Uzunköprü Bridge

Uzunköprü Bridge
Uzunköprü in 2008
Coordinates41°17′N 26°41′E / 41.28°N 26.68°E / 41.28; 26.68
CrossesErgene
LocaleUzunköprü, Edirne, Turkey
Characteristics
Total length1,306.2 metres (4,285 ft)
Width6.80 metres (22.3 ft)
No. of spans168
History
DesignerMuslihiddin
Construction start1426 or 1427
Construction end1443 or 1444
Opened1444
Closed2013 (heavy vehicles)
September 2021 (all)
Location
Interactive map of Uzunköprü Bridge

Uzunköprü (lit. transl. Long Bridge), formerly Cisr-i Ergene, is a 15th-century Ottoman stone bridge over the River Ergene in Edirne Province, northwestern Turkey. The bridge gave its name to the nearby town of Uzunköprü and is claimed to be the world's longest stone bridge. It was built to facilitate crossing the Ergene for troops during river floods, and to replace a wooden bridge; previous structures had rapidly deteriorated or had been destroyed.

Construction of the bridge began in 1426/7, and ended in 1443/4. The newly-completed bridge had a length of 1,392 metres (4,567 ft), spanning 174 arches. The stones include several figures and motifs, which were replaced over time.

The bridge was repaired following earthquakes and floods, which decreased its length, and the number of its arches. In 1971, it was widened to 6.80 metres (22.3 ft) and was covered over with steel and concrete. Heavy vehicles were banned from using the bridge in 2013, as an alternative concrete bridge was being built. The bridge was closed to traffic in September 2021 for another restoration project after cracks had started to appear in the stones a few years earlier. One aim of the restoration is to excavate some of the buried arches.

Background

The swampy nature of the area meant it unsuitable for settlement until the Ottoman period; the earliest settlers lived in the surrounding hilly regions.[1] The ground where the bridge is located has a structure consisting of clay and sandstone.[1] This part of the Ergene river was not a place frequently used for crossings by the public, but was used by Ottoman soldiers participating in expeditions into Rumelia. The waterflow decreased during the summer months, even allowing simple crossings with horses. During the spring, however, melting snow that was fed into the river caused the area to flood.[2] These occasional floods of the river made military crossings difficult.[3]

Several wooden bridges on the same location had already preceded the current structure. These were destroyed quickly by either enemies or floods.[4] Some crossings by villagers were also made via boats using multiple small piers along the coast.[2] To allow for crossings during rising water, Sultan Murad II ordered a new stone bridge to be constructed that was long and strong enough to stretch the entire swamp affected by the river.[5] Additionally, the stone bridge provided a safe crossing of the marshy location on the Gallipoli–Edirne route.[6]

History

Construction and opening

Construction of the arches over the fast-flowing the river proved to be a technical challenge

The land where Uzunköprü Bridge was to be built had first to be cleared up from spinose structures and other vegetation,[7] which had provided cover for thieves and thugs.[6] Ottoman scholars differ about the year construction of the bridge began. According to Hoca Sadeddin Efendi, it was started in 1426/7, but Karaçelebizade Abdülaziz Efendi wrote that construction on the bridge was begun in 1427/8 by the sultan's head architect Muslihiddin and craftsman Mehmed, and that it was completed in 1443/4.[8]

Stones were sourced from quarries in the nearby villages of Yağmurca, Eskiköy and Hasırcıarnavutköy. The bridge was built using pre-cut blocks of limestone. Khorasan mortar, which slowly hardens on contact with the air, was used to bind the blocks together. At places where the abutments could not be built on a solid rock foundation, wooden piles were used. It is not known if cofferdams were used, but it is likely they were not, as most of the work on the bridge would have taken place during dry periods, when the river level was lower.[9] Once the foundation was ready, the stones making up the arches were laid using wooden molds in the shapes of the arches. At wet periods or at places where the river was running, the formwork was placed in special slots, which was a difficult process. This is seen as the reason as to why construction took sixteen years.[10]

The bridge was named Cisr-i Ergene ("Ergene Bridge"). A mosque, imaret and madrasa were also built next to the bridge where the town of Uzunköprü (lit. transl. Long Bridge) was founded, which took its name from the bridge. Meanwhile, the village of Yayalar arose at the other side of the river.[7][8] The magnificent opening ceremony for the bridge was attended by the sultan, who was returning to Istanbul after his victory at the Battle of Varna.[7] With the completion of the bridge, the area became a part of an active transportation network within Rumelia, helping the development of the new town.[11]

16th to 20th century

The bridge and its watermill in 1908

Uzunköprü Bridge is first known to have been repaired in 1546, when work was done to the bridge and several mills on the Ergene.[7] The first major restoration of the structure took place in 1620.[12] The bridge was briefly renamed to Kasr-i Ergene in 1718;[7] nine years later in 1727, French explorer Aubry de La Mottraye recorded in his travelogue that the local residents referred to both the town and the bridge as Uzunköprü.[13]

The second major restoration took place in 1822/3, after earthquakes and flooding caused four of the bridge's arches to collapse. These were replaced by three larger arches, per the decree of Mahmud II.[5][12] After a series of earthquakes that occurred during the late 19th century destroyed three of the arches in 1901, two new arches were built. These were completed three years later in 1904.[5] Some minor repairs later took place in 1891.[12] Sometime during the rule of Abdul Hamid II (1876–1909), the original inscription on the bridge about its completion was removed and placed on a fountain inside the town.[7]

In 1908, the municipality removed stone blocks from the bridge to make drinking fountains inside the town.[14] In 1956, following a particularly harsh winter, flooding swept away the last of the bridge's two mills.[15] In 1957, a 25-metre (82 ft) section of the dock was filled in to create a car park.[14] From 1964 to 1971, the bridge underwent a restoration by the General Directorate of Highways, who widened it by 150 centimetres (4.9 ft) to 6.80 metres (22.3 ft), and covered the top with a 20-centimetre (0.66 ft) steel and concrete deck for the use of two-way traffic.[12] The resulting heavy traffic that used the bridge caused severe damage to its structure.[16] Gaps between stones that had appeared were filled with stone mortar in 1993.[17]

21st century

Signs indicating the ban of heavy traffic at the start of the bridge

A new concrete bridge built one kilometre (0.62 miles) away was opened in 2013, and heavy vehicles were prohibited from using the historic bridge.[16] In 2015, the bridge was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Site Tentative List in the Cultural category.[18] In 2018, a picture of the historic bridge was meant to be put on the first page of the new Turkish passport. However, the Ministry of Interior accidentally used a picture of the Meriç Bridge instead, while the photo was still labelled as Uzunköprü.[19][20]

In early 2019, cracks started to appear on the stones at the base that could be seen every 50–60 metres (160–200 ft). Locals requested the bridge to be restored to its original version as it deviated from its form with the 1971 restoration, and for it to be preserved as a cultural asset.[21] In March 2021, it was announced that the tender for the restoration was completed, and that work on the bridge was set to start soon.[22]

In September 2021, the bridge was closed in order for further restoration work to be done, including the repair of 25 arches, the replacement of the asphalt concrete road surface with stones, and the replacement of any missing blocks of stone.[16] At the time it was announced that the restoration would take between three and four years to complete.[23] As the initial completion date neared in February 2024, it was announced that the project had been delayed to 2027.[24]

Specifications

A tulip and lion figure on the bridge

Uzunköprü is the longest stone bridge in the world.[18] When it was first completed, was 1,392 metres (4,567 ft) long and 5.24 metres (17.2 ft) wide.[8] The bridge was the longest in the Ottoman Empire and later Turkey, a title which it held for 530 years until 1973, when it was surpassed by the Bosphorus Bridge in Istanbul.[25] The Ottoman explorer Evliya Çelebi visited the town of Uzunköprü in 1658, and described the bridge as being 2000 "stretched steps" long.[26] In 1978, the length of the bridge was measured to be 1,266 metres (4,154 ft); it was determined to be 1,254 metres (4,114 ft) in 1989.[27] In 2018, the bridge was found to be 1,306.2 metres (4,285 ft) long, when its length was measured for the Guinness Book of World Records.[21]

The bridge was originally built with 174 arches, the largest of which had a span of 14 metres (46 ft).[8] Some of the arches are pointed and some are round.[9] Some of the abutments have carvings of figures of animals such as elephants, lions and birds, some of which are no longer visible.[28] There are also motifs related to the Seljuk Empire.[29] It is believed that some figures and motifs were altered during restorations that took place before the 19th century.[30] Restoration work on the bridge over the years has reduced the number of arches to 172. Of these, eight have since become buried underground, meaning that there are now 164 arches.[4] The 2021 restoration work aims to unearth several of these buried arches.[31] There are two balconies on the bridge. One is above arches 40 and 41, and is 3.40 metres (11.2 ft) by 0.40 metres (1.3 ft) in length. The other balcony is above arches 102 and 103, and measures 9.40 metres (30.8 ft) by 0.40 metres (1.3 ft).[9]

References

Citations

  1. 1 2 Özkök, Azsöz & Erşan 2015, p. 135.
  2. 1 2 Ateş 2023, p. 394.
  3. ↑ Yüksel, Bülbül & Gündüz 2011, p. 26.
  4. 1 2 Özkök, Azsöz & Erşan 2015, p. 136.
  5. 1 2 3 Özkök, Azsöz & Erşan 2015, p. 137.
  6. 1 2 Singer 2016, p. 97.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Yüksel, Bülbül & Gündüz 2011, p. 28.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Nesrin Çiçek Akçıl. "Uzunköprü". İslâm Ansiklopedisi (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
  9. 1 2 3 Özkök, Azsöz & Erşan 2015, p. 139.
  10. ↑ Özkök, Azsöz & Erşan 2015, p. 140.
  11. ↑ Ateş 2023, p. 395.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Yüksel, Bülbül & Gündüz 2011, p. 30.
  13. ↑ de La Mottraye 2007, p. 396.
  14. 1 2 Yüksel, Bülbül & Gündüz 2011, p. 32.
  15. ↑ Yüksel, Bülbül & Gündüz 2011, pp. 30–31.
  16. 1 2 3 "Tarihi Uzunköprü'de restorasyon çalışmaları başladı" [Restoration work has begun on the historic Uzunköprü bridge]. TRT Haber (in Turkish). 29 March 2021. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  17. ↑ "Tarihi Uzunköprü'de restorasyon sürüyor" [Restoration continues at the historic Uzunköprü bridge]. Demirören News Agency (in Turkish). 5 March 2022. Archived from the original on 5 March 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  18. 1 2 "The Bridge of Uzunköprü". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  19. ↑ Engin Özmen (5 November 2018). "Tartışma yaratan iddia: Yanlış fotoğraf kullanıldı" [Controversial claim: The wrong photo was used]. Hürriyet (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 7 November 2018. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
  20. ↑ "Pasaportlarda Uzunköprü diye yanlışlıkla bakın hangi fotoğraf kullanılmış" [Look which photo was mistakenly used as Uzunköprü in the passports]. Cumhuriyet (in Turkish). 5 November 2018. Archived from the original on 1 June 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
  21. 1 2 Ali Can Zeray (8 February 2019). "Çatlaklar oluşan tarihi Uzunköprü için koruma talebi" [Request for protection of the historic Uzunköprü bridge that has developed cracks]. Hürriyet (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 21 October 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  22. ↑ Cihan Demirci (2 March 2021). "Restorasyon ihalesi tamamlanan tarihi Uzunköprü'nün onarımına başlanacak" [The restoration of the historic Uzunköprü bridge, for which the tender process has been completed, will begin soon]. Anadolu Agency (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 23 May 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  23. ↑ Gökhan Zobar and Hakan Mehmet Şahin (20 September 2021). "Tarihi Uzunköprü, restorasyon çalışmaları nedeniyle trafiğe kapatıldı" [The historic Uzunköprü bridge has been closed to traffic due to restoration work]. Anadolu Agency (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 23 May 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  24. ↑ Mustafa Bildircin (12 February 2024). "Uzunköprü'nün restorasyonu da uzun" [The restoration of Uzunköprü is also a long process]. BirGün (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 4 March 2024. Retrieved 22 June 2026.
  25. ↑ "Köprüler yaptırdım..." [I had bridges built...]. Türkiye (in Turkish). 3 April 2000. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  26. ↑ Kahraman & Dağlı 2011, p. 184.
  27. ↑ Yüksel, Bülbül & Gündüz 2011, p. 31.
  28. ↑ Tanyeli 2018, p. 70.
  29. ↑ Özkök, Azsöz & Erşan 2015, p. 134.
  30. ↑ Tanyeli 2018, p. 71.
  31. ↑ "Tarihi Uzunköprü'nün kaybolan ayakları gün yüzüne çıkarılacak" [Missing arches of the historic Uzunköprü bridge will be unearthed]. NTV (in Turkish). 30 March 2018. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2022.

Bibliography

Further reading

  • Çulpan, Cevdet (2002). Türk taş köprüleri: Ortaçağdan Osmanlı devri sonuna kadar [Turkish stone bridges: From the Middle Ages to the end of the Ottoman era] (in Turkish). Turkish Historical Society. ISBN 9799751615021.
  • Özbek, Yıldıray (2002). Osmanlı beyliği mimarisinde taş süsleme: 1300-1453 [Stone ornamentation in Ottoman principality architecture: 1300-1453] (in Turkish). Ministry of Culture and Tourism. ISBN 9789751728807.
  • Wikimedia Commons logo Media related to Uzunköprü Bridge at Wikimedia Commons

41°16′28″N 26°40′42″E / 41.2745°N 26.6784°E / 41.2745; 26.6784

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