Protosporangium

Protosporangium
Protosporangium articulatum fruiting body (left) and amoeboflagellate (right)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Phylum: Amoebozoa
Class: Ceratiomyxomycetes
Order: Ceratiomyxales
Family: Protosporangiidae
Genus: Protosporangium
L.S. Olive & Stoianovitch 1972[1]

Protosporangium is a genus of amoebae capable of growing microscopic fruiting bodies, known as protosteloid sporocarps.

Description

Protosporangium is a genus of protosteloid amoebae, meaning they develop fruiting bodies (sporocarps) consisting of an individual stalk that supports one or more spores.[2] Sporocarps of Protosporangium are slender and hollow, supported by a circular disc, and bearing one, two, four or eight spores. Each spore has smooth walls and a single nucleus, and germinates by meiosis into cells with one or two anterior flagella. These develop into the trophic stage, consisting of amoeboflagellates[3] with filose (thread-like) pseudopodia and multiple nuclei. Each amoeba later segments itself into smaller pre-spore cells that generate the sporocarps.[1]

Most species of this genus have relatively tall fruiting bodies, usually exceeding 200 micrometres in height. They are most commonly found growing on tree bark and wood. The most commonly encountered species is Protosporangium articulatum.[4][2]

Taxonomy

The genus Protosporangium was described by Lindsay S. Olive and Carmen Stoianovitch in 1972, along with three species: P. fragile, P. articulatum, and P. bisporum, which became the type species.[1] Later, Walter E. Bennett described P. conicum in 1986.[5]

Initially, Protosporangium was placed under the order Protosteliida, which at the time included all protosteloid amoebae.[1] However, a 2009 molecular phylogenetic analysis revealed the polyphyly of this taxon: the different groups of protosteloid amoebae had evolved independently the ability to form similar fruiting bodies, and were otherwise unrelated. Protosporangium was found to be closely related to the genus Clastostelium.[6] The two genera were joined in one family, Protosporangiidae (under zoological nomenclature) or Protosporangiaceae (under botanical nomenclature), under the order Protosporangiida (also known as Ceratiomyxales), which also includes the genus Ceratiomyxa.[7][8][9]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Olive, Lindsay S.; Stoianovich, Carmen (1972). "Protosporangium: a New Genus of Protostelids*". The Journal of Protozoology. 19 (4): 563–571. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1972.tb03530.x.
  2. 1 2 Spiegel, Frederick W.; Shadwick, Lora L.; Ndiritu, George G.; Brown, Matthew W.; Aguilar, Maria; et al. (2017). "Protosteloid amoebae (Protosteliida, Protosporangiida, Cavosteliida, Schizoplasmodiida, Fractoviteliida, and sporocarpic members of Vannellida, Centramoebida, and Pellitida)". In Archibald, John M.; Simpson, Alastair G.B.; Slamovits, Claudio H. (eds.). Handbook of the Protists (PDF). Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 1311–1345. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28149-0_12. ISBN 978-3-319-28149-0. LCCN 2017945328.
  3. ↑ Spiegel, F. W.; Feldman, J.; Bennett, W. E. (1986). "Ultrastructure and development of the amoebo-flagellate cells of the protostelid Protosporangium articulatum". Protoplasma. 132 (3): 115–128. Bibcode:1986Prpls.132..115S. doi:10.1007/BF01276991.
  4. ↑ Spiegel, Frederick W.; Shadwick, John D.; Lindley, Lora A.; Brown, Matthew W.; Nderitu, George (July 2007). A Beginner's Guide to Identifying The Protostelids (PDF). Fayetteville: University of Arkansas.
  5. ↑ Bennett, Walter E. (1986). "A New Species of Protosporangium (Protostelida, Eumycetozoa)". Mycologia. 78 (5): 857–860. doi:10.1080/00275514.1986.12025336.
  6. ↑ Shadwick, Lora L.; Spiegel, Frederick W.; Shadwick, John D. L.; Brown, Matthew W.; Silberman, Jeffrey D. (25 August 2009). "Eumycetozoa = Amoebozoa?: SSUrDNA Phylogeny of Protosteloid Slime Molds and Its Significance for the Amoebozoan Supergroup". PLOS ONE. 4 (8) e6754. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.6754S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006754. PMC 2727795. PMID 19707546.
  7. ↑ Kang, Seungho; Tice, Alexander K; Spiegel, Frederick W; Silberman, Jeffrey D; Pánek, Tomáš; Čepička, Ivan; Kostka, Martin; Kosakyan, Anush; Alcântara, Daniel M C; Roger, Andrew J; Shadwick, Lora L; Smirnov, Alexey; Kudryavtsev, Alexander; Lahr, Daniel J G; Brown, Matthew W (September 2017). "Between a Pod and a Hard Test: The Deep Evolution of Amoebae". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 34 (9): 2258–2270. doi:10.1093/molbev/msx162. PMC 5850466. PMID 28505375.
  8. ↑ Leontyev, Dmitry V; Schnittler, Martin; Stephenson, Steven L; Novozhilov, Yuri K; Shchepin, Oleg N (March 2019). "Towards a phylogenetic classification of the Myxomycetes". Phytotaxa. 399 (3): 209. Bibcode:2019Phytx.399..209L. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.399.3.5. S2CID 108783142.
  9. ↑ Hyde KD, Noorabadi MT, Thiyagaraja V, He MQ, Johnston PR, Wijesinghe SN, et al. (2024). "The 2024 Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 15 (1): 5146–6239. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/15/1/25. hdl:10261/383324.
This page is issued from Wikipedia. The text is available under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.