National Theatre of Albania protests

National Theatre protests in Albania
The building of the National Theatre in Tirana, built in 1939
Date	8 February 2018 – 17 May 2020
Location	Tirana, Albania
Caused by	Government and municipal plans to demolish the National Theatre building and replace it with a new theatre
Goals	Cancellation of the demolition plan Preservation and restoration of the historic theatre building Better working conditions for artists
Methods	Demonstrations Building occupation Petitions Online activism
Result	Protests failed to prevent the demolition of the National Theatre building Building demolished by Albanian authorities on 17 May 2020 Constitutional Court later struck down the special law and transfer of ownership, but the demolition was not reversed Construction of a new National Theatre later proceeded
Parties
Artists, activists and opposition supporters Alliance for the Protection of the Theatre Government of Albania Ministry of Culture Municipality of Tirana
Lead figures
Collective leadership Edi Rama Elva Margariti Erion Veliaj

For more than two years, artists, activists and opposition supporters in Tirana, Albania, protested against government and municipal plans to demolish the historic National Theatre building and replace it with a new theatre. The protests failed to prevent the demolition: in the early morning of 17 May 2020, Albanian authorities removed activists from the site and demolished the building.

Although the Constitutional Court of Albania later ruled that the special law for the theatre project and the transfer of ownership from the Ministry of Culture to the Municipality of Tirana were unconstitutional or illegal, the demolition itself remained irreversible and the court did not order the reconstruction of the former building.

Built in 1939, during the early years of Italian rule, Albania's National Theatre worked as a cinema until the end of the Second World War, when a stage replaced the former screen.

In 2018, due to the lack of maintenance and investments over the years, the government announced a plan to demolish the National Theatre's building and send the artists into an alternative stage until the new theatre would be built in the same place. In March 2018, Prime Minister Edi Rama revealed Bjarke Ingels's design for the new National Theater, the construction of which would be granted through a special law to a private company. This law was later criticized by the EU as a violation of the Stabilisation and Association Process. The government, in return, claimed it had no money for the project.

The artists started a petition, firstly signed by more than 90 artists and started to gather daily at the public square in front of the theatre to protest the demolition. After many citizens joined the protest, it was discovered that the public property where the theatre stands today, would be sold to a private investor, who planned at that time to build high-rise buildings together with a new theatre. The new theater would cover a much smaller part of the now public property.

The then Minister of Culture, Mirela Kumbaro, was accused of trying to destroy heritage and demolish the theatre for private interests of investors with close ties with government officials.

The Association of Albanian Architects also made a declaration opposing the demolition of the theatre, stressing the historical and aesthetic value of its rationalist architecture.

Following student protests, PM Edi Rama decided to reshuffle his cabinet and replaced 8 ministers, including the Minister of Culture Mirela Kumbaro, a decision applauded by the artist's community.

As of January 2019, Architecture firm Bjarke Ingels Group of Danish architect Bjarke Ingels, has dropped the construction project of the National Theater. The municipality opened a new tender call, but since then it hasn't made any announcement on how the procedure is going or who is applying for it.

Regardless of constant protest by Albanian artists together with the political opposition, the demolition of the National Theatre of Albania started approximately on 4:30 am of 17 May 2020. The area was overrun by the State Police as they forcibly evacuated every person in the area protesting and detained many artists and high members of the Albanian opposition. Soon after the demolition started, people started gathering in the main boulevard just before the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the National Theatre to protest its demolition. This protest led to numerous other detainments due to the prohibition of gatherings and protests as per COVID-19 restrictions by the Government.

An open letter drafted by members of the DebatikCenter of Contemporary Art in the aftermath of the demolition, accusing the Rama government of artwashing, gathered hundreds of signatures and was published in Albanian, French, Italian, and English.

Constitutional Court case

On 24 July 2019, after clashes between activists and police around the theatre, President Ilir Meta filed a case in the Constitutional Court of Albania seeking to stop the demolition of the National Theatre building. Meta argued that the special law and the planned transfer of public property violated constitutional principles and favoured private interests.

On 30 December 2019, the Constitutional Court agreed to consider Meta's request and asked the institutions involved in the theatre project to submit their arguments.

On 2 July 2021, after the demolition had already taken place, the Constitutional Court ruled that the special law on the National Theatre project and the transfer of ownership from the Ministry of Culture to the Municipality of Tirana were unconstitutional or illegal. The court ordered the suspension of works for the new building and held that any new theatre project would have to proceed through an open public tender. However, the court rejected the claim that the demolition itself was unlawful, meaning that the protesters' main objective of preserving the original building had not been achieved.

List of Endangered monuments

Activists of the Alliance for the Protection of the Theatre, also applied to include the National Theatre in the list of the 7 most endangered European heritage sites for 2020 – a programme run by Europa Nostra, which is a Europe-wide heritage organization. The Theatre was shortlisted on the list of the 14 most endangered monuments in Europe, and the final results is expected to come out by March 2020.

In July 2019, Europa Nostra urged the Albanian Government to save the National Theatre from demolition, considering it as one of the most prominent cultural centers in Tirana and an important social and public space in the city.

In May 2020, more than 20 Members of the European Parliament, including Michael Gahler, David Lega, Johann Wadephul, Doris Pack and Ramona Strugariu, condemned the planned demolition of the historical building. The President of the European Council, Donald Tusk, along with the Swedish, German and British Embassies in Tirana, spoke against it as well.

Demolition of the National Theatre Building

Banner outside the National Theater of Albania placed by the protestors opposing the demolition of the building in favour of a new bulging complex that would replace it and add also shopping facilities as claimed by the protesters.

On the early morning of May 17 2020, Albanian authorities began demolishing the national theatre building. Hundreds of special police forces showed up before dawn and removed members of the Alliance to Protect the Theatre and activists occupying the theatre building, by using pepper spray. Diggers then began demolishing its front column, bearing the words “National Theatre”.

This decision drew the widespread condemnation from several local activists, opposition political parties and artists against the Municipality of Tirana and the Albanian government. Europa Nostra called the demolition of the theatre as "illegal' and "against the rule of law". The Delegation of EU in Albania voiced their concern regarding the lack of dialogue between the authorities and activists before the demolition took place. In Kosovo, 10 theatres cancelled their performances in protest of the demolition.

National Theatre of Albania photographed the day of the occupation by artists and actors

Aftermath

The demolition of the National Theatre marked the failure of the protest movement's central aim: the preservation of the historic building. Reuters reported that the demolition followed more than two years of opposition by actors, activists and opposition politicians, who argued that the building was part of Albania's heritage and accused the government of corrupt practices. Europa Nostra condemned the demolition and stated that the theatre had become a symbol of civil society's effort to defend cultural heritage in Albania.

The later Constitutional Court ruling gave the protesters a partial legal victory by striking down the special law and the transfer of ownership to the Municipality of Tirana, but it did not restore the demolished building. In subsequent years, plans for a new National Theatre continued. By late 2025, Albanian public broadcaster RTSH reported that construction at the site had progressed and that the new building, designed by Bjarke Ingels Group, had entered the construction phase after underground works were completed.