Orpington (constituency)

Orpington
Borough constituency
for the House of Commons
Interactive map of boundaries since 2024
Location within Greater London
CountyGreater London
Electorate71,571 (March 2020)[1]
Major settlementsOrpington and Farnborough
Current constituency
Created1945
Member of ParliamentGareth Bacon (Conservative)
SeatsOne
Created fromChislehurst
During its existence contributed to new seat(s) ofBromley and Biggin Hill

Orpington is a constituency[n 1] represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2019 by Gareth Bacon, a Conservative.[n 2] Created in 1945, it is the largest constituency in Greater London by area, covering the east and south of the London Borough of Bromley.[2]

Constituency profile

Orpington High Street

Orpington is a constituency in Greater London in England within the Borough of Bromley. It covers the town of Orpington and the small, rural villages to its south.

Orpington is a large, suburban town located around 13 miles (21 km) south-east of central London. It has historic origins and was a rural settlement until the interwar period when much of the suburban development took place.[3] Today, the town is mostly affluent, especially so in its western neighbourhoods like Petts Wood. There is some deprivation in the north and east of the town (St Paul's Cray and St Mary Cray) which contain some post-war council estate development.[4] The constituency is well-connected by rail to Kent and the rest of London, being served by four railway stations. Whilst only making up a tiny proportion of the population today, Orpington traditionally has a Romani community; the town hosted the first World Romani Congress at which the International Romani Union was established.[5] House prices across the constituency are generally lower than the London average but still considerably higher than the UK average.[6]

Orpington has a low proportion of young adults and an above-average population of middle-aged adults with children.[7] Residents have high levels of income and homeownership and the child poverty rate is less than half the UK-wide figure.[6][8] They have average levels of education and a high proportion work in the health and business administration sectors.[6][9] The percentage claiming unemployment benefits is below-average.[8] White people made up 78% of the population at the 2021 census. Asians, mostly of Indian origin, were the largest ethnic minority group at 10% and Black people were 6%.[10]

Most of the constituency's representatives at the local borough council are Conservatives, although some Reform UK councillors were elected in St Paul's Cray. An estimated 56% of voters in Orpington supported leaving the European Union in the 2016 referendum, higher than the UK-wide rate of 52%.[6]

History

Orpington was created in a major boundary review enacted at the 1945 general election, which followed an absence of reviews since 1918. The seats of Dartford and Chislehurst had both seen their electorate grow enormously into newly built houses since the 1918 review and were treated as one and reformed into four seats, creating the additional seats of Bexley and this one in 1945.

Political history

The seat has been won by a Conservative since creation except for the 1962, 1964 and 1966 Liberal Party wins of Eric Lubbock.

The 2015 result made the seat the 43rd safest of the Conservative Party's 331 seats by percentage of majority.[11]

Role in the Liberal Party revival

The seat is famous for its 1962 by-election when it was taken in a shock result and substantial victory by the Liberal Party candidate Eric Lubbock.[12] He lost the seat in the 1970 general election.

The constituency shared boundaries with the Orpington electoral division for election of councillors to the Greater London Council at elections in 1973, 1977 and 1981.

Boundaries and boundary changes

DatesLocal authority MapsWards
1945–1950 Orpington Urban District
Municipal Borough of Beckenham
Municipal Borough of Bromley		 The urban district of Orpington, and part of the municipal boroughs of Beckenham and Bromley.[13]
1950–1955 Orpington Urban District
Dartford Rural District		 The urban district of Orpington, and the rural district of Dartford except the parishes of Darenth, Stone, Sutton at Hone, and Wilmington.[14]
1955–1974 Orpington Urban District (before 1965)
London Borough of Bromley (after 1965)
London Borough of Bexley (after 1965)		 The urban district of Orpington.[15]
1974–1983 London Borough of Bromley Biggin Hill, Chelsfield, Darwin, Farnborough, Goddington, Petts Wood, and St Mary Cray.[16]
1983–1997 London Borough of Bromley Chelsfield and Goddington, Crofton, Farnborough, Orpington Central, Petts Wood and Knoll, and St Mary Cray.
1997–2010 London Borough of Bromley Biggin Hill, Chelsfield and Goddington, Crofton, Darwin, Farnborough, Orpington Central, Petts Wood and Knoll, St Mary Cray, and St Paul's Cray.
2010–2024 London Borough of Bromley Biggin Hill, Chelsfield and Pratts Bottom, Cray Valley East, Darwin, Farnborough and Crofton, Orpington, and Petts Wood and Knoll.
2024– London Borough of Bromley Chelsfield, Darwin (except polling district DAR1), Farnborough and Crofton, Orpington, Petts Wood and Knoll, St Mary Cray, St Paul's Cray.[17]

Historic

Map showing the wards of the Orpington parliamentary constituency (red) within the London Borough of Bromley (yellow). Cray Valley West (orange) was included in the constituency at the election in 2005 but transferred to Bromley and Chislehurst in 2010.

1945–1950

The constituency was formed entirely from the existing of constituency Chislehurst

1950–1955

The part of the municipal borough of Beckenham included in the seat was transferred to the new constituency of Beckenham, part of the municipal borough of Bromley included in the seat was transferred to the constituency of Bromley while the Dartford Rural District (expect the parishes of Darenth, Stone, Sutton at Hone and Wilmington) was transferred from Chislehurst

1955–1974

The part of the Dartford Rural District included in the seat was transferred to the constituency of Dartford

1974–1983

Knockholt was transferred to the constituency of Sevenoaks

1983–1997

The wards of Biggin Hill and Darwin were transferred to the constituency of Ravensbourne

1997–2010

The wards of Biggin Hill and Darwin were transferred from the abolished constituency of Ravensbourne. The St Paul's Cray ward was transferred from the abolished constituency of Chislehurst

2010–2024

The ward of Cray Valley West was transferred to the constituency of Bromley and Chislehurst

Summary

The seat has changed a little in subsequent boundary reviews since 1955. For the 1997 general election the Ravensbourne seat which had emerged in the west by Bromley was divided between three constituencies which before then overshot the London Borough of Bromley, adding to Orpington the community of Biggin Hill.

Current

Further to the 2023 review of Westminster constituencies, which came into effect for the 2024 general election, the constituency was defined as comprising the following wards of the London Borough of Bromley as they existed on 1 December 2020:

  • Chelsfield and Pratts Bottom; Cray Valley East; Cray Valley West; Darwin (part1); Farnborough and Crofton; Crockenhill; Well Hill; Hockenden; Orpington; Petts Wood and Knoll.[18]

1.Area marked “4” on the map of the Orpington constituency produced by the Boundary Commission for England[19]

The boundary with Bromley and Chislehurst (renamed Bromley and Biggin Hill) was realigned with Cray Valley West ward being transferred in (thus uniting the two Cray Valley wards), offset by the loss of Biggin Hill.

Following a local government boundary review which came into effect in May 2022,[20][21] the constituency now comprises the following wards of the London Borough of Bromley from the 2024 general election:

Members of Parliament

Election Member[22] Party Notes
1945 Waldron Smithers Conservative Member for Chislehurst (1924–1945), Died in December 1954
1955 by-election Donald Sumner Conservative Seat vacated after Sumner accepted an appointment as a County Court judge
1962 by-election Eric Lubbock Liberal Liberal Chief Whip (1963–1970)
1970 Ivor Stanbrook Conservative
1992 John Horam Conservative Parliamentary Secretary for the Public Service (1995)
Under-Secretary of State for Health and Social Security (1995–1997)
2010 Jo Johnson Conservative Minister of State at the Cabinet Office (2014–2015)
Minister of State for Universities, Science, Research and Innovation (2015–2018, 2019)
Minister of State for Transport (2018)
2019 Gareth Bacon Conservative Under-Secretary of State for Sentencing (2023–2024)
Shadow Secretary of State for Transport (2024–2025)

Shadow Minister for London (2024–) Shadow Minister of State for Housing and Planning (2025–)

Elections

Election results 1945–2024

Elections in the 2020s

General election 2024: Orpington[23]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Conservative Gareth Bacon 17,504 38.0 −23.9
Labour Ju Owens 12,386 26.9 +7.1
Reform Mark James 8,896 19.3 New
Liberal Democrats Graeme Casey 4,728 10.3 −4.3
Green Seamus McCauley 2,319 5.0 +1.3
SDP John Bright 240 0.5 New
Majority 5,118 11.1 −34.8
Turnout 46,073 64.7 −3.7
Registered electors 71,203
Conservative hold Swing −15.5

Elections in the 2010s

2019 notional result[24]
Party Vote %
Conservative30,30861.9
Labour9,68119.8
Liberal Democrats7,14514.6
Green1,8243.7
Turnout 48,958 68.4
Electorate 71,571
General election 2019: Orpington[25][26]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Conservative Gareth Bacon 30,882 63.4 +0.5
Labour Simon Jeal 8,504 17.5 −6.9
Liberal Democrats Allan Tweddle 7,552 15.5 +8.9
Green Karen Wheller 1,783 3.7 +1.6
Majority 22,378 45.9 +7.4
Turnout 48,721 70.7 −3.6
Registered electors 68,884
Conservative hold Swing +3.7
General election 2017: Orpington[27][28]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Conservative Jo Johnson 31,762 62.9 +5.5
Labour Nigel de Gruchy 12,309 24.4 +8.8
Liberal Democrats Alex Feakes 3,315 6.6 −0.2
UKIP Brian Philp 2,023 4.0 −12.7
Green Tamara Galloway 1,060 2.1 −1.4
Majority 19,453 38.5 −2.2
Turnout 50,469 74.3 +1.7
Registered electors 67,902
Conservative hold Swing −1.6

By numerical vote share, the 2017 general election saw Orpington become the safest Conservative seat in London.

General election 2015: Orpington[29][30]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Conservative Jo Johnson 28,152 57.4 −2.3
UKIP Idham Ramadi[31] 8,173 16.7 +13.9
Labour Nigel de Gruchy 7,645 15.6 +6.6
Liberal Democrats Peter Brooks 3,330 6.8 −17.7
Green Tamara Galloway[32] 1,732 3.5 +2.5
Majority 19,979 40.7 +5.6
Turnout 49,032 72.6 −0.2
Registered electors 68,129
Conservative hold Swing −8.1
General election 2010: Orpington[33]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Conservative Jo Johnson 29,200 59.7 +7.2
Liberal Democrats David McBride 12,000 24.5 −16.1
Labour Stephen Morgan 4,400 9.0 +3.2
UKIP Mick Greenhough 1,360 2.8 +1.6
BNP Tess Culnane 1,241 2.5 New
Green Tamara Galloway 511 1.0 New
English Democrat Chris Snape 199 0.4 New
Majority 17,200 35.2 +26.2
Turnout 48,911 72.2 +2.3
Registered electors 67,732
Conservative hold Swing +11.7

Elections in the 2000s

2005 notional result
Party Vote %
Conservative24,37052.5
Liberal Democrats18,85940.6
Labour2,6745.8
UKIP5591.2
Turnout 46,462 69.9
Electorate 66,448
General election 2005: Orpington[34]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Conservative John Horam 26,718 48.8 +4.9
Liberal Democrats Chris Maines 21,771 39.8 −3.6
Labour Emily Bird 4,914 9.0 −1.9
UKIP Mick Greenhough 1,331 2.4 +0.5
Majority 4,947 9.0 +8.5
Turnout 54,734 70.0 +5.4
Registered electors 78,240
Conservative hold Swing +4.2
General election 2001: Orpington[35]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Conservative John Horam 22,334 43.9 +3.3
Liberal Democrats Chris Maines 22,065 43.3 +7.7
Labour Chris Purnell 5,517 10.8 −7.0
UKIP John Youles 996 2.0 +1.1
Majority 269 0.5 −4.4
Turnout 50,912 64.6 −11.8
Registered electors 78,853
Conservative hold Swing −2.2

Elections in the 1990s

General election 1997: Orpington[36]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Conservative John Horam 24,417 40.6 −14.7
Liberal Democrats Chris Maines 21,465 35.7 +7.4
Labour Sue Polydorou 10,753 17.9 +3.1
Referendum David Clark 2,316 3.8 New
UKIP James Carver 526 0.9 New
Liberal Robin Almond 494 0.8 −0.3
ProLife Alliance Nicholas Wilton 191 0.3 New
Majority 2,952 4.8 −22.1
Turnout 60,162 76.3 −4.8
Registered electors 78,831
Conservative hold Swing −11.0
1992 notional result
Party Vote %
Conservative36,77055.3
Liberal Democrats18,84028.3
Labour9,83714.8
Others1,0851.6
Turnout 66,532 81.1
Electorate 82,032
General election 1992: Orpington[37]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Conservative John Horam 27,421 57.2 −1.0
Liberal Democrats Chris Maines 14,486 30.2 −0.8
Labour Stephen Cowan 5,512 11.5 +0.8
Liberal Robin Almond 539 1.1 New
Majority 12,935 27.0 −0.2
Turnout 47,958 83.7 +5.1
Registered electors 57,318
Conservative hold Swing −0.1

Elections in the 1980s

General election 1987: Orpington[38]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Conservative Ivor Stanbrook 27,261 58.2 +1.0
Liberal Jonathan Fryer 14,529 31.0 −3.5
Labour Steven Cowan 5,020 10.7 +3.0
Majority 12,732 27.2 +4.5
Turnout 46,810 78.5 +2.6
Registered electors 59,608
Conservative hold Swing +2.2
General election 1983: Orpington[39]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Conservative Ivor Stanbrook 25,569 57.3 +0.0
Liberal John Cook 15,418 34.5 +5.2
Labour David Bean 3,439 7.7 −4.5
BNP L.T. Taylor 215 0.5 New
Majority 10,151 22.8 −5.2
Turnout 44,641 76.0 −5.7
Registered electors 58,759
Conservative hold Swing −2.6

Elections in the 1970s

1979 notional result[40]
Party Vote %
Conservative26,73557.2
Liberal13,69229.3
Labour5,71912.2
Others5581.2
Turnout 46,704
Electorate
General election 1979: Orpington
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Conservative Ivor Stanbrook 32,150 58.0 +11.0
Liberal John Cook[41] 16,074 29.0 −8.4
Labour Anne Weyman[41] 6,581 11.9 −3.8
National Front Frank Hitches[41] 516 0.9 New
Homeland Party Ian MacKillian[41] 146 0.3 New
Majority 16,076 29.0 +19.3
Turnout 55,467 81.7 +2.7
Registered electors 67,917
Conservative hold Swing +9.7
General election October 1974: Orpington
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Conservative Ivor Stanbrook 24,394 47.0 −0.2
Liberal Kina-Maria Lubbock[42] 19,384 37.3 −3.3
Labour C. Spillane 8,121 15.6 +3.6
Majority 5,010 9.7 +3.1
Turnout 51,899 79.0 −7.1
Registered electors 65,686
Conservative hold Swing +1.6
General election February 1974: Orpington
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Conservative Ivor Stanbrook 26,435 47.2 −0.1
Liberal Robin Young 22,771 40.7 −4.0
Labour David Grant 6,752 12.1 +4.1
Majority 3,664 6.6 +4.0
Turnout 55,598 86.1 +7.0
Registered electors 64,967
Conservative hold Swing +2.0
1970 notional result[43]
Party Vote %
Conservative23,90047.3
Liberal22,60044.8
Labour4,0007.9
Turnout 50,500 78.9
Electorate 64,041
General election 1970: Orpington[44]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Conservative Ivor Stanbrook 24,385 47.3 +4.0
Liberal Eric Lubbock 23,063 44.7 −1.9
Labour David Grant 4,098 8.0 −2.1
Majority 1,322 2.6 N/A
Turnout 51,546 79.1 −7.8
Registered electors 65,191
Conservative gain from Liberal Swing +3.0

Elections in the 1960s

General election 1966: Orpington[44]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Eric Lubbock 22,615 46.7 −1.7
Conservative Norris McWhirter 20,993 43.3 +1.5
Labour David Sleigh 4,870 10.0 +0.2
Majority 1,622 3.4 −3.2
Turnout 48,478 86.9 +1.6
Registered electors 55,776
Liberal hold Swing −1.6
General election 1964: Orpington[44]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Eric Lubbock 22,637 48.4 +27.2
Conservative Norris McWhirter 19,565 41.8 −14.8
Labour Peter Merriton 4,609 9.8 −12.4
Majority 3,072 6.6 N/A
Turnout 46,811 85.3 +2.6
Registered electors 54,846
Liberal gain from Conservative Swing +20.1
1962 Orpington by-election[44][45]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Eric Lubbock 22,846 52.9 +31.7
Conservative Peter Goldman 14,991 34.7 −21.9
Labour Alan Jinkinson 5,350 12.4 −9.8
Majority 7,855 18.2 N/A
Turnout 43,187 80.3 −2.5
Registered electors 53,779
Liberal gain from Conservative Swing +26.8

Elections in the 1950s

General election 1959: Orpington[44]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Conservative Donald Sumner 24,303 56.6 −3.3
Labour Norman Hart 9,543 22.2 −5.4
Liberal Jack Galloway 9,092 21.2 +8.7
Majority 14,760 34.4 +2.1
Turnout 42,938 82.8 +3.3
Registered electors 51,872
Conservative hold Swing +1.1
General election 1955: Orpington[44]
Party Candidate Votes %
Conservative Donald Sumner 22,166 59.9
Labour Norman Hart 10,230 27.6
Liberal Alfred Howard 4,610 12.5
Majority 11,936 32.3
Turnout 37,006 79.4
Registered electors 46,581
Conservative win (new boundaries)
1955 Orpington by-election[44][46]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Conservative Donald Sumner 20,082 65.8 +3.2
Labour R. David Vaughan Williams 10,426 34.2 −3.2
Majority 9,656 31.6 +6.3
Turnout 30,508 55.4 −26.6
Registered electors 55,069
Conservative hold Swing +3.2
General election 1951: Orpington[44]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Conservative Waldron Smithers 27,244 62.7 +6.0
Labour R. David Vaughan Williams 16,241 37.3 +4.5
Majority 11,003 25.3 +1.4
Turnout 43,485 82.0 −3.1
Registered electors 53,023
Conservative hold Swing +0.7
General election 1950: Orpington[44]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Conservative Waldron Smithers 24,450 56.7 +8.0
Labour George Vaughan 14,161 32.8 −5.0
Liberal Ruth Abrahams 4,523 10.5 −1.8
Majority 10,289 23.9 +13.0
Turnout 43,134 85.1 +12.4
Registered electors 50,704
Conservative hold Swing +6.5

Elections in the 1940s

General election 1945: Orpington[47]
Party Candidate Votes %
Conservative Waldron Smithers 20,388 48.7
Labour Alan Mais 15,846 37.8
Liberal Edward Goodfellow 5,140 12.3
Independent Guy Milner 528 1.3
Majority 4,542 10.8
Turnout 41,902 72.7
Registered electors 57,625
Conservative win (new seat)

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ A borough constituency (for the purposes of election expenses and type of returning officer).
  2. ↑ As with all constituencies, Orpington elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election at least every five years.

References

  1. ↑ "The 2023 Review of Parliamentary Constituency Boundaries in England – Volume two: Constituency names, designations and composition – London". Boundary Commission for England. Retrieved 22 June 2024.
  2. ↑ "PM's brother quits as MP and minister". BBC. 5 September 2019. Archived from the original on 5 September 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
  3. ↑ "History of Orpington". ideal-homes.gre.ac.uk. Retrieved 17 July 2026.
  4. ↑ "Constituency data: Deprivation in England". commonslibrary.parliament.uk. Retrieved 1 July 2026.
  5. ↑ Timeline of Romani History Archived 2010-06-24 at the Wayback Machine - Patrin
  6. 1 2 3 4 "Seat Details - Orpington". electoralcalculus.co.uk. Retrieved 1 July 2026.
  7. ↑ "Constituency data: Population, by age". commonslibrary.parliament.uk. Retrieved 1 July 2026.
  8. 1 2 "Constituency dashboard". House of Commons Library. Retrieved 1 July 2026.
  9. ↑ "Constituency data: businesses and industries". commonslibrary.parliament.uk. Retrieved 1 July 2026.
  10. ↑ "2021 census results: Ethnic groups in your constituency". commonslibrary.parliament.uk. 4 July 2024. Retrieved 1 July 2026.
  11. ↑ "Conservative Members of Parliament 2015". UK Political.info. Archived from the original on 8 June 2017. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
  12. ↑ On This Day - "1962: Liberals seize Orpington" BBC News
  13. ↑ "The House of Commons (Redistribution of Seats) Order 1945. SR&O 1945/701". Statutory Rules and Orders 1945. Vol. I. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office. 1946. pp. 682–698.
  14. ↑ "Representation of the People Act 1948: Schedule 1", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, 1948 c. 65 (sch. 1), retrieved 23 July 2023
  15. ↑ "The Parliamentary Constituencies (North Kent) Order 1955. SI 1955/13". Statutory Instruments 1955. Part II. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 1956. pp. 2155–2156.
  16. ↑ "The Parliamentary Constituencies (London Borough of Bromley) Order 1971. SI 1971/2112". Statutory Instruments 1971. Part III Section 2. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 1972. pp. 6228–6230.
  17. 1 2 "New Seat Details - Orpington". www.electoralcalculus.co.uk. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  18. ↑ "The Parliamentary Constituencies Order 2023". Schedule 1 Part 3 London region.
  19. ↑ "The 2023 Review of Parliamentary Constituency Boundaries in England – Volume three: Maps | Boundary Commission for England | Page 4". boundarycommissionforengland.independent.gov.uk. Map 164. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
  20. ↑ LGBCE. "Bromley | LGBCE". www.lgbce.org.uk. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  21. ↑ "The London Borough of Bromley (Electoral Changes) Order 2021".
  22. ↑ Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "O"
  23. ↑ "Orpington Constituency". Sky News. 5 July 2024.
  24. ↑ "Notional results for a UK general election on 12 December 2019". Rallings & Thrasher, Professor David Denver (Scotland), Nicholas Whyte (NI) for Sky News, PA, BBC News and ITV News. UK Parliament. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
  25. ↑ "Statement of Persons Nominated General Election 2019 - Orpington constituency". London Borough of Bromley. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
  26. ↑ "Commons Briefing Paper 8749. General Election 2019: results and analysis" (PDF). London: House of Commons Library. 28 January 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 November 2021. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  27. ↑ "Orpington parliamentary constituency". BBC News. Archived from the original on 10 June 2017. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
  28. ↑ "Commons Briefing Paper 7979. General Election 2017: results and analysis" (PDF) (Second ed.). House of Commons Library. 29 January 2019 [7 April 2018]. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2019.
  29. ↑ "Election Data 2015". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
  30. ↑ Bromley, London Borough of. "Orpington Constituency result of poll May 2015 - London Borough of Bromley". www.bromley.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  31. ↑ "Tweets with replies by Idham Ramadi (@idhamramadi) - Twitter". twitter.com. Archived from the original on 7 June 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2017.
  32. ↑ london.greenparty.org.uk/elections/2015-general-election.html
  33. ↑ "Election Data 2010". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
  34. ↑ "Election Data 2005". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  35. ↑ "Election Data 2001". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  36. ↑ "Election Data 1997". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  37. ↑ "Election Data 1992". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  38. ↑ "Election Data 1987". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  39. ↑ "Election Data 1983". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  40. ↑ "BBC/ITN NOTIONAL ELECTION 1979". election.demon.co.uk. BBC/ITN. Archived from the original on 28 May 2004. Retrieved 7 March 2025.
  41. 1 2 3 4 Election Expenses. Parliament of the United Kingdom. 1980. p. 10. ISBN 0102374805.
  42. ↑ "LIBERAL/LIBERAL DEMOCRAT CANDIDATES in the GREATER LONDON REGION 1945-2019" (PDF). liberalhistory.org.uk. Liberal Democrat History Group. pp. 6–98. Retrieved 29 April 2025.
  43. ↑ Michael Stead. "1970 notional general election & February 1974 general election". BBC. Retrieved 18 March 2025.
  44. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Craig, Fred W. S (1983). British parliamentary election results, 1950-1973 (2nd ed.). Parliamentary Research Services. ISBN 0900178078. Retrieved 5 April 2025.
  45. ↑ "1962 By Election Results". Archived from the original on 5 February 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  46. ↑ "1955 By Elections - part 1". 31 August 2009. Archived from the original on 31 August 2009. Retrieved 28 June 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  47. ↑ Craig, Fred W. S (1969). British parliamentary election results, 1918-1949. Political Reference Publications. ISBN 0900178019. Retrieved 5 April 2025.

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