elections.ca. Elections Canada. Expenses are reported "as amended" where amendments have been filed; otherwise, they are reported "as submitted".
  32. ↑ Canada, Library of Parliament (2026). "Elections and Ridings: Vancouver Kingsway, British Columbia (2000)". lop.parl.ca.
  33. ↑ Canada, Chief Electoral Officer (2000). Thirty-Seventh General Election, 2000: Official Voting Results (Report). Ottawa: Elections Canada. ISBN 0-662-65518-4.
  34. ↑ Canada, Library of Parliament (2026). "Elections and Ridings: Vancouver Kingsway, British Columbia (1997)". lop.parl.ca.
  35. ↑ Canada, Chief Electoral Officer (1997). Thirty-Sixth General Election, 1997: Official Voting Results (Report). Ottawa: Elections Canada.
  36. ↑ Canada, Library of Parliament (2026). "Elections and Ridings: Vancouver Kingsway, British Columbia (1984)". lop.parl.ca.
  37. ↑ Canada, Chief Electoral Officer (1984). Thirty-Third General Election, 1984: Report of the Chief Electoral Officer (Report). Ottawa: Queen's Printer. ISBN 0-662-53477-8.
  38. ↑ Canada, Chief Electoral Officer (1984). Thirty-Third General Election, 1984: Report of the Chief Electoral Officer - Respecting Election Expenses (Report). Ottawa: Queen's Printer. ISBN 0-662-53472-7.
  39. ↑ Canada, Library of Parliament (2026). "Elections and Ridings: Vancouver Kingsway, British Columbia (1980)". lop.parl.ca.
  40. ↑ Canada, Chief Electoral Officer (1980). Thirty-Second General Election, 1980: Report of the Chief Electoral Officer (Report). Ottawa: Queen's Printer. ISBN 0-660-50630-0.
  41. ↑ Canada, Chief Electoral Officer (1980). Thirty-Second General Election, 1980: Report of the Chief Electoral Officer - Respecting Election Expenses (Report). Ottawa: Queen's Printer. ISBN 0-662-51248-0.
  42. ↑ Canada, Library of Parliament (2026). "Elections and Ridings: Vancouver Kingsway, British Columbia (1979)". lop.parl.ca.
  43. ↑ Canada, Chief Electoral Officer (1979). Thirty-First General Election, 1979: Report of the Chief Electoral Officer (Report). Ottawa: Queen's Printer. ISBN 0-660-50445-6.
  44. ↑ Canada, Chief Electoral Officer (1979). Thirty-First General Election, 1979: Report of the Chief Electoral Officer - Respecting Election Expenses (Report). Ottawa: Queen's Printer. ISBN 0-662-50834-3.
  45. ↑ Canada, Library of Parliament (2026). "Elections and Ridings: Vancouver Kingsway, British Columbia (1974)". lop.parl.ca.
  46. ↑ Canada, Chief Electoral Officer (1974). Thirtieth General Election, 1974: Report of the Chief Electoral Officer (Report). Ottawa: Queen's Printer.
  47. ↑ Canada, Library of Parliament (2026). "Elections and Ridings: Vancouver Kingsway, British Columbia (1972)". lop.parl.ca.
  48. ↑ Canada, Chief Electoral Officer (1972). Twenty-Ninth General Election, 1972: Report of the Chief Electoral Officer (Report). Ottawa: Queen's Printer.
  49. ↑ Canada, Library of Parliament (2026). "Elections and Ridings: Vancouver Kingsway, British Columbia (1968)". lop.parl.ca.
  50. ↑ Canada, Chief Electoral Officer (1968). Twenty-Eighth General Election, 1968: Report of the Chief Electoral Officer (Report). Ottawa: Queen's Printer. hdl:2027/umn.31951d013775853.
  51. ↑ Canada, Library of Parliament (2026). "Elections and Ridings: Vancouver Kingsway, British Columbia (1965)". lop.parl.ca.
  52. ↑ Canada, Chief Electoral Officer (1965). Twenty-Seventh General Election, 1965: Report of the Chief Electoral Officer (Report). Ottawa: Queen's Printer. hdl:2027/umn.31951d013775845.
  53. ↑ Canada, Library of Parliament (2026). "Elections and Ridings: Vancouver Kingsway, British Columbia (1963)". lop.parl.ca.
  54. ↑ Canada, Chief Electoral Officer (1963). Twenty-Sixth General Election, 1963: Report of the Chief Electoral Officer (Report). Ottawa: Queen's Printer. hdl:2027/umn.31951d013775837.
  55. ↑ Canada, Library of Parliament (2026). "Elections and Ridings: Vancouver Kingsway, British Columbia (1962)". lop.parl.ca.
  56. ↑ Canada, Chief Electoral Officer (1962). Twenty-Fifth General Election, 1962: Report of the Chief Electoral Officer (Report). Ottawa: Queen's Printer. hdl:2027/uc1.a0004484481.
  57. ↑ Canada, Library of Parliament (2026). "Elections and Ridings: Vancouver Kingsway, British Columbia (1958)". lop.parl.ca.
  58. ↑ Canada, Chief Electoral Officer (1958). Twenty-Fourth General Election, 1958: Report of the Chief Electoral Officer (Report). Ottawa: Queen's Printer.
  59. ↑ Canada, Library of Parliament (2026). "Elections and Ridings: Vancouver Kingsway, British Columbia (1957)". lop.parl.ca.
  60. ↑ Canada, Chief Electoral Officer (1957). Twenty-Third General Election, 1957: Report of the Chief Electoral Officer (Report). Ottawa: Queen's Printer. hdl:2027/mdp.39015061584382.
  61. ↑ Canada, Library of Parliament (2026). "Elections and Ridings: Vancouver Kingsway, British Columbia (1953)". lop.parl.ca.
  62. ↑ Canada, Chief Electoral Officer (1953). Twenty-Second General Election, 1953: Report of the Chief Electoral Officer (Report). Ottawa: Queen's Printer.

References

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