Timeline of extinctions in the 19th century

Illustration of settlers hunting quaggas in South Africa. By Thomas Baines, c. 1857-1864.

This timeline of extinctions is a chronological list of biological species, subspecies, and other evolutionary significant units recorded to have disappeared during the course of the 19th century of the second millennium.

Following the parent timeline of extinctions in the Holocene, the entries included range from 1800 to 1899, even though the 19th century is properly established to have lasted from January 1, 1801, to December 31, 1900. For extinctions in 1900, see timeline of extinctions in the 20th century.

The list is incomplete by necessity, since the majority of extinctions are thought to be undocumented, and for many others there isn't a definitive, widely accepted last, or most recent record. According to the species-area theory, the present rate of extinction may be up to 140,000 species per year.[1]

Timeline

1800s

Last record Common name Binomial name Former range Declared extinct Causes Picture
c. 1800[2] Domed Rodrigues giant tortoise Cylindraspis peltastes Rodrigues 1994 (IUCN) Possibly hunting and introduced predators and competitors.[3][4]
Saddle-backed Rodrigues giant tortoise Cylindraspis vosmaeri
1801 Bory's white bat[5] Boryptera alba Réunion Probably deforestation and predation by introduced rats.[6]
1802 Smooth handfish Sympterichthys unipennis Southeastern Tasmania? 2020 (IUCN) Fishing?[7]
1803 Hoffstetter's worm snake Madatyphlops cariei Mauritius 1994 (IUCN) Probably introduced predators.[8]
1806 Wynberg conebush Leucadendron grandiflorum Cape Peninsula, South Africa 2020 (IUCN) Probably habitat destruction.[9]
1807 St. Paul Island duck Mareca sp. Île Saint-Paul, French Southern and Antarctic Lands Hunting.[10]

1810s

Last record Common name Binomial name Former range Declared extinct Causes Picture
1810 Campbell Island parakeet Cyanoramphus sp. Campbell Island, New Zealand 1840 Predation by introduced brown rats.[10]
Saint Helena heliotrope Heliotropium pannifolium Coastal lowlands of Saint Helena 2016 (IUCN) Predation by introduced goats.[11]
1819[A] Kangaroo Island emu Dromaius novaehollandiae baudinianus Kangaroo Island, Australia 1837
1988 (IUCN)[12]		 Hunting.[10]

1820s

Last record Common name Binomial name Former range Declared extinct Causes Picture
1820 Manchester moth Euclemensia woodiella Kersal Moor, England Undetermined.[13]
1820–1829 Amynthas japonicus Possibly Dejima or Nagasaki, Japan Possibly habitat loss.[14]
1821–1822 Providence blue pigeon Alectroenas sp. Islands St. Pierre and Providence, Seychelles Undetermined.[10]
1822 Manila Bay herring Clupea manulensis Manila Bay, Philippines Overfishing, habitat destruction, and pollution.[15]
King Island emu[B] Dromaius novaehollandiae minor King Island, Australia 1988 (IUCN) Hunting.[10]
1823 Vava'u pigeon Columba vitiensis ssp. Vava'u Islands, Tonga Undetermined.[10]
Madeira finch Goniaphea leucocephala Madeira, Portugal Undetermined.[10]
Spotted green pigeon Caloenas maculata Tahiti, French Polynesia?[C] 2008 (IUCN) Hunting?[16]
Maupiti monarch Pomarea pomarea Maupiti, Society Islands, French Polynesia 1988 (IUCN) Probably introduced species.[17]
1824 Newfoundland duck Anas fuscescens Newfoundland, Canada Undetermined.[10]
1825 Mysterious starling Aplonis mavornata Mauke, Cook Islands 1988 (IUCN) Predation by introduced brown rats.[18]
Mauke fruit dove Ptilinopus rarotongensis byronensis Mauke, Cook Islands Undetermined.[10]
ʻĀmaui Myadestes woahensis Oahu, Hawaii, United States 1988 (IUCN) Possibly habitat destruction and introduced avian malaria.[19]
1826[D] Mauritius blue pigeon Alectroenas nitidissimus Mauritius Deforestation.[10]
1826–1839 Mangareva reed warbler Acrocephalus astrolabii Possibly the Gambier Islands, French Polynesia Likely deforestation and introduced predators.[10]
1827–1828 Kosrae crake Zapornia monasa Kosrae, Micronesia 1880
1988 (IUCN)		 Predation by introduced rats.[21]
1828 Kosrae starling Aplonis corvina Probably predation by introduced rats.[22]
Bonin grosbeak Carpodacus ferreorostris Bonin Islands, Japan 1854
1988 (IUCN)		 Possibly deforestation and predation by introduced cats and rats.[23]
Bonin thrush Zoothera terrestris 1889
1988 (IUCN)		 Probably predation by introduced cats and rats.[24]
c. 1829[25][E] Tonga ground skink Tachygyia microlepis Tonga 1996 (IUCN) Habitat loss and predation by introduced dogs, pigs, and rats.[26]

1830s

Last record Common name Binomial name Former range Declared extinct Causes Picture
1830 Kotzebue's lorikeet Charmosyna samoensis Samoa Undetermined.[10]
1830–1839 Delcourt's giant gecko Gigarcanum delcourti New Caledonia? Undetermined.[27]
Phillip Island glory pea Streblorrhiza speciosa Phillip Island, Australia 1978 (IUCN) Predation by introduced feral pigs, goats and rabbits.[28]
1831 Deyeuxia lawrencei Possibly near Launceston, Tasmania, Australia Undetermined.[29]
1834 Delalande's coua Coua delalandei Nosy Boraha, Madagascar 1994 (IUCN) Deforestation.[30]
Mascarene parrot[F] Mascarinus mascarin Réunion 1804 (wild)
1988 (IUCN)		 Hunting.[31]
Atlas bear[G] Ursus arctos crowtheri Northern Maghreb Possibly habitat fragmentation.[33]
1835 Darwin's large ground finch Geospiza magnirostris magnirostris Floreana and San Cristóbal, Galápagos Islands 1838 Habitat destruction and introduced predators.[10]
1837 Oʻahu ʻakialoa Akialoa ellisiana[H] Oahu, Hawaii, United States 2016 (IUCN) Possibly habitat destruction and introduced disease.[34]
Hoopoe starling Fregilupus varius Réunion 1988 (IUCN) Possibly introduced disease, hunting, and habitat degradation.[35]
Oʻahu ʻōʻō Moho apicalis Oahu, Hawaii, United States 1890
1988 (IUCN)		 Habitat loss and introduction of disease-carrying mosquitos.[36]
Mauritius owl Otus sauzieri Mauritius 1859
1988 (IUCN)		 Possibly deforestation, hunting, and predation by introduced mammals.[37]
Martinique curlytail lizard Leiocephalus herminieri Martinique 2017 (IUCN) Undetermined.
1838–1841[I] Oʻahu nukupuʻu Hemignathus lucidus Oahu, Hawaii, United States 1890
1839 Réunion slit-eared skink Gongylomorphus borbonicus Réunion Probably predation by introduced snakes.[39]
Trianthema cypseleoides Hawkesbury River, New South Wales, Australia Undetermined.[40]
1839–1841 Large Samoan flying fox Pteropus coxi Samoan Islands 2020 (IUCN)[41] Undetermined.

1840s

Last record Common name Binomial name Former range Declared extinct Causes Picture
c. 1840[2] Réunion giant tortoise Cylindraspis indica Réunion 1994 (IUCN)[42] Undetermined.
1840 Dieffenbach's Rail Hypotaenidia dieffenbachii Chatham Islands, New Zealand 1872
1988 (IUCN)		 Possibly introduced predators and habitat loss from fire.[43]
Littoraria flammea Chinese coast[44] 1996 (IUCN) Habitat loss.[45]
Weinmannia spiraeoides Ovalau, Fiji 1998 (IUCN) Undetermined.[46]
1842 Rodrigues giant day gecko Phelsuma gigas Rodrigues 1874 Possibly introduced Norway rats.[39]
1843 Big-eared hopping mouse Notomys macrotis West-central Western Australia, Australia 2016 (IUCN) Predation by cats and habitat degradation.[47]
1844 Black-fronted parakeet Cyanorhamphus zealandicus Tahiti, Society Islands, French Polynesia 1988 (IUCN) Possibly deforestation, hunting, and predation by introduced species.[48]
1846 Darling Downs hopping mouse Notomys mordax Darling Downs, Queensland, Australia 1982 (IUCN) Possibly predation by introduced cats, and habitat destruction by agriculture and livestock farming.[49]
Liverpool Plains striped bandicoot Perameles fasciata North-central New South Wales, Australia 2022 (IUCN) Undetermined.[50]
1847 Logania depressa East of Waiouru and north of Moawhango, New Zealand Habitat degradation.[51]
1849 Clubmoss everlasting Ozothamnus selaginoides Mount Wellington, Tasmania, Australia Undetermined.[52]

1850s

Last record Common name Binomial name Former range Declared extinct Causes Picture
c. 1850 Daudin's giant tortoise Aldabrachelys gigantea daudinii Mahé, Seychelles Undetermined.[2]
Floreana giant tortoise Chelonoidis niger Floreana, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador 1996 (IUCN) Probably hunting and introduced species.[J]
Southern black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis bicornis Southwestern Africa Undetermined.[54]
1850 Javan elephant[K] Elephas maximus sondaicus Java, Indonesia; introduced to Sulu, Philippines Undetermined.[L]
Turquoise-throated puffleg Eriocnemis godini Northern Ecuador Habitat destruction.[57]
Spectacled cormorant Phalacrocorax perspicillatus Commander Islands, Russia; Northeast Japan (Pleistocene)[58] 1882
1988 (IUCN)		 Hunting.[59]
1850-1900 Imber's petrel Pterodroma imberi Chatham Islands, New Zealand Hunting and predation by introduced cats.[10][60]
1851 Tasmanian emu Dromaius novaehollandiae diemenensis Tasmania, Australia Hunting.[61]
Norfolk kākā[M] Nestor productus Norfolk Island, Australia 1988 (IUCN) Hunting[63] and habitat destruction by introduced rabbits, pigs, and goats.[10]
Diospyros angulata Mauritius 2025 (IUCN) Invasive species, and habitat destruction.[64]
Jamaican giant galliwasp Celestus occiduus Jamaica Extermination by introduced predators such as mongooses.[65]
Before 1852 Letitia's thorntail Discosura letitiae Bolivia Undetermined.[10]
1852 Canaridiscus engonatus Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain Possibly urbanization.[66]
Canaridiscus retextus La Palma, Canary Islands, Spain Possibly deforestation.[67]
Great auk Pinguinus impennis North Atlantic and western Mediterranean 1988 (IUCN) Hunting.[68][69][10]
1853 Lord Howe pigeon Columba vitiensis godmanae Lord Howe Island, Australia
1855–1875[N] Stringwood Acalypha rubrinervis Central ridge of St Helena island 1998 (IUCN) Undetermined.[70]
Before 1856 Whitenose bubble-nest frog Pseudophilautus leucorhinus Sri Lanka 2004 (IUCN) Possibly habitat loss.[71]
1856 Sandhills crayfish Procambarus angustatus Sand Hills, Georgia, United States 2006 (IUCN) Undetermined.[72]
Small Samoan flying fox Pteropus allenorum Upolu, Samoa 2020 (IUCN) Undetermined.[73]
1857 Southern barred bandicoot Perameles notina Southern Australia 2025 (IUCN) Pastoral development, habitat alteration, and predation by introduced cats.[74]
1858 Variable bush frog Pseudophilautus variabilis Sri Lanka 2004 (IUCN) Possibly habitat loss due to agriculture.[75]
1859 Kioea Chaetoptila angustipluma Hawaiʻi, Oahu, and Maui, Hawaii, United States 1988 (IUCN) Possibly deforestation, hunting, and introduced predators.[76]
Pseudophilautus pardus Sri Lanka 2004 (IUCN) Possibly habitat loss due to agriculture.[77]

1860s

Last record Common name Binomial name Former range Declared extinct Causes Picture
c. 1860 Sea mink[O] Neovison macrodon Atlantic coast of Canada and New England 2002 (IUCN) Hunting for the fur trade.[78]
1860-1869 Insular myotis Myotis insularum Samoa Undetermined.[79]
1860 Geomitra delphinuloides Eastern Madeira, Portugal Undetermined.[80]
Pseudoyersinia brevipennis Hyères, France 2020 (IUCN)[81] Undetermined.
Gould's emerald Riccordia elegans Jamaica? 1988 (IUCN)[82]
Jamaican poorwill Siphonorhis americana Jamaica Predation by introduced black rats, brown rats, and small Indian mongooses.[83]
1860-1862 White-footed rabbit rat Conilurus albipes South-eastern Australia 2016 (IUCN) Possibly disease spread by introduced rodents.[84]
1861 Ebon Island fruit dove Ptilinopus porphyraceus marshallianus Ebon, Marshall Islands Undetermined.[10]
Schmarda's worm Tokea orthostichon Maungarei, New Zealand Undetermined.[85]
1862 Small Mauritian flying fox[P] Pteropus subniger Mauritius and Réunion 1988 (IUCN) Hunting and deforestation.[86]
1863 Mbashe River buff Deloneura immaculata Eastern Cape Province, South Africa 1994 (IUCN) Undetermined.[87]
1864 British large copper Lycaena dispar dispar England Undetermined.[88]
Pseudophilautus temporalis Sri Lanka 2004 (IUCN) Possibly habitat loss due to agriculture.[89]
Hawaiian rail Zapornia sandwichensis Eastern Hawaiʻi (and Molokai?), United States 1988 (IUCN) Possibly hunting, deforestation, predation by introduced black rats, pigs, cats, and dogs, and introduced diseases from poultry.[10]
1865 Sharpe's rail Gallirallus sharpei unknown; possibly Java, Sumatra, or Borneo Undetermined.[90]
Janulus pompylius La Palma, Canary Islands, Spain Undetermined.[91]
Mauritius snout butterfly Libythea cinyras Mauritius 1986 (IUCN) Undetermined.[92]
Cape lion Panthera leo melanochaita Cape Province, South Africa Extermination campaign.[93][Q]
1866 Siau scops owl[R] Otus manadensis siaoensis Siau Island, Indonesia Deforestation.[10]
1867 Eastern elk[96] Cervus canadensis canadensis Eastern North America 1880[97] Hunting.[S]
Gonidomus newtoni Mauritius 1994 (IUCN) Undetermined.[100]
1868 Kawaihae hibiscadelphus Hibiscadelphus bombycinus Kawaihae, Hawaii, United States[101] 1998 (IUCN) Undetermined.[102]
1869 Huahine warbler Acrocephalus musae garretti Huahine, Society Islands, French Polynesia 1921 Possibly predation by introduced rats.[10]
Cupaniopsis crassivalvis Northeast of La Conception, Nouméa, New Caledonia 1998 (IUCN) Undetermined.[103]
Lord Howe parakeet Cyanoramphus subflavescens Lord Howe Island, Australia 1999 Persecution by crop farmers.[10]
Pachystyla rufozonata Mauritius 1994 (IUCN) Undetermined.[104]
Pseudophilautus nanus Southern Sri Lanka 2004 (IUCN) Habitat loss.[105][106]
Sharp-nosed bush frog Pseudophilautus nasutus Sri Lanka
Xanthostemon sebertii Prony Bay, New Caledonia 1998 (IUCN) Undetermined.[107]

1870s

Last record Common name Binomial name Former range Declared extinct Causes Picture
1870 Belgrandia varica Var River Delta, France Urbanization and pollution.[108]
North Island snipe Coenocorypha barrierensis North Island, New Zealand 2014 (IUCN) Predation by introduced Polynesian rats and feral cats.[109]
1870-1873 Raiatea warbler Acrocephalus musae musae Raiatea, Society Islands, French Polynesia Undetermined.[10]
1870–1879
Campolaemus perexilis Saint Helena 1994 (IUCN) Undetermined.[110][111][112][113][114][115][116][117][118][119][120][121][122]
Chilonopsis blofeldi
Chilonopsis exulatus
Chilonopsis helena
Chilonopsis subplicatus
Chilonopsis subtruncatus
Helenoconcha leptalea
Helenoconcha minutissima
Helenoconcha polyodon
Helenoconcha pseustes
Helenoconcha sexdentata
Helenodiscus bilamellata
Helenodiscus vernoni
Morant's blue Lepidochrysops hypopolia South Africa 2020 (IUCN) Undetermined.[123]
Pupilla obliquicosta Saint Helena 1994 (IUCN) Undetermined.[124]
1871 Spined dwarf mantis Ameles fasciipennis Tolentino, Italy 2020 (IUCN) Possibly habitat loss to agriculture.[125]
Ctenoglypta newtoni Mauritius 1994 (IUCN) Undetermined.[126]
Cape warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus aethiopicus Cape Province, South Africa Undetermined.[127]
1872 Pseudophilautus oxyrhynchus Sri Lanka 2004 (IUCN) Possibly habitat loss.[128]
1873 Tristan moorhen[10] Gallinula nesiotis Tristan da Cunha 1988 (IUCN) Hunting, predation by introduced cats, rats, and pigs; and habitat destruction by fire.[129]
Samoan woodhen[T] Pareudiastes pacificus Savai'i, Samoa Hunting and predation by introduced cats, rats, pigs, and dogs.[130]
Before 1874 Large Palau flying fox Pteropus pilosus Palau 1988 (IUCN) Possibly hunting and habitat degradation.[131]
1874 Luciobarbus nasus Ksob river drainage, Morocco 2022 (IUCN) Undetermined.[132]
Coues's gadwall Mareca strepera couesi Teraina, Line Islands, Kiribati 1924 Probably hunting and introduced predators.[10]
Parmacella gervaisii La Crau, Provence, France Undetermined. The species has been suggested to be the same as, or related to Drusia deshayesii from northern Morocco and Algeria, as well as an introduced species.[133]
Percy Island flying fox Pteropus brunneus Percy Islands, Australia 1996 (IUCN) Possibly habitat loss.[134]
Vernonia sechellensis Mahé, Seychelles 1998 (IUCN) Deforestation.[135]
Before 1875 Great Saint Helena awl snail Chilonopsis nonpareil Saint Helena 1994 (IUCN) Habitat modification caused by introduced pigs, goats, and rabbits; and predation by introduced rats, mice, and the centipede Scolopendra morsitans.[136]
1875 Newton's parakeet Alexandrinus exsul Rodrigues 1988 (IUCN) Probably habitat loss and hunting. The last pairs may have been killed by the 1876 cyclone season.[137]
North Island little spotted kiwi Apteryx owenii iredalei North Island, New Zealand Hunting, habitat degradation, and predation by introduced mammals.[10]
Labrador duck[U] Camptorhynchus labradorius Atlantic coast of Canada and New England 1988 (IUCN) Hunting, egg harvesting, and habitat loss.[139]
New Zealand quail Coturnix novaezelandiae New Zealand Introduced diseases?[140]
Daintree's river banana Musa fitzalanii Daintree River, northeast Queensland, Australia Undetermined.[141]
Broad-faced potoroo Potorous platyops Western Australia, Australia 1982 (IUCN) Predation by feral cats and habitat loss.[142]
1876 or earlier Pseudophilautus maia Ramboda, Sri Lanka 2008 (IUCN) Possibly deforestation.[143]
1876 Falkland Islands wolf Dusicyon australis Falkland Islands 1986 (IUCN) Extermination campaign.[144]
Kermadec megapode Megapodius sp. Raoul, Kermadec Islands, New Zealand Volcanic eruption.[10]
Himalayan quail[V] Ophrysia superciliosa Possibly Uttarakhand, India and western Nepal Hunting and habitat loss.[145]
1877 Brace's emerald Riccordia bracei New Providence, Bahamas 1988 (IUCN) Undetermined.[146]
Sterculia khasiana Khasi Hills, Meghalaya, India 1998 (IUCN) Likely habitat loss caused by extensive agriculture and fires.[147]
Jamaican rice rat Oryzomys antillarum Jamaica 2008 (IUCN) Competition with introduced rats,[148] or predation by introduced mongooses.[149]
Before 1878 Leiostyla gibba Madeira, Portugal Undetermined, after human settlement.[150]
1878 Navassa Island iguana Cyclura cornuta onchiopsis Navassa Island 2011 (IUCN) Probably hunting.[151]
Discula tetrica Desertas Islands of Madeira, Portugal Undetermined.[152]
Antioquia brown-banded antpitta Grallaria milleri gilesi Santa Elena, Antioquia, Colombia Probably deforestation.[10]
Keraea garachicoensis North Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain Undetermined.[153]
Leiostyla abbreviata Madeira, Portugal Undetermined.[154]
Madeiran land snail Leiostyla lamellosa 1996 (IUCN) Undetermined.[155]
Pseudocampylaea lowii Undetermined.[156]
1879 Macquarie Island banded rail Hypotaenidia philippensis macquariensis South Macquarie Island, Australia 1894 Predation by introduced cats, rats, weka, and overgrazing by introduced rabbits.[10]
Moseley's parrot Psittrichas sp. Admiralty Islands, Papua New Guinea Undetermined.[10]
Jamaican petrel[W] Pterodroma caribbaea Jamaica; Dominica and Guadeloupe? Hunting and predation by introduced rats, mongooses, pigs, and dogs.[157]

1880s

Last record Common name Binomial name Former range Declared extinct Causes Picture
1880 Lesser yellow bat Scotophilus borbonicus Southern Madagascar and Réunion Undetermined.[158]
1880–1889? Parras characodon Characodon garmani Southern Coahuila, Mexico 1953[159]
1988 (IUCN)		 Probably habitat loss.[160]
1880–1889 Mautodontha acuticosta French Polynesia Undetermined.[161][162][163][164][165][166][167][168][169][170]
Mautodontha consimilis
Mautodontha consobrina
Mautodontha maupiensis
Mautodontha parvidens
Mautodontha punctiperforata
Mautodontha saintjohni
Mautodontha subtilis
Mautodontha unilamellata Cook Islands
Mautodontha zebrina
c. 1881 Saint Lucia giant rice rat Megalomys luciae Saint Lucia 1994 (IUCN) Predation by introduced mongooses.[171]
1881 Jamaican wood rail Amaurolimnas concolor concolor Jamaica Possibly predation by introduced mongooses, cats, and rats.[10]
1882 Gunther's streamlined frog Nannophrys guentheri Sri Lanka 2004 (IUCN) Undetermined.[172]
Pseudophilautus extirpo Possibly habitat loss.[173]
1883 Quagga[X] Equus quagga quagga Cape Province, South Africa 1889[174]
1986 (IUCN)[175]		 Hunting.
1884-1886 Chilonopsis turtoni Saint Helena 1994 (IUCN) Undetermined.[176]
1885 Tristram's pintail Anas acuta modesta Sidney Island, Phoenix Islands, Kiribati Undetermined.[10]
Pindus quillwort Isoetes heldreichii Southern Pindus Mountains, Greece Undetermined.[177]
1886 Sri Lanka bubble-nest frog Pseudophilautus adspersus Nuwara Eliya, Sri Lanka 2004 (IUCN) Possibly habitat loss caused by agricultural expansion.[178]
Sporobolus durus Weather Post, Ascension Island 2003 (IUCN) Undetermined.[179]
Martinique house wren Troglodytes aedon martinicensis Martinique Undetermined.[10]
Bennett's seaweed Vanvoorstia bennettiana Port Jackson, Australia 2003 (IUCN) Habitat loss and pollution.[180]
1886-1888 Emperor rat Uromys imperator Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands Undetermined.[181][182]
Guadalcanal rat Uromys porculus
1887 Raoul Island pigeon Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae ssp. Raoul, Kermadec Islands, New Zealand Hunting and predation by introduced cats.[10]
Ryukyu kingfisher Todiramphus cinnamomimus miyakoensis Miyako Island, Ryukyu, Japan Undetermined.[10]
Wendlandia psychotrioides Mount Bellenden Ker, Queensland, Australia Undetermined.[183]
1888 Lesser Indian rhinoceros Rhinoceros sondaicus inermis Northeast India, Bangladesh, and Myanmar Habitat loss, poaching, and deforestation.[184]
Valerianella affinis Jebel Ma’alih, Socotra, Yemen 2004 (IUCN) Undetermined.[185]
1888-1899 Pluchea glutinosa Socotra, Yemen Undetermined.[186]
c. 1889 Hokkaido wolf Canis lupus hattai Hokkaido, Sakhalin, Kamchatka, Iturup and Kunashir[187] Extermination campaign.[188]
1889 Cuban macaw Ara tricolor Cuba and Juventud 2000 (IUCN) Hunting for food and the exotic pet trade.[10]
Bonin wood pigeon Columba versicolor Bonin Islands, Japan 1988 (IUCN) Deforestation and predation by introduced cats and rats.[189]
Cynorkis catatii Mandritsara, Mahajanga, Madagascar Undetermined.[190]
Diuris bracteata Near Gladesville, Sydney, Australia Undetermined.[191]
Dryopteris ascensionis[Y] Summit of Green Mountain, Ascension Island 1998 (IUCN) Competition with introduced plants.[192]
Whiteline topminnow Fundulus albolineatus Huntsville, Alabama, United States 1986 (IUCN) Habitat destruction.[160]
Eastern hare-wallaby Lagorchestes leporides Interior southeastern Australia 1982 (IUCN) Possibly habitat loss due to livestock grazing and wildfires.[193][194]
Bonin nankeen night heron Nycticorax caledonicus crassirostris Chichi-jima and Nakōdo-jima, Bonin Islands, Japan Undetermined.[10][195]
Sturdee's pipistrelle Pipistrellus sturdeei Haha-jima, Bonin Islands, Japan 1996 (IUCN) 2004

1890s

Last record Common name Binomial name Former range Declared extinct Causes Picture
c. 1890[196] Portuguese ibex Capra pyrenaica lusitanica Portuguese-Galician border Hunting.
1890 New Caledonian rail[Z] Cabalus lafresnayanus New Caledonia Probably predation by introduced dogs, cats, pigs, and rats.[197]
Morat whitefish Coregonus restrictus Lake Morat, Switzerland 2008 (IUCN) Likely eutrophication.[198]
Macquarie parakeet[AA] Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae erythrotis Macquarie Island, Australia 1894 Increased predation by introduced cats and weka after rabbits were introduced, boosting their numbers.[199]
Bar-winged rail[AB] Hypotaenidia poeciloptera Fiji 1994 (IUCN) Predation by introduced cats and mongooses.[200]
Togo mouse Leimacomys buettneri Adele, Togo and possibly Ghana Undetermined.[201]
1890-1899 Psiadia schweinfurthii Socotra, Yemen 2004 (IUCN) Undetermined.[202]
ʻOlaʻa peppered looper moth Tritocleis microphylla Hawaii, United States Undetermined.[203]
1891 Sulu bleeding-heart[AC] Gallicolumba menagei Tawi-tawi, Sulu archipelago, Philippines Possibly deforestation and hunting.[10]
Raoul Island banded rail Hypotaenidia sp. Raoul, Kermadec Islands, New Zealand 1944 Predation by introduced cats or rats.[10]
Lesser koa finch Rhodacanthis flaviceps Hawaiʻi Island, Hawaii, United States 1893
1988 (IUCN)		 Undetermined.[204]
1892 Maui Nui ʻakialoa Akialoa lanaiensis Lana'i, Hawaii, United States 2016 (IUCN) Possibly habitat destruction and introduced disease.[205]
Amperea xiphoclada var. pedicellata Double Bay, Sydney, New South Wales Undetermined.[206]
ʻUla-ʻai-hawane[AD] Ciridops anna Hawaiʻi Island, Hawaii, United States 1988 (IUCN) Undetermined.[207]
Embelia flueckigeri Russell River, Queensland, Australia Undetermined.[208]
Nendo tube-nosed fruit bat[AE] Nyctimene sanctacrucis Santa Cruz Islands, Solomon Islands 1994 (IUCN) Undetermined. Could be conspecific with the Island tube-nosed fruit bat.[209]
St. Vincent pygmy rice rat Oligoryzomys victus St. Vincent 2008 (IUCN) Probably predation by introduced brown rats, black rats, and mongooses.[210]
Puerto Rican parakeet Psittacara maugei Puerto Rico and Mona Island Possibly deforestation, hunting, and disease.[10]
Marianne white-eye Zosterops semiflavus Marianne Island, Seychelles 1940
2016 (IUCN)		 Deforestation, competition with introduced birds and predation by back rats.[10]
Blue-gray mouse Pseudomys glaucus Queensland and New South Wales, Australia 2016 (IUCN) Predation by cats.[211]
1893 Aeschynomene ruspoliana Southern Ethiopia Undetermined.[212]
Cynorkis usambarae East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania Undetermined.[213]
Lanai pomace fly Drosophila lanaiensis Lanai and possibly Oahu, Hawaii, United States[214] 1986 (IUCN) Undetermined.[215]
Harelip sucker Lagochila lacera Southeastern United States 1986 (IUCN) Possibly water siltation and pollution.[160]
Leichhardtia araujacea Northern Queensland, Australia Undetermined.[216]
Seychelles parakeet Psittacula wardi Seychelles 1906
1988 (IUCN)		 Hunting and habitat loss to agriculture.[217]
1893-1895 Chatham rail Cabalus modestus Chatham Islands, New Zealand 1988 (IUCN) Habitat destruction, predation and competition with introduced mammals.[218]
1894 Kona grosbeak Chloridops kona Hawaiʻi Island, Hawaii, United States 1988 (IUCN) Undetermined.[219]
North Island takahē Porhyrio mantelli North Island, New Zealand 2000 (IUCN) Climate-induced reduction of grasslands and hunting.[220]
1895 Hawkins's rail Diaphorapteryx hawkinsi Chatham Islands, New Zealand 2005 (IUCN) Hunting.[221]
Chatham fernbird Poodytes rufescens Chatham Islands, New Zealand 1988 (IUCN) Predation by introduced cats.[222]
Cronin's tetratheca Tetratheca fasciculata Wagin, Western Australia Undetermined.[223]
Lyall's wren Traversia lyalli New Zealand 1895
1986 (IUCN)		 Habitat loss and predation by introduced cats.[224]
c. 1895 New Zealand bittern Ixobrychus novaezelandiae New Zealand 1988 (IUCN)[225] Probably predation by introduced stoats, after its numbers had already been depleted by rats and cats.[226]
1896 Byttneria ivorensis Ivory Coast 1998 (IUCN) Undetermined.[227]
Greater koa finch Rhodacanthis palmeri Hawaiʻi Island, Hawaii, United States 1906
1988 (IUCN)		 Possibly habitat destruction and introduced avian malaria.[228]
Newfoundland wolf[AF] Canis lupus beothucus Newfoundland, Canada Hunting.[229]
Short-tailed hopping mouse Notomys amplus South Australia and Northern Territory, Australia 2016 (IUCN) Predation by cats and foxes.[230]
1897 Eleocharis lepta Cape Peninsula, South Africa Undetermined.[231]
Gull Island vole Microtus pennsylvanicus nesophilus Great Gull and Little Gull Islands, New York Habitat destruction.[232]
Martinique giant rice rat Megalomys desmarestii Martinique 1994 (IUCN) Predation by introduced mongooses.[233]
Nelson's rice rat Oryzomys nelsoni Central María Madre Island, Mexico 1996 (IUCN) Competition with introduced black rats.[234]
Guadalupe towhee Pipilio maculatus consobrinus Guadalupe Island, Mexico 1954 Habitat destruction by introduced goats and predation by cats.[10]
Guadalupe wren Thryomanes bewickii brevicauda 1906 Habitat destruction by introduced goats.[10]
Stephens Island piopio Turnagra capensis minor Stephens Island, New Zealand 1898 Predation by introduced cats.[10]
1897–1898 Bulldog rat Rattus nativitatis Christmas Island, Australia 2016 (IUCN) Presumed extinct after the introduction of diseases carried by black rats in 1900.[235]
1898 Angraecum potamophilum Mahajanga, Madagascar Undetermined.[236]
Woolly-stalked begonia Begonia eiromischa Betong Island, Malaysia 2007 (IUCN) Deforestation.[237]
Hawaii mamo Drepanis pacifica Hawaiʻi Island, Hawaii, United States 1988 (IUCN) Hunting, habitat destruction, and introduced disease.[238]
1899 Culebra Island amazon Amazona vittata gracilipes Culebra Island of Puerto Rico 1912 Deforestation and persecution by crop farmers.[10]
Kauaʻi nukupuʻu[AG] Hemignathus hanapepe Kauaʻi, Hawaii, United States 2021
2024 (IUCN)		 Undetermined.[240]
Pseudophilautus halyi Pattipola, Sri Lanka 2004 (IUCN) Possibly habitat loss.[241]
before 1900 Ukrainian migratory lamprey Eudontomyzon sp. nov. 'migratory' Dniestr, Dniepr, and Don River drainages 2008 (IUCN) Undetermined.[242]
Sooty crayfish Pacifastacus nigrescens San Francisco Bay, California, United States 2010 Invasive fish and crayfish species, and urban development.[243]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ One egg was found in 1830, but it could have been from an Australian emu introduced in 1826, or a hybrid (Hume, 2017).
  2. ↑ In captivity. Last recorded in the wild in 1805 (Hume, 2017).
  3. ↑ Type specimen of unknown provenance. Birds of similar color were described by Tahiti natives in 1928, but were not observed by scientists (IUCN).
  4. ↑ Unconfirmed sighting from 1837.[20]
  5. ↑ The only known specimens were collected by Jules Dumont d'Urville during the Astrolabe expedition, which returned to France in that year.
  6. ↑ In captivity. Last seen in the wild in 1775 (IUCN).
  7. ↑ Two haplotypes are found in remains from the Vandal and Byzantine periods: one shared with Iberian bears that could have been introduced by humans, and another unique to Africa.[32] It is not known which type survived until more recent times, because the 1834 holotype is lost.[33]
  8. ↑ Unconfirmed sightings in 1937 and 1940 (IUCN).
  9. ↑ Unconfirmed reports by natives until 1860.[38]
  10. ↑ Hybrid descendants of C. niger and C. becki survive in nearby Isabela Island.[53]
  11. ↑ In Sulu, where it was introduced in the 14th century.[55] Most recent remains in Java dated to 1350.[56]
  12. ↑ It was proposed that the extant Bornean elephant (E. m. borneensis) is synonymous with E. m. sondaicus. If true, this would mean the Javan elephant is not globally extinct.[55]
  13. ↑ In captivity.[62]
  14. ↑ In captivity (IUCN).
  15. ↑ Reports from 1894 are likely of American mink expanding into the sea mink's former range (IUCN).
  16. ↑ In Réunion. Last seen in Mauritius in 1859 (IUCN).
  17. ↑ Genetics do not support subspecific differentiation between the Cape lion and living lions in Eastern Africa; if placed in a single subspecies, it would be P. l. melanochaita because of being the older name.[94]
  18. ↑ Only known from the holotype, though a scops owl of unknown species was filmed in Siau in 2017.[95]
  19. ↑ It's been argued (based on genetic data) that most or all elk subspecies in North America are actually the same, which would be C. c. canadensis due to being named first.[98][99]
  20. ↑ Two unconfirmed sightings in 2003 (IUCN).
  21. ↑ Unconfirmed kill in 1878.[138]
  22. ↑ Unconfirmed sighting in 2010 (IUCN).
  23. ↑ Unconfirmed sighting in 1936 (Hume, 2017).
  24. ↑ In captivity. Last seen in the wild between 1860 and 1865 (Bryden, 1889).
  25. ↑ Unconfirmed sighting near Cottage Garden in 1976.
  26. ↑ Unconfirmed report in 1984 (IUCN).
  27. ↑ 1891 reports were based on hearsay (Taylor, 1979).
  28. ↑ Unconfirmed sightings in 1971 and 1973 (IUCN).
  29. ↑ Unconfirmed reports until 1995 (Hume, 2017).
  30. ↑ Unconfirmed sighting in 1937 (IUCN).
  31. ↑ A 1907 sighting is considered erroneous (IUCN).
  32. ↑ Unconfirmed sighting in 1911 (Glover, 1942).
  33. ↑ Unconfirmed report from 2007.[239]

References

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  2. 1 2 3 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. A.G.J. Rhodin, P.C.H. Pritchard, P.P. van Dijk, R.A. Saumure, K.A. Buhlmann, J.B. Iverson, and R.A. Mittermeier, Eds. Chelonian Research Monographs (ISSN 1088-7105) No. 5, doi:10.3854/crm.5.000e.fossil.checklist.v1.2015
  3. ↑ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Cylindraspis peltastes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996 e.T6063A12388776. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T6063A12388776.en.
  4. ↑ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Cylindraspis vosmaeri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996 e.T6065A12391587. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T6065A12391587.en.
  5. ↑ https://www.artensterben.de/en/borys-white-bat/
  6. ↑ Brial, P. (2001). Une espèce inconnue de microchiroptère observée par Bory de Saint-Vincent à l'île de la Réunion en 1801. Bulletin de la Société Geographique de la Réunion, 1(5).
  7. ↑ Akçakaya, H.R. (2021). "Sympterichthys unipennis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T123423283A207621852. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T123423283A207621852.en. Assessed as extinct in 2020, but upgraded to Data Deficient in 2021.
  8. ↑ Cole, N. (2021). "Typhlops cariei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22607A166933641. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T22607A166933641.en.
  9. ↑ Rebelo, A.G. (2020). "Leucadendron grandiflorum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T113168368A185558142. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T113168368A185558142.en.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 Hume, J.P. (2017) Extinct Birds. Bloomsbury Publishing, 560 pages.
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  13. ↑ Gandy, M. (2016). Moth. Reaktion Books.
  14. ↑ Blakemore (2019). "Extinction of Japan's first formally described earthworm Amynthas japonicus (Horst, 1883) (Annelida, Oligochaeta, Megadrilacea, Megascolecidae)" (PDF). Bulletin of the Kanagawa Prefectural Museum. 48: 55–60. Retrieved May 10, 2019.
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  16. ↑ BirdLife International (2016). "Caloenas maculata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016 e.T22734732A95095848. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22734732A95095848.en.
  17. ↑ BirdLife International (2017). "Pomarea pomarea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017 e.T22724444A119193265. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22724444A119193265.en.
  18. ↑ BirdLife International (2016). "Aplonis mavornata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016 e.T22710499A94248417. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22710499A94248417.en.
  19. ↑ BirdLife International (2017). "Myadestes woahensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017 e.T22708564A111775767. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22708564A111775767.en.
  20. ↑ Hume, J. P. (2011). "Systematics, morphology, and ecology of pigeons and doves (Aves: Columbidae) of the Mascarene Islands, with three new species". Zootaxa. 3124: 1–62. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3124.1.1. ISBN 978-1-86977-825-5. S2CID 86886330.
  21. ↑ BirdLife International (2016). "Zapornia monasa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016 e.T22692708A93366211. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22692708A93366211.en.
  22. ↑ BirdLife International (2016). "Aplonis corvina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016 e.T22710496A94248268. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22710496A94248268.en.
  23. ↑ There were unconfirmed reports from locals in 1890. BirdLife International (2017). "Carpodacus ferreorostris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017 e.T22720622A111776645. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22720622A111776645.en. Retrieved November 18, 2021.
  24. ↑ BirdLife International (2016). "Zoothera terrestris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016 e.T22708535A94163698. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22708535A94163698.en.
  25. ↑ The Reptile Database
  26. ↑ Allison, A.; Hamilton, A.; Tallowin, O. (2012). "Tachygyia microlepis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012 e.T21286A2775072. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T21286A2775072.en.
  27. ↑ Heinicke, Matthew P.; Nielsen, Stuart V.; Bauer, Aaron M.; Kelly, Ryan; Geneva, Anthony J.; Daza, Juan D.; Keating, Shannon E.; Gamble, Tony (2023-06-19). "Reappraising the evolutionary history of the largest known gecko, the presumably extinct Hoplodactylus delcourti, via high-throughput sequencing of archival DNA". Scientific Reports. 13 (1): 9141.
  28. ↑ Oldfield, S. (2020). "Streblorrhiza speciosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T30393A149811572. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T30393A149811572.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  29. ↑ "Deyeuxia lawrencei". Environment.gov.au. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
  30. ↑ BirdLife International (2016). "Coua delalandei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016 e.T22684143A93016420. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22684143A93016420.en.
  31. ↑ BirdLife International (2016). "Mascarinus mascarin". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016 e.T22685258A93065531. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22685258A93065531.en.
  32. ↑ Calvignac, S. et al. (2008) "Ancient DNA evidence for the loss of a highly divergent brown bear clade during historical times." Molecular Ecology, Vol. 17: 1962–1970.
  33. 1 2 Hamdine, W. et al. (1998) "Histoire récente de l'ours brun au Maghreb". C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Sciences de la Vie / Life Sciences, Vol. 321, pp. 565–570.
  34. ↑ BirdLife International (2024). "Akialoa ellisiana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024 e.T103823212A244864865. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T103823212A244864865.en.
  35. ↑ BirdLife International (2016). "Fregilupus varius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016 e.T22710840A94263439. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22710840A94263439.en.
  36. ↑ BirdLife International (2017). "Moho apicalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017 e.T22704329A111776064. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22704329A111776064.en.
  37. ↑ BirdLife International (2016). "Mascarenotus sauzieri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016 e.T22728861A94999192. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728861A94999192.en.
  38. ↑ Pyle, R.L., and P. Pyle. 2017. The Birds of the Hawaiian Islands: Occurrence, History, Distribution, and Status. B.P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, HI, U.S.A. Version 2 (January 1, 2017) http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/birds/rlp-monograph/pdfs/08-DREP/NUKU.pdf
  39. 1 2 Cheke, A. & Hume, J.P. (2009) Lost land of the dodo: The ecological history of Mauritius, Réunion and Rodrigues. T & AD Poyser, London, 480 pages.
  40. ↑ "Trianthema cypseleoides". Environment.gov.au. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
  41. ↑ Tsang, S.M. (2020). "Pteropus coxi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T84931267A95642285. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T84931267A95642285.en.
  42. ↑ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Cylindraspis indica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996 e.T6061A12383518. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T6061A12383518.en.
  43. ↑ BirdLife International (2023). "Hypotaenidia dieffenbachii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2023 e.T22692455A229313877. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T22692455A229313877.en.
  44. ↑ Bouchet, P. (1996). "Littoraria flammea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996 e.T12242A3329078. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T12242A3329078.en. Retrieved August 7, 2007.
  45. ↑ Dulvy, N. K., Pinnegar, J. K., & Reynolds, J. D. (2009). Holocene extinctions in the sea. In Holocene Extinctions, pgs. 129–150.
  46. ↑ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1998). "Weinmannia spiraeoides". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1998 e.T31036A9602217. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T31036A9602217.en. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
  47. ↑ Burbidge, A.A.; Woinarski, J. (2016). "Notomys macrotis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016 e.T14865A22401041. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T14865A22401041.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  48. ↑ BirdLife International (2016). "Cyanoramphus zealandicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016 e.T22685182A93061882. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22685182A93061882.en.
  49. ↑ Burbidge, A.A.; Woinarski, J. (2016). "Notomys mordax". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016 e.T14866A22401111. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T14866A22401111.en. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
  50. ↑ "Liverpool Plains striped bandicoot". IUCN Red List. Retrieved March 6, 2026.
  51. ↑ de Lange, P. (2014). "Logania depressa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014 e.T62798304A62798308. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-2.RLTS.T62798304A62798308.en. Retrieved June 1, 2024.
  52. ↑ "Ozothamnus selaginoides ? Clubmoss Everlasting, Table Mountain Daisy Bush". Environment.gov.au. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
  53. ↑ van Dijk, P.P.; Rhodin, A.G.J.; Cayot, L.J.; Caccone, A. (2017). "Chelonoidis niger". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017 e.T9023A3149101. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T9023A3149101.en.
  54. ↑ Rookmaaker, L.C. & Groves, C.P. (1977) The extinct Cape rhinoceros, Diceros bicornis bicornis (Linnaeus, 1758). In Szugetierkundliche Mitteilwnge, pg. 117–126.
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  60. ↑ "Imber's petrel | New Zealand Birds Online". www.nzbirdsonline.org.nz. Retrieved May 20, 2022.
  61. ↑ Some animals were said to survive in captivity until the 1870s, but these could have been imported from Australia (Hume, 2017).
  62. ↑ It may have died in the wild between 1825 and 1854 (Hume, 2017), probably early on as it was not recorded by Ensign in 1838–1839. Moore, J.L. (1985). "Ensign Best's bird observations on Norfolk Island". Notornis. 32 (4): 319–322. doi:10.63172/898756ghyene.
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  64. ↑ IUCN (January 17, 2022). Diospyros angulata: Tatayah, V., Baider, C., Florens, F.B.V. & Schmidt, H.: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2025: e.T30521A2793597 (Report). International Union for Conservation of Nature. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T30521A2793597.en.
  65. ↑ Celestus occiduus at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed January 1, 2022.
  66. ↑ Groh, K. (2017). "Atlantica engonata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017 e.T6739A76141846. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T6739A76141846.en. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
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  79. ↑ Turvey, Sam (2009). Holocene extinctions. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-953509-5. Retrieved February 29, 2012.
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  81. ↑ Battiston, R. (2020). "Pseudoyersinia brevipennis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T44792108A44798207. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T44792108A44798207.en.
  82. ↑ BirdLife International (2016). "Chlorostilbon elegans". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016 e.T22728709A94994346. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728709A94994346.en.
  83. ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Siphonorhis americana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T22689738A178420953. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22689738A178420953.en.
  84. ↑ Woinarski, J.; Burbidge, A.A. (2016). "Conilurus albipes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016 e.T5223A22450334. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T5223A22450334.en.
  85. ↑ Blakemore, R. J. (2017). "Tokea orthostichon". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017 e.T103192401A103193535. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T103192401A103193535.en. Retrieved May 23, 2022.
  86. ↑ Mickleburgh, S.; Hutson, A.M.M.; Bergmans, W. & Howell, K. (2008). "Pteropus subniger". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008 e.T18761A8580195. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T18761A8580195.en.
  87. ↑ Williams, M.C. (2020). "Deloneura immaculata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T6331A168301470. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T6331A168301470.en.
  88. ↑ Extinction and Hope
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  212. ↑ https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/19892137/20003983
  213. ↑ https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/179309/1574781#geographic-range
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  215. ↑ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Drosophila lanaiensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996 e.T6844A12810403. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T6844A12810403.en. Retrieved December 16, 2022.
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  226. ↑ "New Zealand little bittern | New Zealand Birds Online". www.nzbirdsonline.org.nz. Retrieved May 21, 2022.
  227. ↑ Assi, A. (1998). "Byttneria ivorensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1998 e.T32226A9689066. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T32226A9689066.en. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  228. ↑ BirdLife International (2016). "Rhodacanthis palmeri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016 e.T22720749A94681538. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22720749A94681538.en.
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  230. ↑ Burbidge, A.A.; Woinarski, J. (2016). "Notomys amplus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016 e.T14861A22401450. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T14861A22401450.en. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
  231. ↑ https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/44393322/44400658
  232. ↑ Heywood, N. C. "Gull Island Vole".
  233. ↑ Turvey, S.T.; Helgen, K. (2017). "Megalomys desmarestii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017 e.T12980A22377057. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T12980A22377057.en.
  234. ↑ Timm, R.; Álvarez-Castañeda, S.T.; Lacher, T. (2017). "Oryzomys nelsoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017 e.T15583A22388135. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T15583A22388135.en.
  235. ↑ Lamoreux, J.; Burbidge, A.A.; Woinarski, J. (2016). "Rattus nativitatis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016 e.T19351A22443478. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T19351A22443478.en. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
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  237. ↑ https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/63545/12690047
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  241. ↑ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Pseudophilautus halyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T58852A156582452. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58852A156582452.en. Retrieved November 18, 2021.
  242. ↑ Freyhof, J.; Kottelat, M. (2008). "Eudontomyzon sp. nov. migratory". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008 e.T135505A4134478. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T135505A4134478.en. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  243. ↑ Schuster, G.A.; Taylor, C.A.; Cordeiro, J. (2010). "Pacifastacus nigrescens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010 e.T15867A5247659. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T15867A5247659.en.
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