Spanish submarine B-3
.jpg) | |
| History | |
|---|---|
.svg.png){kind=small} .svg.png){kind=small} .svg.png){kind=small} Spain | |
| Name | B-3 |
| Builder | SECN, Cartagena, Spain |
| Laid down | 21 January 1920 |
| Launched | 17 March 1922 |
| Commissioned | 24 August 1922 |
| Decommissioned | 8 June 1940 |
| Identification | Pennant number B-3 |
| Fate | |
| General characteristics (per Conway's 1906–1921)[1] | |
| Class & type | B-class submarine |
| Displacement |
|
| Length | |
| Beam | 5.6 m (17 ft 4 in) |
| Draft | 3.4 m (11 ft 3 in) |
| Installed power | |
| Propulsion |
|
| Speed |
|
| Range | |
| Complement | 28 |
| Armament |
|
| General characteristics (per Todoavante)[2]) | |
| Class & type | B-class submarine |
| Displacement |
|
| Length | 64.18 m (210 ft 7 in) |
| Beam | 5.6 m (18 ft 4 in) |
| Draft | 3.44 m (11 ft 3 in) (mean) |
| Depth | 5.1 m (16 ft 9 in) |
| Installed power |
|
| Propulsion |
|
| Speed |
|
| Range | |
| Test depth | 60 m (197 ft) |
| Complement |
|
| Armament |
|
B-3 was a Spanish Navy B-class submarine in commission from 1922 to 1940. She served initially under the Kingdom of Spain, then was a unit of the Spanish Republican Navy under the Second Spanish Republic. She took part in the early months of the Spanish Civil War on the side of the Republican faction loyal to the government of the Second Spanish Republic, but left service in December 1936 due to damage and her poor condition, and she never was seaworthy again. After the war, she became part of the naval forces of Francoist Spain, which decommissioned her and sold her for scrapping in 1940.
Design
Construction and commissioning
On 15 February 1915, the Spanish Cortes Generales passed the Miranda Law, a naval construction program which called for a Spanish Navy force that included 28 submarines.[1][2] Shortages during World War I (1914–1918) and budgetary limitations led to delays in the program, and none of the B-class submarines entered service until the 1920s.[2] The Sociedad Española de Construcción Naval (SECN) built all six of the submarines at Cartagena, Spain.[2] Originally, the Spanish Navy planned to name them A-4 through A-9.[1]
B-3 was the third submarine of the class. SECN laid her keel on 21 January 1920[2] and launched her on 17 March 1922.[2] She was commissioned on 24 August 1922.[2]
Service history
Kingdom of Spain, 1922–1931
By August 1922, the Spanish Navy's submarine flotilla consisted of B-3, her sister ships B-1 and B-2, the submarine Isaac Peral (A-0), and the three A-class submarines — Narciso Monturiol (A-1), Cosme Garcia (A-2), and A-3. All seven submarines departed Cartagena on 26 August 1922 and made for San Sebastián, where in September 1922 they held commemorative events marking the 400th anniversary of the completion of the first circumnavigation of the world, begun in 1519 by the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan and completed after Magellan's death by the Spanish navigator, shipowner, and explorer Juan Sebastián Elcano in 1522. The Spanish royal family visited the submarine flotilla when it called at Pasajes. After the royal visit, the submarine flotilla conducted exercises and made port calls at Ferrol, Marín, and Vigo. On 25 September 1922, B-1, B-2, B-3, Isaac Peral, Cosme García, A-3, and the tug Cíclope arrived at Cádiz. The same vessels departed Cádiz on 4 October 1922 in company with the submarine rescue ship Kanguro and proceeded to Cartagena.[2]
With King Alfonso XIII observing from aboard the destroyer Villaamil, the submarine flotilla conducted maneuvers in the Mediterranean Sea off Cartagena in March 1923. To mark the feast day of the papal coronation of the statue of the Virgen de los Desamparados (Our Lady of the Forsaken) on 12 May 1923, festivities took place in Valencia with Alfonso XIII, Queen Victoria Eugenie, and numerous dignitaries in attendance. B-3, Villaamil, the battleship España, the gunboat Álvaro de Bazán, and the torpedo boats No. 21 and No. 22 were in port for the event.[2]
Later in 1923, the Spanish Navy reorganized its submarine force, creating a submarine division based at Mahón on Menorca in the Balearic Islands made up of Narciso Monturiol and Cosme García and a training division based at Cartagena consisting of B-1, B-2, B-3, B-4, Isaac Peral, and A-3. B-1, B-2, B-3, B-4, and Isaac Peral, carried out a training cruise off Catalonia and in the Balearic Islands between 14 September and 14 October 1923 and called at Alicante in mid-October 1923.[2]
Alfonso XIII, Victoria Eugenie, and Prime Minister Miguel Primo de Rivera embarked on the battleship Jaime I on 15 November 1923 and departed for Italy on 16 November accompanied by the Trasmediterránea mail steamer Rey Jaime I — which was carrying the royal entourage — and escorted by B-1, B-2, B-3, B-4, the battleship Alfonso XIII, the light cruiser Reina Victoria Eugenia, and the destroyers Cadarso and Villaamil. The royal family disembarked at La Spezia, Italy. On 21 November, the squadron anchored at Naples, Italy. After the completion of the royal visit, the squadron returned to Spain, arriving at Barcelona on 1 December and at Cartagena on 14 December 1923.[2]
During 1927, B-2, B-3, and B-4 joined the Ferrol submarine division based at A Graña, which previously had consisted only of B-1 and Isaac Peral. Alfonso XIII and Victoria Eugenie embarked on Jaime I at Bilbao on 22 August 1927 and began a cruise escorted by several Spanish Navy vessels including B-3, B-4, and the submarine B-6. The cruise took the vessels to Galicia and Algeciras on the coast of Spain and then — after departing Algeciras on 5 October 1927 — to North Africa, where they stopped at Ceuta, Alhucemas, Villa Sanjurjo, and Melilla.
On 23 July 1928, B-3 arrived at Cádiz in company with B-2, B-4, the submarines C-1 and C-2, the motor launch C-16, and the tug Cíclope. In August and September 1928, B-1, B-2, B-3, B-4, B-5, B-6, C-1, and C-2 carried out maneuvers in the Cantabrian Sea along the northern coast of Spain. In October and November 1928, all eight of the submarines conducted maneuvers in the Mediterranean Sea under the overall command of Capitán de navío (Ship-of-the-Line Captain) Mateo García de los Reyes, a future contralmirante (counter admiral) and minister of the navy. During the maneuvers, García de los Reyes's flagship, the troopship Almirante Lobo, arrived at Palma de Mallorca on Mallorca in the Balearic Islands at midnight on 2 November 1928, and the eight submarines, as well as the submarine Isaac Peral, subsequently anchored there as well. With Isaac Peral as its flagship, the submarine squadron called at Barcelona from 11 November until the morning of 20 November 1928 for a crew rest period.[2]
In May 1929, all six B-class submarines as well as C-1, C-2, and their sister ship C-3 attended the 1929 Barcelona International Exposition, arriving in Barcelona a few days before the exposition officially opened on 19 May. They remained at Barcelona until the last week of May.[2] Accompanied by the tug Galicia, B-1, B-2, B-3, and B-4 anchored at Ferrol at the end of July 1929 to again form the Ferrol submarine division based at A Graña. B-3 took part in the annual squadron maneuvers in the Mediterranean Sea between mid-September and mid-October 1929, arriving in Barcelona in mid-October 1929 for a crew rest period.[2] After stopping at Lisbon, Portugal, to refuel, B-2, B-3, B-4, and B-5 arrived at Vigo on the morning of 7 November 1929.[2]
In 1930, the submarine division at Ferrol consisted of B-1, B-2, B-3, and B-4. The four submarines began repairs at the Ferrol dockyard on 25 April 1930.[2] On 5 June 1930, the four submarines got underway from Ferrol to begin a cruise along the northern coast of Spain, during which they visited several ports.[3] They took part in maneuvers in the Cantabrian Sea off the northern coast of Spain in September and October 1930.[2]
Second Spanish Republic, 1931–1936
On 14 April 1931, the Second Spanish Republic was proclaimed, replacing the Kingdom of Spain. The Spanish Navy came under the republic's control as the Spanish Republican Navy.
B-2, B-3, B-4, and the torpedo boats No. 9 and No. 10 departed Ferrol on 10 September 1931 for a training cruise along Spain's northern coast, reaching Bilbao on 15 September.[3] On 11 July 1932, B-3, B-2, five cruisers, and four destroyers were taking part in maneuvers when the light cruiser Blas de Lezo struck an uncharted rock and sank in the Centollo Pass, a narrow passage off Cape Finisterre on the coast of Galicia. Later in July 1932, B-3, B-1, and the fisheries protection vessel Contramaestre Castelló carried out hydrographic survey work in the Centollo passage to locate the rock that sank Blas de Lezo and any other navigational hazards there.[2]
An order of the Ministry of the Navy of 15 August 1934 mandated that the crew size of all six B-class submarines increase from 28 to 34 men.[2] On 16 April 1935, B-1, B-2, B-3, and B-4 were reassigned from the naval base at A Graña to the naval station at Mahón on Menorca in the Balearic Islands. In early July 1936, B-2, B-3, B-4, and the water tanker A-3 conducted a cruise around the Balearic Islands.[2]
Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939
On 17 July 1936, the Spanish Civil War began, with Nationalist forces under Francisco Franco opposing Republican forces which remained loyal to the Second Spanish Republic. At the time, B-2, B-3, and B-4 were at Sóller on Mallorca in the Balearic Islands. The three submarines anchored at Pollensa on the northern coast of Mallorca on the afternoon of 18 July, and on the night of 19 July, B-3 and B-4 arrived at Palma de Mallorca on Mallorca. The two submarines as well as B-2 and the water tanker A-3 reached Mahón on the morning of 20 July 1936. On 21 July, naval crews mutinied in the port and arrested many of their officers on the suspicion that they harbored Nationalist sympathies. Three of B-3′s officers, including her commanding officer and executive officer, were arrested, and they were among a number of officers murdered at the Mola Fortress on 3 August 1936.[2]
Meanwhile, a boatswain took command of B-3, and she joined B-2 and B-4 in patrolling the waters around Republican-held Menorca until the end of July 1936 to intercept any Nationalist attempt to invade the island from neighboring Mallorca. B-3 and B-4 took part in a Republican amphibious landing on the island of Cabrera on 1 August 1936. Unable to risk submerging because of her poor material condition and the inexperience of her crew after the arrest of her officers, she operated as a surface ship between 16 August and 4 September 1936 while she took part in an unsuccessful Republican attempt to make an amphibious landing at Porto Cristo on the eastern coast of Nationalist-held Mallorca. B-3 and B-4 subsequently continued their patrols in the Balearic Islands.[2]
Late in 1936, B-3 collided with the Norwegian merchant ship Frank. Damage B-3 sustained in the collision, combined with her poor overall material condition, prompted the Republicans to remove her from active service in December 1936 and moor her at Portmán[2] for the rest of the war, which ended on 1 April 1939 in a Nationalist victory and the establishment of Francoist Spain. One source claims that Republican forces scuttled her at Portmán in April 1939.[1]
Francoist Spain
After the civil war, the victorious Nationalists took possession of B-3, which they found half-sunk in Portmán Bay. They refloated her in August 1939, but did not repair her. She was decommissioned on 8 June 1940 and sold for scrapping.[2]
References
Citations
Bibliography
- ABC (newspaper, in Spanish)
- Aguilera, Alfredo; Elías, Vicente (1980). Buques de guerra españoles, 1885-1971 [Spanish Warships, 1885–1971] (in Spanish). Madrid: Editorial San Martín.
- Cervera Pery, José (1988). La guerra naval española (1936-39) [The Spanish Naval War (1936–39)] (in Spanish). Madrid: Editorial San Martín.
- Chesneau, Roger, ed. (1980). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. Greenwich, UK: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-146-7.
- Gardiner, Robert; Gray, Randal, eds. (1985). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. London, UK: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 978-0851772455.
- La Vanguardia newspaper (in Spanish)
- González, Marcelino (2009). 50 Barcos españoles [50 Spanish Ships] (in Spanish). Gijón, Spain: Fundación Alvargonzález.
- González, Marcelino (2012). Otros 50 Barcos españoles [Another 50 Spanish Ships] (in Spanish). Gijón, Spain: Fundación Alvargonzález.