Oreinotherium

Oreinotherium
Temporal range:
Type specimen of O. bilobatum (NMC 6468)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Infraclass: Placentalia
Order: Perissodactyla
Family: †Brontotheriidae (?)
Genus: †Oreinotherium
Russell, 1934
Species:
†O. bilobatum
Binomial name
†Oreinotherium bilobatum
(Cope, 1891)
[originally Chalicotherium]
Synonyms
  • Chalicotherium bilobatum Cope, 1891

Oreinotherium (lit. 'mountain beast') is a dubious extinct genus of perissodactyl of uncertain affinities known from the Late Eocene of North America. A single species has been described, O. bilobatum, based on fragmentary fossils from the Cypress Hills in Saskatchewan, Canada. The fossils are too poorly preserved to allow Oreinotherium to be securely classified. Oreinotherium was originally described as a chalicothere, though most examinations since the 1960s have favored it as a brontothere.

Research history

NMC 6469, a lower second premolar referred to O. bilobatum by Lawrence Lambe in 1908

Oreinotherium bilobatum was originally described in 1891 under the name Chalicotherium bilobatum by Edward Drinker Cope, who believed it to represent a chalicothere.[1] C. bilobatum was based on fragmentary lower jaws (NMC 6468[2]) found in the Cypress Hills near Assiniboia, Saskatchewan, consisting of the mandibular symphysis and a partial left ramus.[1] None of the teeth are preserved in the fossil. Cope interpreted the alveoli (tooth sockets) to indicate three premolars and five molars.[1] Cope listed no distinguishing characteristics for the species in his description.[1] Had C. bilobatum belonged to Chalicotherium, it would have extended the known range of that genus (known only from Europe and Asia) to North America.[3] Cope and some later authors treated the fossils as Oligocene in age,[1][3] though the relevant Cypress Hills deposits have since been reassessed as Late Eocene.[4]

In 1908, Lawrence Lambe provisionally referred an isolated lower second premolar from the Cypress Hills to C. bilobatum, largely because he interpreted the tooth as belonging to a chalicothere.[3] Lambe's tooth (NMC 6469) is a deciduous tooth, and is the only fossil other than the type material to be assigned to C. bilobatum.[2] On Lambe's request, William Berryman Scott also examined the tooth. Scott agreed with Lambe that the tooth probably belonged to a chalicothere, but considered it unlikely that it was Chalicotherium, since that genus is otherwise Miocene in age. Scott instead considered it likely that the Cypress Hills fossils belonged to a genus known from the Oligocene, such as Schizotherium.[2] Lambe concluded that more material was needed to securely determine what genus C. bilobatum belonged to.[2]

In 1913, William Jacob Holland and Olof August Peterson concluded that C. bilobatum "very probably does not represent a Chalicotherioid" based on "an examination of its dentition", though listed no specific features.[5] Holland and Peterson classified C. bilobatum as incertae sedis.[5] In 1934, Loris Shano Russell reassessed the fossils and considered them to be similar to the European chalicothere Macrotherium (now considered a synonym of Chalicotherium) in the depth of the mandible as well as the dental formula.[2] Because of Macrotherium's younger age, Russell considered it unlikely that the fossils belonged to the same genus and moved C. bilobatum to a new genus, Oreinotherium.[2]

Description

The C. bilobatum type jaw measures 120 millimetres (4.7 in) long.[1] The poorly preserved fossils allow little to no information to be determined about the appearance and anatomy of the rest of the animal.[2]

Classification

In 1968, Morris F. Skinner examined Cope's mandible and Lambe's tooth and concluded that Oreinotherium bilobatum represented a nomen inquirendum (a taxon in need of further investigation) and should be treated as incertae sedis, doubting the usefulness of the generic characters given by Russell.[2] Skinner noted that NMC 6469 was similar to the deciduous premolars of brontotheres, although it did not preserve any unique features that would allow it to be referred to any particular brontothere genus.[2] Skinner nevertheless believed that Oreinotherium was most likely synonymous with one of the brontotheres known from the Cypress Hills.[2] Brontotheres known from the Cypress Hills include Megacerops[3] and the dubious Duchesneodus primitivus, which may represent Duchesneodus, Protitanops, or Notiotitanops.[6]

In 1976, Margery C. Coombs reexamined the fossils and agreed with Skinner that Cope's jaw and Lambe's tooth were best classified as Brontotherioidea incertae sedis, and that Oreinotherium should be treated as a nomen inquirendum.[7] Coombs repeated this assessment in 1998, considering Oreinotherium to "not resemble any known chalicothere" and to probably be a brontothere.[8] In 1993, John E. Storer and Harold N. Bryant commented that Skinner's conclusion was "not necessarily correct" and that the fossil could be chalicothere in origin, but that it was so fragmentary that Oreinotherium should simply be considered a nomen oblitum.[9] In 1997, Malcolm McKenna and Susan K. Bell treated Oreinotherium as a valid genus, and classified it as a brontothere.[4] In a 2004 PhD dissertation, Matthew C. Mihlbachler suggested that Oreinotherium was synonymous with Megacerops,[10] though Oreinotherium or this proposed synonymy was not mentioned in Mihlbachler's subsequent revisions of brontotheres.[6][11]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cope, Edward Drinker (1891). "The Vertebrata of the Tertiary and Cretaceous Rocks of the North West Territory: The Species from the Oligocene or Lower Miocene Beds of the Cypress Hills". Contributions to Canadian Paleontology. 3 (1). Geological Survey of Canada: 1–25.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Skinner, Morris F. (1968). "A Pliocene Chalicothere from Nebraska, and the Distribution of Chalicotheres in the Late Tertiary of North America". American Museum Novitates (2346): 1–24.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Lambe, Lawrence (1908). "The Vertebrata of the Oligocene of the Cypress Hills, Saskatchewan". Contributions to Canadian Paleontology. 3 (4). Geological Survey of Canada: 54–55.
  4. 1 2 McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals: Above the Species Level. Columbia University Press. p. 475. ISBN 978-0-231-52853-5.
  5. 1 2 Holland, William Jacob; Peterson, Olof August (1913). "The Osteology of the Chalicotheroidea with Special Reference to a Mounted Skeleton of Moropus elatus Marsh, Now Installed in the Carnegie Museum". Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum. III: 218–219.
  6. 1 2 Mihlbachler, Matthew C. (2008). "Species Taxonomy, Phylogeny, and Biogeography of the Brontotheriidae (Mammalia: Perissodactyla)". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 2008 (311). doi:10.1206/0003-0090(2008)501[1:STPABO]2.0.CO;2.
  7. ↑ Coombs, Margery C. (1976). "The Taxonomic Position of the Chalicotheriid Perissodactyl Kyzylkahippus orlovi from the Oligocene of Kazakhstan" (PDF). Palaeontology. 19 (1): 191–198.
  8. ↑ Coombs, Margery C. (1998). "Chalicotherioidea". Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America: Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulate Like Mammals. Cambridge University Press. pp. 560–568. ISBN 978-0-521-35519-3.
  9. ↑ Storer, John E.; Bryant, Harold N. (1993). "Biostratigraphy of the Cypress Hills Formation (Eocene to Miocene), Saskatchewan: equid types (Mammalia: Perissodactyla) and associated faunal assemblages". Journal of Paleontology. 67 (4): 660–669. doi:10.1017/S0022336000024987. ISSN 0022-3360.
  10. ↑ Mihlbachler, M.C. 2004. Phylogenetic Systematics of the Brontotheriidae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla). Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University. 757 pp.
  11. ↑ Janis, Christine M.; Hulbert, Richard C.; Mihlbachler, Matthew C. (2008). "Addendum". Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America: Volume 2: Small Mammals, Xenarthrans, and Marine Mammals. Cambridge University Press. pp. 670–672. ISBN 978-0-521-78117-6.
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