Yellow-shouldered grosbeak

Yellow-shouldered grosbeak
In Yasuni National Park, Ecuador
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Thraupidae
Genus: Parkerthraustes
Remsen, 1997
Species:
P. humeralis
Binomial name
Parkerthraustes humeralis
(Lawrence, 1867)
Synonyms

See text

The yellow-shouldered grosbeak (Parkerthraustes humeralis) is a species of bird in the family Thraupidae, the tanagers and allies. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.[1][2]

Taxonomy and systematics

The yellow-shouldered grosbeak was formally described in 1867 by the American amateur ornithologist George Newbold Lawrence. He coined the Latin name Pytilus (Caryothraustes) humeralis.[3] Following information from molecular genetics the species was moved from genus Caryothrautes[note 1] to its own genus Parkerthraustes in 1997 by James Van Remsen Jr., to honor the late ornithologist Theodore A. Parker III.[5][6] The specific epithet humeralis is Late Latin, meaning "of the shoulders".[7]

The yellow-shouldered grosbeak was long considered a member of the cardinal family Cardinalidae.[8] It was moved to the tanager family based on the results of a molecular phylogenetic study published in 2007.[9][10] It shares the subfamily Orchesticinae with the brown tanager (Orchesticus abeillei).[11]

The yellow-shouldered grosbeak is the only member of its genus and has no subspecies.[2]

Description

The yellow-shouldered grosbeak is 16 to 16.5 cm (6.3 to 6.5 in) long; three individuals weighed 31 to 37 g (1.1 to 1.3 oz). It has a somewhat less massive bill than other grosbeaks. The sexes have the same plumage. Adults have a slate gray crown and nape and a wide black mask from the lores onto the ear coverts. Their upperparts are mostly olive-green with yellow secondary wing coverts that give it its English name. Its throat is white with black scaling or barring. Its breast and belly are gray and its vent and undertail coverts yellow. It has a red iris, a black maxilla, a gray mandible, and gray legs and feet.[12]

Distribution and habitat

The yellow-shouldered grosbeak is a bird of the western and southern Amazon Basin. In the west its range extends from Putumayo Department in southwestern Colombia south through eastern Ecuador and eastern Peru into Bolivia as far as Cochabamba Department. From Peru its range extends eastward across Brazil south of the Amazon through Pará almost to Tocantins.[12][13][14] It inhabits humid terra firme forest, where it mostly is found in the canopy.[12][14] In elevation it is found below 300 m (1,000 ft) in Colombia, mostly below 600 m (2,000 ft) in Ecuador, below 750 m (2,500 ft) in Peru, and between 200 and 1,000 m (700 and 3,300 ft) in Brazil.[13][15][16][14]

Behavior

Movement

The yellow-shouldered grosbeak is a year-round resident.[12]

Feeding

The yellow-shouldered grosbeak's diet has not been studied but is known to include insects, seeds, and flowers. It usually forages in pairs high in the canopy as members of a mixed-species feeding flock. It takes most insect food by gleaning from foliage.[12][15][16]

Breeding

Nothing is known about the yellow-shouldered grosbeak's breeding biology.[12]

Vocalization

The yellow-shouldered grosbeak's song, which is rarely heard, is "a repetitive high, lisping seet tseer-tseer". Its most common call is "a distinctive, high, lisping tsuit-wsst".[16] Another call is an "extremely high, thin feetjuh".[14]

Status

The IUCN has assessed the yellow-shouldered grosbeak as being of Least Concern. It has a very large range; its population size is not known and is believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified.[1] It is considered "local and uncommon" in its small Colombian range, "rare to locally uncommon" in Ecuador, "rare but widespread" in Peru, and "uncommon to rare" in Brazil.[13][15][16][14] "Human activity has little direct effect on the Yellow-shouldered Grosbeak, other than the local effects of habitat destruction."[12]

Notes

  1. ↑ The name combines karuon "nut" and thraustēs "crusher"[4]

References

  1. 1 2 3 BirdLife International (2018). "Yellow-shouldered Grosbeak Parkerthraustes humeralis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018 e.T22723834A132169375. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22723834A132169375.en. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  2. 1 2 Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (April 2026). "Tanagers and allies". IOC World Bird List. v 15.2. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  3. ↑ Lawrence, George Newbold (1867). "Descriptions of new species of American Birds". Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York. 8: 466–482 [467–468]. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1867.tb00333.x.
  4. ↑ James A. Jobling (2026). "The Key to Scientific Names: Caryothraustes". Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved August 2, 2026.
  5. ↑ Remsen, Jr., J. V. (1997). "A New Genus for the Yellow-shouldered Grosbeak" (PDF). Studies in Neotropical Ornithology Honoring Ted Parker. Ornithological Monographs. Vol. 48. Washington, DC: The American Ornithologist's Union. pp. 89–90. doi:10.2307/40157528. JSTOR 40157528.
  6. ↑ Bates, John M.; Schulenberg, Thomas S. (1997). "In Memoriam: Theodore A. Parker III, 1953–1993" (PDF). The Auk. 114 (1): 110. doi:10.2307/4089070. JSTOR 4089070.
  7. ↑ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 196. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  8. ↑ Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, ed. (1970). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 13. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 226.
  9. ↑ Klicka, J.; Burns, K.; Spellman, G. M. (December 2007). "Defining a monophyletic Cardinalini: A molecular perspective". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 45 (3): 1014–1032. Bibcode:2007MolPE..45.1014K. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.07.006. PMID 17920298.
  10. ↑ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2020). "Tanagers and allies". IOC World Bird List Version 10.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
  11. ↑ Burns, K.J.; Shultz, A.J.; Title, P.O.; Mason, N.A.; Barker, F.K.; Klicka, J.; Lanyon, S.M.; Lovette, I.J. (2014). "Phylogenetics and diversification of tanagers (Passeriformes: Thraupidae), the largest radiation of Neotropical songbirds". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 75: 41–77. Bibcode:2014MolPE..75...41B. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.02.006. PMID 24583021.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Schulenberg, T. S. and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Yellow-shouldered Grosbeak (Parkerthraustes humeralis), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.yesgro2.01 retrieved August 2., 2026
  13. 1 2 3 McMullan, Miles; Donegan, Thomas M.; Quevedo, Alonso (2010). Field Guide to the Birds of Colombia. Bogotá: Fundación ProAves. p. 203. ISBN 978-0-9827615-0-2.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 van Perlo, Ber (2009). A Field Guide to the Birds of Brazil. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 376–377. ISBN 978-0-19-530155-7.
  15. 1 2 3 Ridgely, Robert S.; Greenfield, Paul J. (2001). The Birds of Ecuador: Field Guide. Vol. II. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. 672. ISBN 978-0-8014-8721-7.
  16. 1 2 3 4 Schulenberg, T.S.; Stotz, D.F.; Lane, D.F.; O'Neill, J.P.; Parker, T.A. III (2010). Birds of Peru. Princeton Field Guides (revised and updated ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 608. ISBN 978-0691130231.
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