Timeline of English history

This is a timeline of English history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in England and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of England.

Prehistory: Mesolithic/Neolithic periods • Bronze/Iron Ages
Centuries: 1st • 2nd • 3rd • 4th • 5th • 6th • 7th • 8th • 9th • 10th • 11th • 12th • 13th • 14th • 15th • 16th • 17th • 18th • 19th • 20th • 21st
References • Sources

1st century BC

YearDateEvent
55 BCRoman general Julius Caesar invades for the first time, gaining a beachhead on the coast of Kent.[1]
54 BCCaesar invades a second time. These two invasions are known as Caesar's invasions of Britain.[1]

Centuries in 1st millennium: 1st · 2nd · 3rd · 4th · 5th · 6th · 7th · 8th · 9th · 10th

1st century

YearDateEvent
c.10–c.40Reign of Cuno, an influential king of southern England before the Roman occupation; son of Tasciovanus[2]
43Aulus Plautius leads an army of forty thousand to invade Great Britain;[3] Emperor Claudius makes it a part of the Roman Empire[4]
c. 47 – 50 London settled by the Romans, known as Londinium[5]

2nd century

YearDateEvent
122 – 128Emperor Hadrian orders a 73-mile (117 km) wall built to mark the Northern Roman Empire's province on the British Isle. Hadrian's Wall,[6] as it comes to be known, is intended to keep the Caledonians, Picts, and other tribes at bay.

3rd century

YearDateEvent
c. 213 Britain is divided into two provinces, Britannia Inferior and Britannia Superior. This is likely due to the Roman emperor at the time, Caracalla.[7]
286 Marcus Aurelius Mausaeus Carausius, a Roman military commander at the time, usurps power during the Carausian Revolt.[8]

4th century

YearDateEvent
367 The Great Conspiracy begins, starting a year-long period of disorder and war in Britain.[9]

5th century

YearDateEvent
401 Romans begin their withdrawal from Britain.[10]: 129–131 
449 The Angles begin their invasion of England and establish tribal kingdoms on the east coast.[11]

6th century

YearDateEvent
597 Christianisation of the Kingdom of Kent and its leader King Æthelberht by Saint Augustine.[12]

7th century

YearDateEvent
61624 FebruaryKing Æthelberht of Kent dies and is succeeded by his son Eadbald of Kent.[13]

8th century

YearDateEvent
740-756 Reign of Cuthred, King of Wessex.[14]
757 Offa becomes King of Mercia.[15]
793 8 June Viking raid on a monastery in Lindisfarne, often taken as the beginning of the Viking age.[16]
796 29 July Offa of Mercia dies.[17]

9th century

YearDateEvent
802 Ecgberht of Wessex is enthroned.
849 Alfred the Great, the future king of Wessex (r. 871-899), is born to Aethelwulf of Wessex and Osburh.
865 Arrival of the Great Heathen Army.
871 April Alfred the Great succeeds his brother Æthelred as King of the West Saxons.
874 Edward the Elder, the future king of England (r. 899-924), is born to Alfred the Great and Ealhswith.
894 Æthelstan the Glorious, the future king of England (r. 927-939), is born to Edward the Elder and Ecgwynn.

10th century

YearDateEvent
921 Edmund the Magnificent, the future king of England (r. 939-946), is born to Edward the Elder and Eadgifu of Kent.
923 Eadred, the future king of England (r. 946-955), is born to Edward the Elder and Eadgifu of Kent.
924 Æthelstan becomes king of England.
940 Eadwig All-Fair, the future king of England (r. 955-959), is born to Edmund I and Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury.
943 Edgar the Peaceful, the future king of England (r. 959-975), is born to Edmund I and Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury.
962 Edward the Martyr, the future king of England (r. 975-978) is born to Edgar the Peaceful and Æthelflæd.
963 17 April Sweyn Forkbeard, the future king of England (r. 1013-1014), is born in Denmark to Harald Bluetooth and either Tove or Gunhild.
966 Æthelred the Unready, the future king of England (r. 978~1013), is born to Edgar the Peaceful and Ælfthryth.
990 Edmund Ironside, the future king of England (r. 1016-1016), is born to Æthelred and Ælfgifu of York.
991Earl Byrhtnoth and his thegns lead the English against a Viking invasion in the Battle of Maldon in Essex.
995 Cnut the Great, the future king of England (r.1016-1035), is born to Sweyn Forkbeard and Gunhilda of Poland.

11th century

YearDateEvent
1003 Edward the Confessor, the future king of England (r. 1042-1066), is born to Æthelred the Unready and Emma of Normandy.
1016 Harold Harefoot, the future king of England (r.1035-1040), is born to Cnut the Great and Ælfgifu of Northhampton.
1016Cnut the Great of Denmark becomes king of all England[18]
1018 Harthacnut, the future king of England, (r. 1040-1042), is born to Cnut the Great and Emma of Normandy.
1022 Harold II, the future king of England (r. 1066-1066), is born to Godwin of Wessex and Gytha Thorkelsdóttir.
1028 William the Conqueror, the future king of England (r.1066-1087), is born to Robert the Magnificent and Herleva.
1042Edward the Confessor becomes king of all England[19]
1054The Great Schism, culmination of theological and political differences between Eastern and Western Christianity[20]
1056 William II, the future king of England (r. 1087-1100), is born to William the Conqueror and Matilda of Flanders.
1066 Battle of Fulford: English forces are defeated by Norse invaders in northeastern England.
Battle of Stamford Bridge: the remaining Norse under Harald Hardrada are defeated by the bulk of England's army under the command of its king.
Battle of Hastings: England's remaining forces defeated by invaders from Normandy, known as the Norman Conquest; William the Conqueror crowned king of England.
1068 Henry I, the future king of England (r.1100-1135), is born to William the Conqueror and Matilda of Flanders.
1086Work commences on the Domesday Book.
1096 Stephen of Blois, the future king of England (r. 1135-1154), is born to Stephen, Count of Blois, and Adela of Normandy.

12th century

YearDateEvent
1120White Ship disaster
1133 5 March Henry II, the future king of England (r. 1154-1189), is born in Le Mans, France, to Geoffrey V of Anjou and Matilda.
1135The Anarchy, a civil war resulting from a dispute over succession to the throne, begins; it lasts until 1153.
1138The Battle of the Standard: the English defeat an invading Scottish army led by King David I.[21]
1157 8 September Richard the Lionheart, the future king of England (r. 1189-1199), is born to Henry II and Elanor of Aquitaine.
1164The Constitutions of Clarendon, a set of laws which governed the trial of members of the Catholic Church in England, are issued.
1166 24 December John Lackland, the future king of England (r. 1199-1216), is born to Henry II and Elanor of Aquitaine.
1170Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury, is assassinated.
1192Crusades: King Richard I is captured by Austrian Duke Leopold V, Duke of Austria while returning from the Holy Land.
1194Richard is ransomed and returned to England.

13th century

YearDateEvent
1207 1 October Henry III, the future king of England (r. 1216-1272), is born to John and Isabella of Angoulême.
1209King John is excommunicated from the Catholic Church by Pope Innocent III.
1214 The English are defeated in Battle of Bouvinnes.
1215Magna Carta is signed.
1237The Treaty of York is signed, fixing the border between Scotland and England.
1239 17 June Edward I, the future king of England (r. 1272-1307), is born to Henry III and Elanor of Provence.
1264Battle of Lewes: Rebel English barons led by Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester defeat King Henry III.
1267Henry recognises the authority of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd in Gwynedd.
1277England annexes Gwynedd.
1279The Statute of Mortmain is issued.
1284 25 April Edward II, the future king of England (r. 1307-1327), is born to Edward I and Elanor of Castile.
1287Rhys ap Maredudd leads a revolt against English rule in Wales.
1294Madog ap Llywelyn leads a revolt against English rule in Wales.
1297Battle of Stirling Bridge: The Scots, led by William Wallace, defeats the English.

14th century

YearDateEvent
130523 AugustWilliam Wallace is executed by the English on a charge of treason.
1312 13 November Edward III, the future king of England (r. 1327-1377), is born to Edward II and Isabella of France.
131423–24 JuneBattle of Bannockburn: Scotland wins a decisive victory over England.
13281 MayThe Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton, under which England recognises Scottish independence, is signed.
1348The Black Death arrives in England.
135619 SeptemberBattle of Poitiers: Second of the three major battles of the Hundred Years' War takes place near Poitiers, France.
1367 6 January Richard II, the future king of England (r. 1377-1399), is born to Edward the Black Prince and Joan of Kent.
1367 April Henry IV, the future king of England (r. 1399-1413), is born to John of Gaunt and Blanche of Lancaster.
137316 JuneThe Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1373 is signed, forming an alliance between England and Portugal; it remains an active treaty, most recently invoked in the Falklands War (see 1982)[22]
1381May–JunePeasants' Revolt: a major uprising across large parts of England led by Wat Tyler; it is also called Wat Tyler's Rebellion or the Great Rising.
1386 16 September Henry V, the future king of England (r. 1413-1422), is born to Henry IV and Mary de Bohun.
1395The Statute of Praemunire is issued.

15th century

YearDateEvent
140321 JulyBattle of Shrewsbury: fought between the Lancastrian King, Henry IV, and a rebel army led by Henry "Harry Hotspur" Percy from Northumberland.[23]
141525 OctoberBattle of Agincourt: a major English victory in the Hundred Years' War on Saint Crispin's Day, near modern-day Azincourt, in northern France.
1421 6 December Henry VI, the future king of England (r. 1422–1471), is born to Henry V and Catherine of Valois.
1442 28 April Edward IV, the future king of England (r. 1461–1470), is born to Richard of York and Cecily Neville.
1452 2 October Richard III, the future king of England (r. 1483-1485), is born to Richard of York and Cecily Neville.
145522 MayThe start of the Wars of the Roses, a civil war for control of the throne of England between the House of York in Yorkshire and House of Lancaster in Lancashire.
1457 28 January Henry VII, the future king of England (r. 1485-1509), is born to Edmund Tudor and Margaret Beaufort.
148522 AugustBattle of Bosworth Field (Battle of Bosworth): the last significant battle of the Wars of the Roses, the civil war between the Houses of Lancaster and York. Richard III, the last Plantagenet king was killed, succeeded by Henry VII.
148716 JuneBattle of Stoke, the decisive engagement in a failed attempt by leading Yorkists to unseat Henry VII of England in favour of the pretender Lambert Simnel.
1470 2 November Edward V, the future king of England (r. 1483-1483), is born to Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville.
1491 28 June Henry VIII, the future king of England (r. 1509-1547), is born to Henry VII and Elizabeth of York.

16th century

YearDateEvent
1513Battle of Flodden Field: Invading England, King James IV of Scotland and thousands of other Scots are killed in a defeat at the hands of the English.
1516 18 February Mary I, the future queen of England (r. 1553-1558), is born to Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon.
1521Lutheran writings begin to circulate in England.
1527 21 May Phillip II, the future king of England (r. 1554-1558), is born to Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire and Isabella of Portugal.
1526Thomas Wolsey, the Lord Chancellor and a Cardinal, orders the burning of Lutheran books.
1533King Henry VIII severs ties with the Catholic Church and declares himself head of the church in England.
7 SeptemberElizabeth I, the future queen of England (r. 1558-1603), is born to Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn.
1534Henry VIII issues the Act of Supremacy.
Henry VIII issues the Treasons Act 1534.
1535Thomas More and Cardinal John Fisher are executed.
1536William Tyndale is executed in Antwerp.
Henry VIII orders the Dissolution of the Monasteries.
1537 12 October Edward VI, the future king of England (r. 1547-1553), is born to Henry VIII and Jane Seymour.
1549Prayer Book Rebellion: A rebellion in the southwest.
1550England and France sign the Peace of Boulogne.
1553The Act Against Sectaries 1553 is issued.
1558Elizabeth I claims the throne of England and rules until 1603.
1559The Act of Supremacy 1559 is issued.
1566 19 June James I, the future king of England (r. 1603-1625), is born to Henry Stuart and Mary I.
1571The Treasons Act 1571 is issued.
The Act Prohibiting Papal Bulls from Rome 1571 is issued.
1585The Roanoke Colony is founded in America.
15888 AugustThe Spanish Armada is destroyed.
1589The English Armada, or Counter Armada, is defeated by Spain.
1593The Act Against Papists 1593 is issued.

17th century

YearDateEvent
1600 19 November Charles I, the future king of England (r. 1625-1649), is born to James I and Anne of Denmark.
1601 Catholic plot against the Earl of Essex includes some of the plotters from the Gunpowder Plot.
1603 King James VI of Scotland ascends to the English throne, becoming James I of England and uniting the crowns – but not the parliaments – of the two kingdoms.
16055 NovemberGunpowder Plot: A plot in which Guy Fawkes and other Catholic associates conspired to blow up King James VI and I and the Parliament of England, is uncovered.
1607 14 May Jamestown is founded in the Virginia Colony and is the first permanent English colony in America.
1611Henry Hudson dies.
161829 OctoberWalter Raleigh is executed.
1630 29 May Charles II, the future king of England (r. 1660-1685), is born to Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France.
1633 14 October James II, the future king of England (r. 1685-1688), is born to Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France.
1639Bishops' Wars: A war with Scotland begins, lasting until 1640.
1640Long Parliament: The Parliament is convened.
1642The English Civil War begins (see timeline of the English Civil War).
1649JanuaryTrial and execution of Charles I
1649Interregnum begins with the First Commonwealth.
1650 4 November William III, the future king of England (r. 1689-1702), is born to William II of Orange and Mary of England.
1653–1659The Protectorate under the Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell and later (1658) his son Richard Cromwell.
1659The Second Commonwealth under Richard Cromwell brings with it a period of great political instability.
1660Restoration of the monarchy: After a chaotic short revival of the Commonwealth of England, the monarchy is restored in May, after agreeing to the Declaration of Breda, largely through the initiative of General George Monck.
1662 30 April Mary II, the future queen of England (r. 1689-1694), is born to James II and Anne Hyde.
1665 6 February Anne, the future queen of England (r. 1702-1707), is born to James II and Anne Hyde.
16662–5 SeptemberGreat Fire of London
1688Glorious Revolution:[24] Also called the Revolution of 1688: the overthrow of James II by a union of English Parliamentarians with William III of Orange-Nassau (William of Orange), a stadtholder in the Dutch Republic, and his wife Mary II.
1694 27 July The Bank of England is founded.
1698 2 July English engineer Thomas Savery patents the first steam engine.[25]

18th century

YearDateEvent
1701The Act of Settlement 1701, which requires the English monarch to be Protestant, is passed.
17028 MarchWilliam III dies and is succeeded by Anne.
17044 AugustGibraltar is captured by a combined Dutch and English fleet under the command of George Rooke, Admiral of the Fleet.
13 AugustBattle of Blenheim: A combined English and Dutch army under the command of John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough defeats the French army in Bavaria.
170622 JulyThe Treaty of Union is agreed between representatives of the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland.
1707The Acts of Union 1707 are passed in the Parliament of England and Parliament of Scotland, ratifying the Treaty of Union.
1716The Old Dock, originally known as Thomas Steers' dock, becomes the world's first commercial wet dock.[26]
1744An attempted French invasion of southern England is stopped by storms.
1756Following the start of the French and Indian War two years prior, the Seven Years' War begins.[27]
1763 10 Feb The Treaty of Paris (1763) is signed, formally ending the Seven Years' War. France renounces a large portion of North American land to Great Britain.[28]
1765William Blackstone publishes his first volume of Commentaries on the Laws of England.
177519 AprilWar of American Independence starts with the Battles of Lexington and Concord in Massachusetts. The Thirteen Colonies unite and declare independence in 1776. American alliance with France in 1778, joined by Spain in 1779. Britain fights without European allies. War lasts until 1783.
1790sCanal Mania, an intense period of canal building in England and Wales.
179722–25 JulyAdmiral Horatio Nelson suffers his worst defeat in Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1797) and loses most of his right arm from a musket ball whilst fighting against Canarian militias.[29]

19th century

YearDateEvent
1805 Battle of Trafalgar: Horatio Nelson defeats the French at Trafalgar, establishing British naval supremacy over the world's oceans for approximately 140 years.
181916 August Peterloo Massacre: about 18 people killed and several hundred injured in Manchester when a large cavalry charge demonstration demanding parliamentary representation reform breaks out.[30]
183015 September The Liverpool and Manchester Railway[31][32][33] becomes the first inter-city railway in the world.[34][i] It opens on 15 September 1830 and runs between the Lancashire towns of Liverpool and Manchester.
1834The Tolpuddle Martyrs are arrested, tried, and sentenced to transportation to the Colony of New South Wales.
183720 JuneQueen Victoria becomes queen of England; she will reign until January 22, 1901. The Victorian era starts.
185924 November On the Origin of Species by Charles Darwin is published.[35]
186310 January The first London Underground train goes into operation.[36]
1878 Women first admitted to the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge.[37]

20th century

YearDateEvent
1912 AugustHarry Brearley invents stainless steel in Sheffield, Yorkshire.[38]
1914 28 July World War I begins.
1918 11 November World War I ends.
1939 3 September Britain declares war on Nazi Germany and enters World War II.
1945 8 May Germany surrenders and World War II ends in Europe.
1948 5 July The National Health Service is founded.
1973 1 JanuaryThe UK joins the European Communities (predecessor of the European Union).
1982 11 OctoberThe Mary Rose is raised from the seabed of the Solent, where she had sunk in 1545.[39]

21st century

YearDateEvent
2004 June The population of England reaches fifty million.[40]
2020 31 January Brexit takes place. The UK officially withdraws from the European Union three years after it voted to leave during a referendum in 2016.[41]
2020 31 January The first patient with COVID-19 is confirmed in York.[42]
2022 8 September Queen Elizabeth II dies of after a reign of 70 years and 214 days. She is succeeded by King Charles III.[43][44]

See also

City and town timelines

County timelines

Explanatory footnotes

  1. ↑ The Stockton and Darlington Railway opened in 1825, but sections of this line employed cable haulage, and only the coal trains were hauled by locomotives. The Canterbury and Whitstable Railway, opened in May 1830, was also mostly cable hauled. Horse-drawn traffic, including passenger services, used the railway upon payment of a toll.

References

  1. 1 2 Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 4.20–35, 5.1, 8–23; Dio Cassius, Roman History 39.50–53, 40.1–3; Florus, Epitome of Roman History 1.45
  2. ↑ Todd, Malcolm (2004). "Cunobelinus [Cymbeline] (D. C. Ad 40), king in southern Britain". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/6939. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. (Subscription, Wikipedia Library access or UK public library membership required.)
  3. ↑ Birley, Anthony R. (1981). The Fasti of Roman Britain. p. 39.
  4. ↑ Sheppard Frere, Britannia: A history of Roman Britain, revised edition (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1978), p. 82
  5. ↑ Hingley, Richard (9 August 2018). Londinium : a biography : Roman London from its origins to the fifth century. London. pp. 27–32. ISBN 978-1-350-04730-3. OCLC 1042078915.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  6. ↑ "Hadrian's Wall: The Facts". Visit Hadrian's Wall. 8 March 2016. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
  7. ↑ Birley, Anthony R. (1 January 2007), "Britain during the third century crisis", Crises and the Roman Empire, Brill, p. 46, doi:10.1163/ej.9789004160507.i-448.13, ISBN 978-90-474-2090-3, retrieved 2 March 2024
  8. ↑ Birley, Anthony R. (22 December 2015), "Carausius, Marcus Aurelius Maus(aeus?)", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.1362, ISBN 978-0-19-938113-5, retrieved 28 February 2024
  9. ↑ Frend, W. H. C. (1992). "Pagans, Christians, and 'the Barbarian Conspiracy' of A. D. 367 in Roman Britain". Britannia. 23: 121–131. doi:10.2307/526106. ISSN 0068-113X. JSTOR 526106. S2CID 162189776.
  10. ↑ Simon Hornblower; Antony Spawforth, eds. (1998). The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-860165-4.
  11. ↑ "Angle | Anglo-Saxon, Germanic, Migration | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
  12. ↑ Bede, Ecclesiastical History, Book I, Ch. 25 & 26
  13. ↑ "Aethelberht I | Anglo-Saxon, Kentish, Ruler | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 7 February 2024. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
  14. ↑ Frank Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England (Oxford University Press, 1971), p. 204
  15. ↑ Kirby, D.P. (1992). The Earliest English Kings. London: Routledge. p. 163. ISBN 0-415-09086-5.
  16. ↑ Swanton, Michael (6 April 2000). The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (New ed.). Phoenix Press. p. 57. ISBN 1-84212-003-4.
  17. ↑ Miller, Sean. "July 29, 796: Death of King Offa of Mercia". Anglo-Saxons. anglo-saxons.net. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
  18. ↑ Stenton, Frank (1971). Anglo-Saxon England. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 393. ISBN 978-0-19-821716-9.
  19. ↑ Barlow, Frank (25 May 2006). "Edward (St Edward; known as Edward the Confessor)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8516. (Subscription, Wikipedia Library access or UK public library membership required.)
  20. ↑ Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A. (2005). "Great Schism". The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford: University Press. p. 706. ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3.
  21. ↑ "The Anarchy: Battle of the Standard". About.com Education. About.
  22. ↑ Fergusson, George; Trowbridge, Benjamin (9 May 2016). "History's Unparalleled Alliance: the Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of Windsor, 9th May 1386". History of Britiah Government.
  23. ↑ English Heritage (1995). "English Heritage Battlefield Report: Shrewsbury 1403" (PDF). Retrieved 22 August 2011.
  24. ↑ Name of the Glorious Revolution in the languages of Britain and Ireland:
  25. ↑ Poffenberger, Leah (1 July 2018). "July 2, 1698: Thomas Savery Patents an Early Steam Engine". www.aps.org. Retrieved 17 July 2025.
  26. ↑ "Trading Places: Old Dock History". Liverpool Museums. Archived from the original on 24 March 2008. Retrieved 24 March 2008.
  27. ↑ "Seven Years' War | Key Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  28. ↑ "Treaty of Paris | End of French & Indian War, Peace, Colonies | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 15 February 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  29. ↑ "Nelson's Health | Admiral Nelson Guide 2024". www.aboutnelson.co.uk. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
  30. ↑ Bush, M. L. (2005). The casualties of Peterloo. Lancaster: Carnegie Pub. ISBN 1-85936-125-0. OCLC 71224394.
  31. ↑ A History and Description of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. T. Taylor, 1832.
  32. ↑ Arthur Freeling. Freeling's Grand Junction Railway Companion. Whittaker, 1838
  33. ↑ James Cornish. The Grand Junction, and the Liverpool and Manchester Railway Companion: Containing an Account of Birmingham, Liverpool, and Manchester. 1837.
  34. ↑ BBC (23 July 2009). "Manchester to Liverpool: the first inter-city railway". Archived from the original on 20 November 2019.
  35. ↑ Desmond, Adrian; Moore, James (1991), Darwin, London: Michael Joseph, Penguin Group, p. 477, ISBN 0-7181-3430-3
  36. ↑ Wolmar, Christian (2004). The Subterranean Railway: how the London Underground was built and how it changed the city forever. Atlantic. p. 135. ISBN 978-1-84354-023-6.
  37. ↑ Frances Lannon (30 October 2008). "Her Oxford". Times Higher Education. Archived from the original on 2 January 2014. Retrieved 27 March 2013.
  38. ↑ "A non-rusting steel". The New York Times. 31 January 1915.
  39. ↑ Wendell Lewis, "Raising the Mary Rose" in Marsden (2003), pp. 53–59; Rule (1983), pp. 206–27.
  40. ↑ "Population of England passes 50 million and UK approaches 60 million" (PDF). www.statistics.gov.uk. 23 December 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 January 2008. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
  41. ↑ "Brexit: UK leaves the European Union". BBC News. 31 January 2020. Archived from the original on 1 April 2023. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
  42. ↑ Ball, David; Wace, Charlotte; Smyth, Chris; Brown (31 January 2020). "Hunt for contacts of coronavirus-stricken pair in York". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
  43. ↑ Bowden, George; Jackson, Marie; Coughlan, Sean (8 September 2022). "Queen Elizabeth II has died". BBC News. Archived from the original on 9 September 2022. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
  44. ↑ Coughlan, Sean (29 September 2022). "Queen's cause of death given as 'old age' on death certificate". BBC News. Archived from the original on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 17 February 2024.

Bibliography

  • Marsden, Peter, Sealed by Time: The Loss and Recovery of the Mary Rose. The Archaeology of the Mary Rose, Volume 1. The Mary Rose Trust, Portsmouth. 2003. ISBN 0-9544029-0-1

Further reading

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