President pro tempore of the Senate of the Philippines

President pro tempore of the Senate of the Philippines
Pangulong pro tempore ng Senado ng Pilipinas
Seal of the Senate of the Philippines
Incumbent
Tito Sotto
since June 17, 2026
Senate of the Philippines
Style
SeatGSIS Building, Pasay
AppointerElected by the Senate
Term lengthAt the Senate's pleasure; elected at the beginning of the new Congress by a majority of the senators-elect, and upon a vacancy during a Congress.
Inaugural holderRafael Palma
Formation1916 (1916)
WebsiteSenate of the Philippines

The president pro tempore of the Senate of the Philippines (Filipino: Pangulong pro tempore ng Senado ng Pilipinas) is the second highest-ranking official of the Senate of the Philippines. During the absence of the president of the Senate, the president pro tempore presides over the Senate.

By tradition, the president pro tempore is elected by a majority vote immediately after the Senate president during the opening of a new Congress, or whenever the position becomes vacant, whether through a motion or the incumbent's resignation. Although the American custom of electing the most senior member of the majority party as the president pro tempore is not exclusively followed, there have been instances in past Senates when senior members of the majority party have been elected to the position.[1]

The incumbent president pro tempore of the Senate of the Philippines is Tito Sotto since June 17, 2026.[2]

Powers and duties

According to Rule IV, Section 4 of the Rules of the Senate, the president pro tempore is mandated to discharge the powers and duties of the Senate president in the following cases:[3]

  • a. When the President is absent for one or more days;
  • b. When the President is temporarily incapacitated; or
  • c. In the event of the resignation, removal, death or absolute incapacity of the President.

Section 5 further notes that the president pro tempore shall serve as acting president in cases specified in Section 4(c) until the Senate elects a new president.

Section 20 of Rule X of the Senate Rules also provide that along with the floor leaders, the president pro tempore is an ex officio member of all permanent committees, and may also be elected chairperson of any of the committees.

History

Pre-martial law period

The Philippine Senate unanimously elected Rafael Palma as its first president pro tempore upon its establishment in 1916.[4] He was succeeded by Espiridion Guanco in the 5th Legislature.[5] Sergio Osmeña became the first president pro tempore to serve as acting Senate president when Manuel Quezon went ill in 1930.[6] He is also the longest to serve as president pro tempore in Senate history. In 1932, José Clarín acted as the Senate president when Quezon went on leave.[7] Upon Clarín's death in 1935, José Avelino would briefly serve as president pro tempore until the Senate was abolished in favor of a unicameral National Assembly.

The Senate was then restored by the constitutional amendment in 1940, but senators elected in 1941 were not able to assume office due to the outbreak of World War II. Congress would only reconvene by 1945, and Elpidio Quirino was elected as president pro tempore alongside Manuel Roxas as Senate president.[8] When the Senate encountered multiple deadlocks in electing a new Senate president at the start of the 2nd Congress in January 1952, president pro tempore Quintín Paredes presided over the sessions until March 5, 1952, when he was formally elected president of the Senate after Felisberto Verano of the Nacionalista Party voted for him, a member of the Liberal Party.[9]

Jose Roy served as the last president pro tempore of the Senate when it was abolished for a second time in 1972 upon the declaration of martial law.[10]

Fifth Republic

Senate President Koko Pimentel (right) congratulates Ralph Recto (left) after his election as president pro tempore of the Senate on February 27, 2017.

Teofisto Guingona Jr. served as president pro tempore of the reestablished Senate from 1987 to 1990, and was succeeded by Sotero Laurel.

In 1993, the Senate elected Leticia Ramos-Shahani as its first female president pro tempore.[11] Ramos-Shahani was the first female lawmaker in history to serve as a deputy presiding officer in either houses of Congress. When Marcelo Fernan resigned the Senate presidency in June 1999 due to failing health, president pro tempore Blas Ople was designated as acting presiding officer, until he himself was elected president nearly a month later. Franklin Drilon was temporarily designated by Fernan as the Senate's officer-in-charge before Ople's return from a trip to Switzerland and his assumption as the chamber's acting president.[12]

On August 12, 2002, Manny Villar stepped down as president pro tempore to be elected chairperson of the Senate committees on finance and foreign relations. Juan Flavier was subsequently elected to succeed Villar.[13]

Juan Ponce Enrile resigned as Senate president on June 5, 2013.[14] President pro tempore Jinggoy Estrada served as acting president until Franklin Drilon was elected president of the Senate on July 22, 2013. Drilon, who had earlier served as president pro tempore under Senate president Koko Pimentel, was later removed from the position along with other Liberal Party senators from their committee chairmanships following a motion by Manny Pacquiao to declare the post vacant. He was succeeded by Ralph Recto, a fellow Liberal and former minority leader, who had previously served as Drilon's president pro tempore during the 16th Congress.[15]

In June 2022, Juan Miguel Zubiri became the first majority floor leader to concurrently serve as president pro tempore after he was elected to the position to allow the Senate to discharge its administrative functions without interruption while then-Senate president Tito Sotto was nearing the end of his term.[16] Loren Legarda, then the most senior senator in the 19th Congress, was elected on July 25, 2022, as the second female Senate president pro tempore.[17]

On September 8, 2025, Panfilo Lacson was elected president pro tempore of the Senate,[18] the oldest senator in history to assume the position. Legarda succeeded Lacson in an election on May 11, 2026, her second time serving in the position.[19]

On June 3, 2026, Sherwin Gatchalian was elected president pro tempore, replacing Loren Legarda. The 11-member minority bloc, together with Senator Francis Escudero, was present during the day's session, constituting a quorum of 12 out of the 22 senators then under the Senate's jurisdiction, excluding detained senator Jinggoy Estrada and Ronald dela Rosa, who is in hiding following the issuance of an arrest warrant by the International Criminal Court.[20] Gatchalian, who served as temporary presiding officer prior to his election, cited Avelino v. Cuenco, a Supreme Court decision that resolved a dispute concerning the Senate presidency.[21]

On June 17, 2026, Gatchalian was formally elected Senate president, and Tito Sotto succeeded him as president pro tempore, becoming the second-oldest senator to serve in the position.[2]

List of Senate presidents pro tempore

Rafael Palma was the first president pro tempore of the Senate.
Sergio Osmeña was the longest-serving president pro tempore of the Senate.
Leticia Ramos-Shahani was the first female president pro tempore of the Senate.
Tito Sotto is the current president pro tempore of the Senate.

Since the office was established in 1916, 32 individuals are known to have served as president pro tempore of the Senate.

All senators from 1941 onwards were elected at-large, with the whole Philippines as one constituency. Every president pro tempore of the Senate has been a member of a political party or faction; the number affiliated with each is:

  Nacionalista – 12;[a]   Liberal – 8;[b]   NPC – 4;   Lakas – 2;   LDP – 3;[c]   Nacionalista Democratico – 2;[d]   Nacionalista Unipersonalista – 1;[e]   PMP – 1;   Independent – 3.
No. Portrait Name
(Birth–Death)		 Term of office Party/Coalition Senate President Legislature
Took office Left office
1 Rafael Palma
Senator for the 4th District
(1874–1939)
[4]		 October 16,
1916		 c. 1919[f] Nacionalista Manuel L. Quezon 4th Legislature
2 Espiridion Guanco
Senator for the 8th District
(1874–1925)
[24]		 c. 1919[f] October 27,
1922		 5th Legislature
3 Sergio Osmeña
Senator for the 10th District
(1878–1961)
[25]		 October 27,
1922		 August 2,
1933		 Nacionalista Unipersonalista
(until 1925)		 6th Legislature
Nacionalista Consolidado
(from 1925)		 7th Legislature
8th Legislature
9th Legislature
4 José Clarín
Senator for the 11th District
(1879–1935)
[26]		 August 2,
1933		 June 2,
1935		 Nacionalista
(until 1934)
Nacionalista Democratico
(from 1934)		 10th Legislature
5
José Avelino
Senator for the 9th District
(1890–1986)
[27]		 June 2,
1935		 November 15, 1935 Nacionalista Democratico
Senate abolished
(November 15, 1935 – June 9, 1945)
6 Elpidio Quirino
(1890–1956)
[8]		 June 9,
1945		 May 28,
1946		 Nacionalista
(until 1946)		 Manuel Roxas 1st Commonwealth Congress
Liberal
(from 1946)
7 Melecio Arranz
(1888–1966)
[28]		 May 28,
1946		 December 30,
1949		 Liberal José Avelino 2nd Commonwealth Congress
1st Congress
Mariano Cuenco
8 Quintín Paredes
(1884–1973)
[29]		 January 31,
1950		 March 5,
1952		 2nd Congress
9 Esteban Abada
(1896–1954)		 March 5,
1952		 May 7,
1952		 Quintín Paredes
Camilo Osías
Eulogio Rodriguez
10 Manuel Briones
(1896–1957)
[30]		 May 7,
1952		 April 17,
1953		 Nacionalista
11 Jose Zulueta
(1889–1972)		 April 17,
1953		 April 30,
1953		 Camilo Osías
12 Manuel Briones
(1896–1957)
[30]		 April 30,
1953		 September 29,
1957		 Jose Zulueta
Eulogio Rodriguez
3rd Congress
Vacant[g]
(September 29, 1957 – January 27, 1958)
13 Fernando Lopez
(1904–1993)
[31]		 January 27,
1958		 December 30,
1965		 Nacionalista 4th Congress
5th Congress
Ferdinand Marcos
14 Lorenzo Sumulong
(1905–1997)
[32]		 January 17,
1966		 January 26,
1967		 Arturo Tolentino 6th Congress
15 Camilo Osías
(1889–1976)
[33]		 January 26,
1967		 December 30,
1967		 Liberal Gil Puyat
16 Jose Roy
(1904–1986)
[34]		 January 22,
1968		 January 17,
1973		 Nacionalista
7th Congress
Senate abolished[h]
(January 17, 1973 – February 2, 1987)
17 Teofisto Guingona Jr.
(born 1928)
[35]		 July 27,
1987		 July 23,
1990		 Liberal Jovito Salonga 8th Congress
18
Sotero Laurel
(1918–2009)
[35]		 July 23,
1990		 January 18,
1992		 Nacionalista
19 Ernesto Maceda
(1935–2016)
[36]		 January 18,
1992		 January 18,
1993		 NPC Neptali Gonzales
9th Congress
20 Teofisto Guingona Jr.
(born 1928)
[37]		 January 18,
1993		 July 6,
1993		 LDP Edgardo Angara
Vacant[i]
(July 6, 1993 – July 26, 1993)
21 Leticia Ramos-Shahani
(1929–2017)
[38]		 July 26,
1993		 October 10,
1996		 Lakas
10th Congress
Neptali Gonzales
22 Blas Ople
(1927–2003)
[39]		 October 10,
1996		 July 26,
1999		 LDP Ernesto Maceda
Neptali Gonzales
Marcelo Fernan 11th Congress
Blas Ople
(acting)
23 John Henry Osmeña
(1935–2021)
[40]		 July 26,
1999		 April 12,
2000		 Blas Ople
24 Blas Ople
(1927–2003)
[39]		 April 12,
2000		 June 30,
2001		 Franklin Drilon
Nene Pimentel
25 Manny Villar
(born 1949)
[41]		 July 23,
2001		 August 12,
2002		 Independent Franklin Drilon 12th Congress
26 Juan Flavier
(1935–2014)
[13]		 August 12,
2002		 June 30,
2007		 Lakas
13th Congress
Manny Villar
27 Jinggoy Estrada
(born 1963)
[42]		 July 23,
2007		 June 30,
2013		 PMP 14th Congress
Juan Ponce Enrile
15th Congress
Jinggoy Estrada
(acting)
28 Ralph Recto
(born 1964)
[43]		 July 22,
2013		 June 30,
2016		 Liberal Franklin Drilon 16th Congress
29 Franklin Drilon
(born 1945)
[44]		 July 25,
2016		 February 27,
2017		 Koko Pimentel 17th Congress
30 Ralph Recto
(born 1964)
[45]		 February 27,
2017		 June 29,
2022		 Liberal
(until 2018)
Tito Sotto
Nacionalista
(from 2018)
18th Congress
31 Juan Miguel Zubiri
(born 1969)
[16]		 June 29,
2022		 July 25,
2022		 Independent
None[j]
19th Congress
32 Loren Legarda
(born 1960)
[17]		 July 25,
2022		 May 20,
2024		 NPC Juan Miguel Zubiri
33 Jinggoy Estrada
(born 1963)
[46]		 May 20,
2024		 September 8,
2025		 PMP Francis Escudero
20th Congress
34 Panfilo Lacson
(born 1948)
[47]		 September 8,
2025		 May 11,
2026		 Independent Tito Sotto
35 Loren Legarda
(born 1960)
[19]		 May 11,
2026		 June 3, 2026 NPC Alan Peter Cayetano
36 Sherwin Gatchalian
(born 1974)
[48]		 June 3,
2026		 June 17,
2026		 Sherwin Gatchalian
(acting)[k]
37 Tito Sotto
(born 1948)
[49]		 June 17,
2026		 Incumbent Sherwin Gatchalian

Unverified or uncertain tenures

Sources claim that Francisco Enage and Claro M. Recto served as president pro tempore of the Senate for two uncertain periods during the Senate presidency of Manuel L. Quezon. It is unclear whether Enage and Recto held the position in an official capacity or served in an acting capacity during Sergio Osmeña and José Avelino’s tenures, respectively, as Senate president pro tempore.

Portrait Name
(Birth–Death)		 Term of office Party/Coalition Senate President Legislature
Francisco Enage
Senator for the 9th District
(1878–1959)		 c. 1922[50][51] Nacionalista Manuel L. Quezon 5th Legislature
November 20, 1923[52]
–
c. 1925		 Nacionalista Colectivista 6th Legislature
Claro M. Recto
Senator for the 5th District
(1890–1960)		 June 20, 1935[53]
–
July 3, 1935		 Nacionalista Democratico 10th Legislature

Timeline

Tito SottoSherwin GatchalianLoren LegardaPanfilo LacsonJinggoy EstradaJuan Miguel ZubiriRalph RectoFranklin DrilonJuan FlavierManny VillarBlas OpleJohn Henry OsmeñaLeticia Ramos-ShahaniTeofisto Guingona Jr.Ernesto MacedaSotero LaurelJose RoyCamilo OsíasLorenzo SumulongFernando LopezManuel BrionesJose ZuluetaEsteban AbadaQuintín ParedesMelecio ArranzElpidio QuirinoJosé AvelinoJosé ClarínSergio OsmeñaEspiridion GuancoRafael Palma


Relationship with the Senate presidency

Seven presidents pro tempore were later elected Senate president, while four former Senate presidents subsequently served as president pro tempore.

Officeholder Served first as Later served as
José Avelino President pro tempore (1935) Senate president (1946–1949)
Quintín Paredes President pro tempore (1950–1952) Senate president (1952)
Camilo Osías Senate president (1952; 1953) President pro tempore (1967)
Ernesto Maceda President pro tempore (1992–1993) Senate president (1996–1998)
Blas Ople President pro tempore (1996–1999) Senate president (1999–2000)
Senate president (1999–2000) President pro tempore (2000–2001)
Franklin Drilon Senate president (2000; 2001–2006; 2013–2016) President pro tempore (2016–2017)
Manny Villar President pro tempore (2001–2002) Senate president (2006–2008)
Tito Sotto Senate president (2018–2022; 2025–2026) President pro tempore (2026–present)
Juan Miguel Zubiri President pro tempore (acting; 2022) Senate president (2022–2024)
Sherwin Gatchalian President pro tempore (2026) Senate president (2026–present)

Notes

  1. ↑ Includes the tenures of Sergio Osmeña from 1925 to 1933, José Clarín from 1933 to 1934, Elpidio Quirino from 1945 to 1946, and Ralph Recto from 2018 to 2022.
  2. ↑ Includes the tenures of Elpidio Quirino in 1946, Teofisto Guingona Jr. from 1987 to 1990, and Ralph Recto from 2013 to 2016 and 2017 to 2018.
  3. ↑ Includes the tenure of Teofisto Guingona Jr. in 1993.
  4. ↑ Includes the tenure of José Clarín from 1934 to 1935.
  5. ↑ Includes the tenure of Sergio Osmeña from 1922 to 1925.
  6. 1 2 It is unclear when Rafael Palma's tenure as president pro tempore ended. One source states that Espiridion Guanco had been serving as president pro tempore as early as March 1919, during the 4th Legislature.[22] In one of his own accounts, Palma stated that he was still serving as president pro tempore in 1921.[23]
  7. ↑ Position vacant during the Senate’s adjournment sine die after Manuel Briones died on September 29, 1957.
  8. ↑ The ratification of the 1973 Constitution abolished the Senate, and a unicameral legislature was established, later known as the Batasang Pambansa.
  9. ↑ Position vacant during the Senate’s adjournment sine die after Teofisto Guingona Jr.'s resignation as senator following his appointment as executive secretary by president Fidel V. Ramos.
  10. ↑ Zubiri was designated Senate president pro tempore during the Senate’s adjournment sine die, serving from the day before Tito Sotto’s term as senator ended on June 30 until his formal election as Senate president at the opening of the 19th Congress in July.
  11. ↑ Gatchalian in his capacity as the president pro tempore concurrently served as the acting Senate president, after the position has been declared vacant on June 3, 2026.

References

  1. ↑ "Composition of the Senate". Senate of the Philippines. Retrieved September 13, 2025.
  2. 1 2 Torregoza, Hannah L. (June 17, 2026). "Gatchalian formally ascends as Senate President; Sotto elected as SP Pro Tempore". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved June 17, 2026.
  3. ↑ "Rules of the Senate" (PDF). Senate of the Philippines. pp. 11–12.
  4. 1 2 Guerrero, Fernando Ma.; Villanueva, Rafael (1917). Directorio Oficial del Senado y de la Cámara de Representantes. Manila: Bureau of Printing. p. 79.
  5. ↑ Sembrano, Edgar Allan M. (July 8, 2018). "American-era bridge in Negros Occidental to be demolished". Lifestyle.INQ. Retrieved September 12, 2025.
  6. ↑ Senate of the Philippines. Senate of the Philippines. 1997. p. 44.
  7. ↑ Our Delegates to the Constitutional Assembly: English-Spanish. Benipayo Press. 1935. p. 260.
  8. 1 2 "History of the Senate - Commonwealth Congress (1935-1946)". Senate of the Philippines.
  9. ↑ "Miércoles, 5 de Marzo de 1952". Congressional Record. III (28). Senate of the Philippines: 392. March 5, 1952.
  10. ↑ "Jose J. Roy". Senate of the Philippines.
  11. ↑ "Press Release - Senate to honor former Senator Leticia Ramos Shahani". Senate of the Philippines. Retrieved September 12, 2025.
  12. ↑ Macaspac, Joem H.; Maragay, Fel V. (June 29, 1999). "Fernan steps down as Senate chief". Manila Standard. p. 2. Retrieved September 28, 2025.
  13. 1 2 Nazareno, Rocky (August 13, 2002). "Flavier takes over as Senate pro tem". Philippine Daily Inquirer. pp. A2. Retrieved September 15, 2025.
  14. ↑ Calonzo, Andreo (June 5, 2013). "Enrile announces irrevocable resignation as Senate president". GMA News Online. Retrieved September 28, 2025.
  15. ↑ Viray, Patricia Lourdes (February 27, 2017). "LP senators ousted from majority, committee posts". Philstar.com. Retrieved September 28, 2025.
  16. 1 2 Peralta-Malonzo, Third Anne (June 2, 2022). "Senate elects Zubiri as OIC Senate President". SunStar Publishing Inc. Retrieved September 12, 2025.
  17. 1 2 Bacelonia, Wilnard (July 25, 2022). "Zubiri, Legarda assume top Senate posts". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on August 16, 2022. Retrieved September 13, 2025.
  18. ↑ Ombay, Giselle (September 8, 2025). "Sotto replaces Escudero as Senate president". GMA News Online. Retrieved September 12, 2025.
  19. 1 2 Divina, Thea (May 11, 2026). "Legarda elevated to Senate President Pro Tempore in leadership shake-up of upper chamber". DZRH News. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  20. ↑ Cruz, James Patrick (June 3, 2026). "Win Gatchalian is new Senate president pro tempore". Rappler. Retrieved June 3, 2026.
  21. ↑ "G.R. No. L-2821". lawphil.net. Retrieved June 3, 2026.
  22. ↑ Philippine Islands: Public Land Laws of the Philippine Islands, in Force and Effect July 1, 1920. Compiled in the Bureau of Insular Affairs, United States Department of War. Washington, D.C., United States: United States Government Printing Office. 1920. pp. 41–42. Retrieved July 3, 2026.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  23. ↑ Onorato, Michael (1964). "Leonard Wood As Governor General: A Calendar of Selected Correspondence, Part 2". Philippine Studies. 12 (2): 304. ISSN 0031-7837.
  24. ↑ "List of Previous Senators - Fifth Legislature". Senate of the Philippines. Retrieved September 15, 2025.
  25. ↑ "List of Previous Senators - Sixth Legislature". Senate of the Philippines. Retrieved September 15, 2025.
  26. ↑ Saulo, Alfredo (August 19, 1978). Manuel Luis Quezon on His Centenary. National Science Development Board.
  27. ↑ "List of Previous Senators - Tenth Legislature". Senate of the Philippines. Retrieved September 15, 2025.
  28. ↑ "History of the Senate - Congress of the Philippines (1946-1972)". Senate of the Philippines. Retrieved September 15, 2025.
  29. ↑ "Biography of Senate President Paredes". Senate of the Philippines. Retrieved September 15, 2025.
  30. 1 2 "Senators Profile - Manuel C. Briones". Senate of the Philippines. Retrieved September 15, 2025.
  31. ↑ Official Directory of the Senate of the Philippines. Bureau of Printing. 1960. pp. 13–14.
  32. ↑ "List of Previous Senators - Sixth Congress". Senate of the Philippines. Retrieved September 15, 2025.
  33. ↑ The Philippine Officials Review (1st ed.). Pasay City, Philippines: M & M Publications. March 1967. p. 77.
  34. ↑ "Senators Profile - Jose J. Roy". Senate of the Philippines. Retrieved September 15, 2025.
  35. 1 2 "List of Previous Senators - Eighth Congress". Senate of the Philippines. Retrieved September 15, 2025.
  36. ↑ "Press Release - PRIB: Senate pays last respects to former Senator Ernesto Maceda". Senate of the Philippines. June 23, 2016. Retrieved September 15, 2025.
  37. ↑ "List of Previous Senators - Ninth Congress". Senate of the Philippines. Retrieved September 15, 2025.
  38. ↑ "Press Release - Senate to honor former Senator Leticia Ramos Shahani". Senate of the Philippines. March 21, 2017. Retrieved September 15, 2025.
  39. 1 2 "Senators Profile - Blas F. Ople". Senate of the Philippines. Retrieved September 13, 2025.
  40. ↑ "List of Previous Senators - Eleventh Congress". Senate of the Philippines. Retrieved September 15, 2025.
  41. ↑ "Senator Manny Villar". Senate of the Philippines. Retrieved September 15, 2025.
  42. ↑ "Photo Release - Jinggoy as Senate President Pro Tempore". Senate of the Philippines. July 23, 2007. Retrieved September 15, 2025.
  43. ↑ Santos, Matikas (July 22, 2013). "Recto is Senate President Pro-Tempore". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved September 15, 2025.
  44. ↑ Elemia, Camille (July 25, 2016). "It's final: Koko Pimentel is new Senate President". Rappler. Retrieved September 15, 2025.
  45. ↑ Elemia, Camille (February 27, 2017). "Senate ousts Drilon, LP senators from key posts". Rappler. Retrieved September 15, 2025.
  46. ↑ Villaruel, Jauhn Etienne. "Jinggoy elected Senate President Pro Tempore". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on July 9, 2025. Retrieved September 15, 2025.
  47. ↑ Moaje, Marita (September 8, 2025). "Sotto back as Senate President, vows to fight corruption". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved September 15, 2025.
  48. ↑ Punzalan, Jamaine; de Santos, Jonathan; Cruz, RG (June 3, 2026). "Escudero breaks Senate impasse despite Cayetano group's boycott; Gatchalian elected as Senate president pro tempore". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved June 3, 2026.
  49. ↑ Clores, Keith (June 17, 2026). "Sotto elected as Senate president pro tempore". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved June 17, 2026.
  50. ↑ "House" (PDF). Congressional Record. LXII (6). Washington, D.C.: United States Government Publishing Office: 6419. May 5, 1922. Retrieved August 8, 2026.
  51. ↑ Onorato, Michael Paul (1964). "The Democrata Party". Philippine Studies. 12 (2): 344. ISSN 0031-7837.
  52. ↑ "TROOPERS PURSUE MORO REBEL CHIEF; He Fled When Invited to Meet the Governor General in Mindanao. WOOD BLAMES FILIPINOS Says Lack of Tact and Graft Caused Mono Outbreak -- Urges Co-operation". The New York Times. October 21, 1923. Retrieved October 1, 2025.
  53. ↑ "Recto Senate's New Head "Pro Tempore"". The Tribune. June 21, 1935. p. 1. Retrieved July 3, 2026.
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