United Democratic Front (Kerala)

United Democratic Front
ഐക്യ ജനാധിപത്യ മുന്നണി
AbbreviationUDF
Leader
ChairpersonV. D. Satheesan
Rajya Sabha LeaderJebi Mather
Lok Sabha LeaderPriyanka Gandhi
FoundersK. Karunakaran
Founded1979 (1979)
HeadquartersIndira Bhavan, Vellayambalam, Thiruvananthapuram District, Kerala
Student wingThe United Democratic Students' Front
Political positionCentre[1]
National affiliationIndian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance
Colours  Blue
Rajya Sabha
3 / 9
Lok Sabha
18 / 20
Kerala Legislative Assembly
102 / 140
Gram Panchayats
505 / 941
Block Panchayats
79 / 152
District Panchayats
7 / 14
Municipalities
54 / 87
Municipal Corporation
4 / 6
Website
udf.in

The United Democratic Front (UDF) is the Indian National Congress–led alliance of political parties in the Indian state of Kerala.[2] It is one of the two major political alliances in Kerala, the other being Communist Party of India (Marxist)–led Left Democratic Front, each of which has been in power alternately since the 1980 E. K. Nayanar ministry until the 2026 Legislative Assembly election in the state.[3] It is the current ruling political alliance of Kerala, since 2026. Most of the United Democratic Front constituents are members of the Indian National Congress–led Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance at pan-India level.

United Democratic Front was created by the Indian National Congress (then known as Congress-Indira) party leader K. Karunakaran in 1979, as a successor to the existing Congress-led alliance.[4] The alliance first came to power in 1981 (K. Karunakaran ministry) and has won elections to the state legislature of Kerala in the years 1982 (Karunakaran ministry),[5] 1991 (Karunakaran and A. K. Antony ministries),[6] 2001 (Antony and Oommen Chandy ministries),[7] and 2011 (Oommen Chandy ministry).[8] United Democratic Front leaders V. D. Satheesan and K. Sudhakaran currently serve as the Leader of the Opposition and Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee President respectively.[9]

The alliance currently consists of Indian National Congress, Indian Union Muslim League, Kerala Congress (Joseph), Kerala Congress (Jacob), Revolutionary Socialist Party and a variety of other smaller parties. The alliance follows big tent policy and includes a variety political parties.[10]

Current members

Party Abbr. Flag MPs in Lok Sabha MPs in Rajya Sabha MLA in state legislature Party Chief/ President in Kerala Parliamentary Party Leader in Kerala Legislative Assembly
1 Indian National Congress INC 14 01 63 Sunny Joseph V.D. Satheeshan
2 Indian Union Muslim League IUML 03 02 22 Sadiq Ali Thangal P.K. Kunjalikutty
3 Kerala Congress KEC
01 00 07 P. J. Joseph Mons Joseph
4 Revolutionary Socialist Party RSP 01 00 03 Shibu Baby John Shibu Baby John
5 Kerala Congress (Jacob) KEC(J)
00 00 01 Anoop Jacob Anoop Jacob
6 Kerala Democratic Party KDP 00 00 01 Mani C. Kappan Mani C. Kappan
8 Revolutionary Marxist Party of India RMPI 00 00 01 N. Venu K.K. Rema
7 Communist Marxist Party CMP 00 00 01 C. P. John C.P. John
9 All India Forward Bloc AIFB 00 00 00 T. Manoj Kumar -
10 Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy JSS 00 00 00 A. N. Rajan Babu -

[11]

Associate Members

History

Antecedents

Precursors to the United Democratic Front were,

United Democratic Front (1979 – present)

The third-longest serving chief minister of Kerala, K. Karunakaran, was the founder of United Democratic Front

The United Democratic Front (UDF) was formed just before 1980 assembly election. In elections, the Front was defeated by the Communist Party of India (Marxist)–led Left Democratic Front. However, the fall of the first Left Democratic Front ministry resulted in the 6th President's Rule in Kerala (1981).

United Democratic Front first came into power in Kerala in 1981 under K. Karunakaran.[5] It led the Government of Kerala in 1982–87 (K. Karunakaran), 1991–96 (K. Karunakaran and A. K. Antony), 2001–06 (A. K. Antony and Oommen Chandy), and 2011–16 (Oommen Chandy) and 2026-present (V. D. Satheesan). The alliance currently serves as the ruling alliance in the Kerala Assembly.

Chief Ministers

Pre-United Democratic Front Chief Ministers (1956–1979)

United Democratic Front Chief Ministers (1981–present)

United Democratic Front Chief Ministers

List of United Democratic Front Chief Ministers by length of term

United Democratic Front ministry in 1983 (3rd Karunakaran ministry, 1982–1987)
United Democratic Front ministry in 1991 (4th Karunakaran ministry, 1991–1995)
No. Name (Ministry) Length of term[19]
Longest continuous term Total years of premiership
1 K. Karunakaran (1918–2010) 4 years, 305 days

(1982–1987)

 8 years, 315 days

(four terms)

2 A. K. Antony (born 1940) 3 years, 74 days

(2001–2004)

 5 years, 306 days

(three terms)

3 Oommen Chandy (born 1943) 5 years, 6 days

(2011–2016)

 6 years, 256 days

(two terms)

3 V.D. Satheesan (born 1964) 102 days (Incumbent) 102 days (Incumbent)

Leaders of Opposition (U. D. F)

United Democratic Front Conveners

P. J. Joseph served as the first United Democratic Front Convener (1980–82)
Period U D F Convener Political affiliation
1979–80 Nil
1980–82 P. J. Joseph Kerala Congress
1982–85 Oommen Chandy[20] Indian National Congress
1985–2001 K. Sankaranarayanan[21]
2001–04 Oommen Chandy[20]
2004–18 P. P. Thankachan[22][23]
2018–20 Benny Behanan[23][24]
2020–25 M. M. Hassan[9]
2025–incumbent Adoor Prakash

Legacy

K. Karunakaran

Cochin International Airport

The Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, was established by bifurcating University of Kerala during the period of 3rd Karunakaran ministry (1982–87). It was during the second U. D. F. government (Third Karunakaran ministry), that the last two districts of Kerala, namely Pathanamthitta and Kasaragod, were inaugurated, raising the total number of districts in Kerala to fourteen.[25] During his third tenure as Chief Minister (1982–87), Karunakaran directly handled the Scheduled Castes Development.[25] Kerala State Film Development Corporation was also introduced during the tenure of Karunakaran.[25]

Chief Minister Karunakaran was instrumental in several infrastructure projects in Kerala which includes the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium in Kochi,[26] and the Cochin International Airport, both of which were sanctioned during his 1991–95 stint as the Chief Minister.[27] Vallarpadam Terminal, which later became the first transshipment terminal in India was other key project coined during the administration of Karunakaran.[28] Other major infrastructure projects introduced during the terms of Karunakaran include the Goshree Bridges of Kochi, Guruvayur Railway Line, and Rajiv Gandhi Combined Cycle Power Plant at Kayamkulam.[25] The first phase of Kollam Bypass was completed in 1993.

A. K. Antony

Antony administration was instrumental in the establishment of Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology at Thiruvananthapuram.[29] The InfoPark at Kochi was established in the year 2004.[30] It was also under his administration that the Kannur University was created by bifurcating the University of Calicut. The University of Sanskrit was inaugurated in 1994.[31] The Indian Institute of Management and the National Institute of Technology at Kozhikode were established in the years 1996 and 2002 respectively.[32]

The Akshaya Project was implemented in 2002 to expand digital literacy in Kerala.[33] During his tenure as Chief Minister, A. K. Antony introduced the Unemployment Allowance, Festival Allowance for the Kerala state employees.[34]

During his tenure as Chief Minister, A. K. Antony introduced the prohibition of arrack in Kerala.[34] It was at Chief Minister Antony's behest that the decision to construct the new Kerala Legislature Complex was taken in 1977.[34] He also ordered the closure of the Kerala Coca-Cola plant in 2004 due to non-availability of drinking water in the plant area.[35]

Oommen Chandy

It was also during tenure of Oommen Chandy that 12 new taluks, 28 new municipalities, and Kannur Municipal Corporation were formed.[36][37] It was the largest taluk delimitation in the state of Kerala after 1957.[38][36] The Kerala Urban Road Transport Corporation (KURTC) was formed under KSRTC in 2015 to manage affairs related to urban transportation.[39]

Oommen Chandy in September 2015

The Chandy ministry established new Government Medical Colleges in Kerala (in 2013, after a gap of 31 years).[40][41] The "Karunya Scheme" was implemented in the year 2011–12 for the free treatment of patients with cancer, haemophilia, kidney, and heart diseases.[42][43] A number of organ implantation surgeries were done through the "Mruthasanjeevani Project".[44] The Second Chandy ministry had also taken the decision to prohibit liquor in Kerala by discouraging bars.[45] The number of political killings were relatively low (11) during the period 2011–16 in the state.[46]

Rubber subsidy to ensure a minimum price of Rs 150/kg was implemented in 2015.[47]

In 2005, Information Technology was made a compulsory subject for the school-level students.[48] Victers TV, the children's television channel on EDUSAT for schools, was inaugurated in 2005.[49] The National University of Advanced Legal Studies at Kochi was founded in 2005 and the Indian Institute of Technology at Palakkad was established in the year 2015. The universities founded in 2011–16 period include the Malayalam University at Tirur (2012) and Technological University at Thiruvananthapuram (2014).[50][51][52] The National Institute of Visual Science and Arts at Kottayam was inaugurated in January 2016.[53] Kerala was declared as the first complete digital state of India on 27 February 2016.[54]

The Kerala Public Service Commission filled the vacant posts during 2011–16.[55] As many as 167,096 job candidates were appointed, setting a record.[55] As many as 46,223 posts were created in the same period.[55] The Phase-3 of the Technopark at Thiruvananthapuram was inaugurated in 2014.[56] The Taurus Downtown at Technopark was commenced during the period 2011–16.[56] The phase-2 of InfoPark, Kochi was inaugurated in May 2015.[57] Phase-2 of InfoPark Thrissur was completed during the same period.[58][59] The Park Centre of Cybercity at Kozhikode was formally opened by IT Minister P.K. Kunhalikutty on 15 February 2014.[60][61] UL Cyberpark at Kozhikode was inaugurated in January 2016.[62] Chandy's regime was instrumental in beginning the construction of the Smart City Project.[63]

Chandy received the United Nation's Public Service Award for his Mass Contact Programme ("Jana Samparkka Paripadi").[64][65] The government also sanctioned of Unemployment Allowance.[20] Social welfare pension amounts and numbers were doubled during the second Chandy ministry.[55][44] Old-age pension amounts were also increased.[55] Other social welfare measures during Chandy reign include free ration for those who lost their employment.[65] Free rice was given to those who did not belong to Above Poverty Line (APL).[44] Food kits were distributed to the people during Onam, the Eid, and Christmas.[44]

Chandy government constructed more than 400,000 houses for the homeless people in Kerala.[65]

Chandy's regime was instrumental in beginning the construction of Kannur Airport,[63][66] the Kochi Metro,[63][67][66] and the Vizhinjam Port near Thiruvananthapuram.[63][66] The Kochi-Mangalore GAIL pipeline was commissioned by the second Chandy ministry in 2013.[68] In 2015, the Cochin Airport became the world's first fully solar powered airport.[69][70] During his period, 227 road bridges worth nearly Rs 16 billion were built across Kerala.[71][44]

A number of state highways were constructed under Chandy government and the final decision to widen the national highways of the state to 45 m were taken in 2014.[72] Several "bypass" roads were also constructed.[44]

Kerala Assembly Election results

Vote share in consecutive Kerala Assembly elections
1982
 
 48.25%
1987
 
 43.65%
1991
 
 44.84%
1996
 
 44.84%
2001
 
 49.05%
2006
 
 42.98%
2011
 
 45.83%
2016
 
 38.81%
2021
 
 39.47%
2026
 
 46.54%
Assembly election results[73]
Election Alliance leader Seats won Change in seats Outcome
1980 K. Karunakaran
46 / 140
 New Opposition, later Government
1982
77 / 140
 Increase 31 Government
1987
61 / 140
 Decrease 16 Opposition
1991
90 / 140
 Increase 29 Government
1996 A. K. Antony
59 / 140
 Decrease 31 Opposition
2001
99 / 140
 Increase 40 Government
2006 Oommen Chandy
42 / 140
 Decrease 57 Opposition
2011
72 / 140
 Increase 30 Government
2016
47 / 140
 Decrease 25 Opposition
2021 Ramesh Chennithala
41 / 140
 Decrease 6 Opposition
2026 V. D. Satheesan
102 / 140
 Increase 61 Government

Electoral history

Mandate Seats secured Ruling coalition Majority
LDFUDFOthers
1980 93 46 1 LDF 47
1982 63770UDF 14
198778611LDF 17
199148902UDF 40
199680591LDF 21
200140991UDF 59
200698420LDF 56
201168720UDF 04
201691472LDF 44
202199410LDF 59
20263510203UDF 67

Lok Sabha Electoral History

Election Seats won Change in seats Voteshare Outcome
1980 08 / 20 New Steady Government
1984 18 / 20 Increase 10 51.29% Government
1989 17 / 20 Decrease 1 49.29% Opposition
1991 16 / 20 Decrease 1 48.59% Government
1996 10 / 20 Decrease 6 45.75% Opposition
1998 11 / 20 Increase 1 46.08% Opposition
1999 11 / 20 Steady 46.9% Opposition
2004 01 / 20 Decrease 10 38.38% Government
2009 16 / 20 Increase 15 47.73% Government
2014 12 / 20 Decrease 4 41.98% Opposition
2019 19 / 20 Increase 7 47.48% Opposition
2024 18 / 20 Decrease 01 45.21% Opposition

List of elected members

State legislature

Map of Kerala showing 2026 state Legislative Assembly election results

The United Democratic Front currently has 102 members in the 140-member Kerala Legislative Assembly. The alliance currently forms the Opposition in the Assembly.

Key

  Indian National Congress (INC)   Indian Union Muslim League (IUML)   Kerala Congress (KEC)   Kerala Congress (Jacob) (KC(J))  Revolutionary Marxist Party of India (RMPI)   Kerala Democratic Party (KDP)  Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) (RSPI)  Communist Marxist Party (CMP)  Independents (IND)

Source:[74][75][76]
No. Constituency Name Party
1 Manjeshwaram A. K. M. Ashraf IUML
2 Kasaragod Kallatra Mahin IUML
3 Udma K. Neelakandan INC
4 Thrikaripur Sandeep Varier INC
5 Payyanur V. Kunhikrishnan IND
6 Taliparamba T K Govindan Master IND
7 Irikkur Sajeev Joseph INC
8 Kannur T.O Mohanan INC
9 Peravoor Adv Sunny Joseph INC
10 Mananthavady (ST) Usha Vijayan INC
11 Sulthan Bathery (ST) I. C. Balakrishnan INC
12 Kalpetta T. Siddique INC
13 Vatakara K. K. Rema RMPI
14 Kuttiady Parakkal Abdulla IUML
15 Nadapuram K. M. Abhijith INC
16 Koyilandy K. Praveen Kumar INC
17 Perambra Fathima Thahiliya IUML
18 Balussery (SC) V. T. Sooraj INC
19 Elathur Vidya Balakrishnan INC
20 Kozhikode North K.Jayanth INC
21 Kozhikode South Fyzal Babu IUML
22 Kunnamangalam M. A. Razak Master IUML
23 Koduvally P. K. Firos IUML
24 Thiruvambady C. K. Kasim IUML
25 Kondotty T. P Ashrafali IUML
26 Eranad P. K. Basheer IUML
27 Nilambur Aryadan Shoukath INC
28 Wandoor (SC) A. P. Anil Kumar INC
29 Manjeri M. Rahmathulla IUML
30 Perinthalmanna Najeeb Kanthapuram IUML
31 Mankada Manjalamkuzhi Ali IUML
32 Malappuram P. K. Kunhalikutty IUML
33 Vengara K. M. Shaji IUML
34 Vallikkunnu T. V. Ibrahim IUML
35 Tirurangadi P. M. A. Sameer IUML
36 Tanur P. K. Navas IUML
37 Tirur Kurukkoli Moideen IUML
38 Kottakkal K. K. Abid Hussain Thangal IUML
39 Thavanur V. S Joy INC
40 Ponnani K. P Noushad Ali INC
41 Thrithala V. T. Balram INC
42 Kongad (SC) K. A. Thulasi INC
43 Mannarkkad N. Samsudheen IUML
44 Palakkad Ramesh Pisharody INC
45 Chittur Sumesh Achuthan INC
46 Thrissur Rajan Pallan INC
47 Irinjalakuda Thomas Unniyadan KC
48 Chalakudy Saneeshkumar Joseph INC
49 Kodungallur O. J. Janeesh INC
50 Perumbavoor Manoj Moothedan INC
51 Angamaly Roji M. John INC
52 Aluva Anwar Sadath INC
53 Kalamassery V. E. Abdul Gafoor IUML
54 Paravur V. D. Satheesan INC
55 Vypin Tony Chammany INC
56 Kochi Mohammad Shiyas INC
57 Thrippunithura Deepak Joy INC
58 Ernakulam T. J. Vinod INC
59 Thrikkakara Uma Thomas INC
60 Kunnathunad (SC) V. P. Sajeendran INC
61 Piravom Anoop Jacob KEC(J)
62 Muvattupuzha Mathew Kuzhalnadan INC
63 Kothamangalam Shibu Thekkumpuram KC
64 Devikulam (SC) F Raja INC
65 Udumbanchola Senapathy Venu INC
66 Thodupuzha Apu John Joseph KC
67 Idukki Roy K Paulose INC
68 Peerumade Cyriac Thomas INC
68 Pala Mani C. Kappan IND
70 Kaduthuruthy Mons Joseph KC
71 Vaikom (SC) K. Binimon INC
72 Ettumanoor Nattakom Suresh INC
73 Kottayam Thiruvanchoor Radhakrishnan INC
74 Puthuppally Chandy Oommen INC
75 Changanassery Vinu Job Kuzhimannil KC
76 Kanjirappally Rony K Baby INC
77 Poonjar Sebastian M. J. INC
78 Aroor Shanimol Osman INC
79 Alappuzha A.D.Thomas INC
80 Ambalappuzha G. Sudhakaran IND
81 Kuttanad Reji Cheriyan KC
82 Haripad Ramesh Chennithala INC
83 Kayamkulam M. Liju INC
84 Thiruvalla Varghese Mammen KC
85 Ranni Pazhakulam Madhu INC
86 Aranmula Abin Varkey INC
87 Adoor (SC) Adv. C. V. Santhakumar INC
88 Karunagapally C. R. Mahesh INC
89 Chavara Shibu Baby John RSP
90 Kunnathur (SC) Ullas Kovoor RSP
91 Pathanapuram Jyothi Kumar Chamakkala INC
92 Chadayamangalam M. M. Naseer INC
93 Kundara P. C. Vishnunadh INC
94 Kollam Bindu Krishna INC
95 Eravipuram Vishnu Mohan RSP
96 Chirayinkeezhu (SC) Ramya Haridas INC
97 Vamanapuram Sudheersha Palode INC
98 Vattiyoorkavu K. Muraleedharan INC
99 Thiruvananthapuram C. P. John CMP
100 Kattakkada M. R. Baiju INC
101 Kovalam M. Vincent INC
102 Neyyattinkara N. Sakthan INC

Lok Sabha

Out of the 20 Lok Sabha (House of the People) constituencies in Kerala, 18 were won by the United Democratic Front in 2024 Lok Sabha election.

2024 Indian general election

The following is the list of United Democratic Front Lok Sabha members from the state of Kerala:

Key

  INC   IUML   RSP

No. Parliamentary Constituency Member (M. P.) Party affiliation
1KasaragodRajmohan UnnithanINC
2KannurK. SudhakaranINC
3VatakaraShafi ParambilINC
4WayanadPriyanka Gandhi VadraINC
5KozhikodeM. K. RaghavanINC
6MalappuramE. T. Muhammed BasheerIUML
7PonnaniM.P. Abdussamad SamadaniIUML
8PalakkadV. K. SreekandanINC
9ChalakudyBenny BehananINC
10ErnakulamHibi EdenINC
11IdukkiDean KuriakoseINC
12KottayamK. Francis GeorgeKEC
13AlappuzhaK. C. VenugopalINC
14MavelikkaraKodikunnil SureshINC
15PathanamthittaAnto Antony PunnathaniyilINC
16KollamN. K. PremachandranRSP
17AttingalAdoor PrakashINC
18ThiruvananthapuramShashi TharoorINC

Rajya Sabha

The following is the list of United Democratic Front Rajya Sabha members from the state of Kerala:

Key

  INC   IUML

No. State Member (M. P.) Party affiliation
1KeralaJebi MatherINC
2 P. V. Abdul WahabIUML
3 Haris Beeran IUML

See also

References

Notes

References

  1. ↑ Rahman, Abdul (29 May 2026). ""Politically motivated" raid at home of Keralam left leader sparks mass protests". Peoples Dispatch. Retrieved 29 May 2026.
  2. ↑ "India's election results were more than a 'Modi wave'". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 31 May 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2019. The BJP's primary rival, the centrist Indian National Congress (Congress), won only 52 seats.
  3. ↑ "Election history of Kerala". CEO Kerala. Chief Election Officer, Kerala. Archived from the original on 11 November 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  4. ↑ PTI (23 December 2010). "Who was K Karunakaran?". NDTV. Archived from the original on 22 October 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
  5. 1 2 "Congress(I) leader Karunakaran sworn in as Kerala CM". India Today. Archived from the original on 8 November 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
  6. ↑ Isaac, T. M. Thomas; Kumar, S. Mohana (1991). "Kerala Elections, 1991: Lessons and Non-Lessons". Economic and Political Weekly. 26 (47): 2691–2704. ISSN 0012-9976. JSTOR 4398338.
  7. ↑ Menon, Girish (14 May 2001). "LDF swept out in Kerala". Archived from the original on 19 November 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  8. ↑ Anantha Krishnan (13 May 2011). "This story is from May 13, 2011 Kerala assembly elections 2011: UDF wins by narrow margin". Times of India. Archived from the original on 4 February 2023. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  9. 1 2 Chandran, Cynthia (3 October 2020). "MM Hassan takes charge as the UDF convener". The New Indian Express.
  10. ↑ Heller, Patrick (18 April 2020). "A virus, social democracy, and dividends for Kerala". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 19 November 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  11. ↑ "UDF's unlikely coalition for Kerala polls—CPI(M) rebels, communist splinters, local TMC heavyweight". The Print. 24 March 2026.
  12. ↑ "ലോക്‌സഭാ തെരഞ്ഞെടുപ്പ്: കേരള പ്രവാസി അസോസിയേഷൻ പിന്തുണ യുഡിഎഫിന്". www.mediaoneonline.com (in Malayalam). 23 April 2024. Archived from the original on 8 October 2024. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
  13. ↑ Raghunath, Arjun (22 December 2025). "Anvar, Janu join UDF as associate members; KKC leader Chandrasekharan declines offer". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 14 June 2026.
  14. ↑ "As it happened: TMC, AIADMK retain power; BJP takes Assam, Left Kerala". Hindustan Times. 19 May 2016. Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 11 August 2019.
  15. ↑ PTI (30 May 2016). "Congress Elects Ramesh Chennithala As Leader Of Opposition In Kerala Assembly". NDTV. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
  16. ↑ "LDF retains power in Kerala winning 99 seats, decimates UDF to 41". ANI. ANI. 3 May 2021. Archived from the original on 19 May 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  17. ↑ Manoj C G (22 May 2021). "Congress appoints V D Satheesan as Leader of Opposition in Kerala". Indian Express. Archived from the original on 22 May 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
  18. ↑ "Wearing T P's badge, K K Rema takes oath; Will cooperate with opposition on issues where consensus could be built, she says". Keralakaumudi Daily. Archived from the original on 24 May 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
  19. ↑ Chief Ministers of Kerala since 1957 Deprecated link archived 3 October 2013 at archive.today. Kerala Legislature
  20. 1 2 3 Chief Ministers, Ministers, and Leaders of Opposition of Kerala (PDF). Thiruvananthapuram: Secratriat of Kerala Legislature. 2018. p. 32. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 May 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  21. ↑ Chief Ministers, Ministers, and Leaders of Opposition of Kerala (PDF). Thiruvananthapuram: Secratriat of Kerala Legislature. 2018. p. 150. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 May 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  22. ↑ "I am competent to continue as UDF convenor, says P P Thankachan". Mathrubhumi. 3 June 2018. Archived from the original on 19 May 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  23. 1 2 "Benny Behanan is UDF convener". The Hindu. 20 September 2018. Archived from the original on 19 May 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  24. ↑ "UDF convenor Benny Behanan steps down". The New Indian Express. 27 September 2020. Archived from the original on 19 May 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  25. 1 2 3 4 Chief Ministers, Ministers, and Leaders of Opposition of Kerala (PDF). Thiruvananthapuram: Secratriat of Kerala Legislature. 2018. p. 22. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 May 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  26. ↑ "VIP Football Pavilion at Kaloor Stadium Named after K Karunakaran". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  27. ↑ "Karunakaran Pavilion". The Times of India. 14 July 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
  28. ↑ "DP World Kochi poised to grow its capacity". Gulf News. 8 February 2016. Archived from the original on 16 October 2017. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
  29. ↑ Chief Ministers, Ministers, and Leaders of Opposition of Kerala (PDF). Thiruvananthapuram: Secratriat of Kerala Legislature. 2018. p. 24. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 May 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  30. ↑ "Kochi to turn into a job park". The New Indian Express. 19 January 2017. Archived from the original on 21 May 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
  31. ↑ Madampat, Shajahan (11 April 2019). "The importance of IUML". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 12 June 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
  32. ↑ "IIMK – Growth History". iimk.ac.in. Archived from the original on 2 January 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  33. ↑ "The first E-literate district of India". The Times of India. 18 August 2004. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
  34. 1 2 3 "Chief Ministers, Ministers and Leaders of Opposition in Kerala: Biographical Sketches and other data" (PDF). Niyamasabha. 26 February 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 October 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
  35. ↑ Konikkara, Aathira. "Nearly 15 years after Coca Cola plant shut down, Plachimada's fight for Rs 216 crore in compensation continues". The Caravan. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
  36. 1 2 "12 new taluks to be formed in Kerala". The Hindu. 21 March 2013. Archived from the original on 15 November 2017. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  37. ↑ "Kannur to become corporation; 28 new municipalities on anvil". Times of India. TNN. 15 January 2015. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  38. ↑ Devassy, M. K. (1967). Census of India – 1961, Kerala (Census Atlas). Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala and Laccadive Islands.
  39. ↑ Chandran 2018, p. 422.
  40. ↑ "A new government medical college in Kerala after 31 years". The Hindu. 2 September 2013. Archived from the original on 30 August 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  41. ↑ "MCI recognition for Manjeri medical college". The Hindu. 4 May 2019. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  42. ↑ "Karunya Benevolent Fund Scheme extended for one more year". The New Indian Express. 2 April 2020. Archived from the original on 19 May 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
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