Maria al-Qibtiyya

Maria bint Shamʿūn
Born
Egypt[1]
Died637
EraEarly Islamic era
TitleMaria al-Qibtiyya
ChildrenIbrahim ibn Muhammad
FatherSham'un

Māriyya bint Shamʿūn al Qibtiyyah, better known as Māriyyah al-Qibṭiyyah or al-Qubṭiyya (Arabic: مارية القبطية), or Maria the Copt, died 637, was a Coptic Egyptian woman who, according to Ibn Ishaq, was given as a slave to the Islamic prophet Muhammad as a gift in 628 by Al-Muqawqis, a Christian governor of Alexandria, during the territory's Sasanian occupation. It is a subject of speculation whether she married Muhammad or continued to be a concubine. She spent the rest of her life in Medina, and had a son, Ibrahim, with Muhammad. The son died in his infancy, aged 2, and she died almost five years later.[2] Recent scholarship tends to suggest that Maria the Copt did not exist but was rather a foundational myth for Islam.[3]

Al-Maqrizi says that she was a native of Hebenu a village located near Antinoöpolis.[4][5]

Biography

In the Islamic year 6 AH (627–628 CE), Muhammad is said to have had letters written to the great rulers of the Middle East, proclaiming the continuation of the monotheistic faith with its final messages and inviting the rulers to join. The purported texts of some of the letters are found in Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari's History of the Prophets and Kings. Tabari writes that a deputation was sent to an Egyptian governor named as al-Muqawqis. Maria was a slave who was offered as a gift of goodwill to Muhammad in reply to his envoys inviting the governor of Alexandria to Islam.[6][7]

Tabari recounts the story of Maria's arrival from Egypt:

In this year Hātib b. Abi Balta'ah came back from al-Muqawqis bringing Māriyah and her sister Sīrīn, his female mule Duldul, his donkey Ya'fūr, and sets of garments. With the two women al-Muqawqis had sent a eunuch, and the latter stayed with them. Hātib had invited them to become Muslims before he arrived with them, and Māriyah and her sister did so. The Messenger of God, peace and blessings of Allah be upon Him, lodged them with Umm Sulaym bt. Milhān. Māriyah was beautiful. The prophet sent her sister Sīrīn to Hassān b. Thābit and she bore him 'Abd al-Rahmān b. Hassān.[8]

The death of Ibrahim caused Muhammad to weep.[9]

Status as a wife or concubine

Like Rayhana bint Zayd, there is some debate between historians and scholars as to whether Mariyah ever became Muhammad's wife or remained a concubine.[10][11][12][13]

Muhammad's earliest biographers, Ibn Ishaq, Ibn Sa'd, and al-Tabari mentioned Mariyah as Muhammad's wife in their sirah.[14][15][16] Ibn Kathir also states in his sirah that Muhammad married Mariyah:

Maria al-Qibtiyya (may Allah be pleased with her) is said to have married the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and certainly everyone gave her the same title of respect as the Prophet's wives, Umm al Muminin ('Mother of the Believers').

Muhammad must have come in contact with many of these Copts and listened to their stories. Muhammad's friendship to Christians of Coptic faith is reflected in many aspects of his life. He is known to have had cordial relations with the Negus of Abyssinia, as indicated by the fact that he advised his followers at a time of persecution to flee there. He married a Coptic wife named Mariya, and he is reported to have advised his followers to be especially kind to the Copts of Egypt, considering them his in-laws.[17]

According to Sahih Al-Mustadrak ala al-Sahihayn:

It is reported from 'Abdullah al-Zubairi who said: that after this the Noble Prophet (ﷺ) married (tazawwaju) Mariah daughter of Sham'un. This is the same Mariyah who was sent by Maqauqis, the ruler of Alexandria to the Prophet as a gift.[18]

Some Islamic scholars point to a different asbāb al-nuzūl ('circumstance of revelation') for the passage reproduced above, saying it was only caused by Muhammad drinking honey, as narrated in Sahih al-Bukhari by Muhammad's wife Aisha:[19][20]

The Prophet (ﷺ) used to stay (for a period) in the house of Zaynab bint Jahsh (one of the wives of the Prophet ) and he used to drink honey in her house. Hafsa bint Umar and I decided that when the Prophet (ﷺ) entered upon either of us, she would say, "I smell in you the bad smell of Maghafir (a bad smelling raisin). Have you eaten Maghafir?" When he entered upon one of us, she said that to him. He replied (to her), "No, but I have drunk honey in the house of Zaynab bint Jahsh, and I will never drink it again."[21][22]

An indication that she was a concubine is that when she bore her son to Muhammad, she was set free.[23]

Ibn 'Abbas said: When Maria gave birth to Ibrahim the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said, 'Her son has set her free.'[24]

There is also strong evidence that there was no living quarter for her in the proximity of the Prophet's Mosque.[25] Only the wives of Muhammad had their quarters adjacent to one another in the proximity of his mosque at Medina. Maria was made to reside permanently in an orchard, some three kilometers from the mosque.[25] Evidence that suggests she was a concubine is in the narration:

Anas said: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) had a female-slave (amat) with whom he had intercourse, but Aishah and Hafsah would not leave him alone until he said that she was forbidden for him. Then Allah, the Mighty and Sublime, revealed: "O Prophet! Why do you forbid (for yourself) that which Allah has allowed to you until the end of the Verse?"[26]

The 'female-slave' referred to in this narration was Maria the Copt, as specified in a hadith attributed to Umar and classified as sahih by Ibn Kathir, which names her Umm Ibrahim (Arabic for '[the] mother of Ibrahim').[27]

In a report from Ibn 'Abbas and 'Urwah b. al-Zubair concerning the same incident, Muhammad said to Hafsa:

I make you witness that I my concubine (surriyyati) is now forbidden unto me.[28]

Al-Tabari lists Maria as both one of Muhammad's wives and his slave:[29]

Mariyah the Copt was presented to the Messenger of God, given to him by al-Muqawqis, the ruler of Alexandria, and she gave birth to the Messenger of God's son Ibrahim. These were the Messenger of God's wifes.

though perhaps using "wife" in the sense of one whom Muhammad had relations with and who mothered his child:[30]

The Prophet admired Umm Ibrahim ['Mother of Ibrahim', Mariyah's title], who was fair-skinned and beautiful. He lodged her in al-'Aliyah, at the property nowadays called of Umm Ibrahim. He used to visit her there and ordered her to veil herself, [but] he had intercourse with her by virtue of her being his property...

One hadith attributed to Mus'ab b. 'Abdullah al-Zubairi states that the two were married,[31] though another rendering of the hadith by Mus'ab's nephew Zubair b. al-Bakkar makes no mention of marriage.[32]

Abu ‘Ubaydah said about Muhammad:

He had four [concubines]: Mariyah, who was the mother of his son Ibraaheem; Rayhaanah; another beautiful slave woman whom he acquired as a prisoner of war; and a slave woman who was given to him by Zaynab bint Jahsh.[33]

Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya is another scholar and biographer of Muhammad who writes a sirah called Zad al-Ma'ad where he mentioned Mariyah as a slave girl.[34]

Historicity

Recent scholarship tends to suggest that Maria the Copt did not exist but was rather a foundational myth for Islam, though some have attempted to argue Maria was a concubine or wife of Muhammad.[35] Kaj Öhrnberg of the University of Helsinki concludes against the historicity of Mariya al-qibṭiyya.[36] Christian Cannuyer of Lille Catholic University is similarly critical of Maria's existence.[37]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ "Menoufia, birthplace of most leading figures". Egypt Today. 15 February 2018. Retrieved 2021-05-06.
  2. ↑ Ibn Ishaq, The Life of Muhammad, p. 653.
  3. ↑ Morrow, John (2023). Islam and Slavery. Academica Press. pp. 19–23. ISBN 978-1680536379. While some scholars claim that Mariya the Copt was a concubine, and others assert that she was a wife, the most recent research suggests that she never existed. She was a foundational myth and a literary figure created to legitimize concubinage
  4. ↑ Al-Maqrīzī. Book of Exhortations and Useful Lessons in Dealing with Topography and Historical Remains. Translated by Stowasser, Karl. Hans A. Stowasser. pp. 330–331.
  5. ↑ Coptic: ⲧϩⲁⲃⲓⲛ, Koine Greek: Ἀλάβαστρων πόλις Alábastrōn pólis, Arabic: الحفن, romanized: al-Khafn
  6. ↑ al-Tabari, Abu Jafar. The History of al-Tabari, Volume 9: The Last Years of the Prophet. Translated by Ismail K. Poonawala. SUNY Press. p. 141.
  7. ↑ Ibn Ishaq, The Life of Muhammad, p. 499.
  8. ↑ Tabari, p. 131.
  9. ↑ "Sahih Bukhari". Sunnah.com. Retrieved 14 September 2018.
  10. ↑ Bennett, Clinton, ed. (1998). In Search of Muhammad. A&C Black. p. 251. ISBN 9780304704019.
  11. ↑ Fred James Hill; Nicholas Awde (2003). A History of the Islamic World. Hippocrene Books. p. 24. ISBN 9780781810159.
  12. ↑ David S. Powers (2011). Muhammad Is Not the Father of Any of Your Men: The Making of the Last Prophet. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 8. ISBN 9780812205572.
  13. ↑ Akbar, Waqar (2018-08-10). "Maria, the Copt: Prophet Muhammad's Wife or Concubine?". ICRAA. Retrieved 2019-12-02.
  14. ↑ Ibn Ishaq. The Life of Muhammad (a translation of Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah), page 653.
  15. ↑ Bewley/Ibn Sa'd 8:148-151.
  16. ↑ The History of Al-Tabari, vol. 9, page 137, 141; vol. 39, page 193-195.
  17. ↑ R.H. Charles, Vitae Adae et Evae, The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha. (Oxford, 1963) Volume 2, p. 294
  18. ↑ Sahih al-Mustadarak Hakim Vol. iv, as quoted in Namus, page 86)
  19. ↑ al-Bukhari: Sahih al Bukhari. In: Book 86. Volume 9, Nr. 102.
  20. ↑ "Oaths and Vows (كتاب الأيمان والنذور) - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)". sunnah.com. Retrieved 2024-10-07.
  21. ↑ Sahih al-Bukhari 6691 In-book reference: Book 83, Hadith 68, Vol. 8, Book 78, Hadith 682.
  22. ↑ George Sale - Muhammed, The Quran, vol. 4 [1896]. This passage have been occasioned by Muhammad's protesting never to eat honey any more, because, having once eaten some in the apartment of Hafsa bint Umar or of Zaynab bint Jahsh, three other of his wives, namely, Aisha, Sawda bint Zamʿa, and Safiyya bint Huyayy, all told him they smelt he had been eating of the juice which distils from certain shrubs in those parts, and resembles honey in taste and consistence, but is of a very strong savour, and which the Prophet had a great aversion to.
  23. ↑ Schacht, J.; al-Andalusi, Ibn Hazm; Haqqi, Mamduh (1957-12-31). "Haccat al-wada'". Oriens. 10 (2): 400. doi:10.2307/1579716. ISSN 0078-6527. JSTOR 1579716.
  24. ↑ Al-Andalusi, Ibn Hazm, al-Muhalla bil Athar, (Beirut: Dar al-Fekr, n.d.) Vol.7, 505; Vol.8, 215; Ibn Hazm termed it 'sahih al-sanad' and 'jayyid al-sanad.' Ibn Hazm has the report with an isnad different from that with Ibn Majah etc. Some scholars have differed with Ibn Hazm and pointed out hidden defects in its isnad – see, al-Fasi, Ibn al-Qattan, Bayan al-Wahm wa Iham fi Kitab al-Ahkam, (Riyadh: Dar al-Tayba, 1997) Vol.2, 84-86 – it is, however, supported by a statement of 'Ubaidullah b. Abi Ja'far al-Kinani that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said to Maria, the mother of Ibrahim, 'Your son has set you free.' See, al-Baihaqi, Abu Bakr, al-Sunan al-Kubra, (Beirut: DKI, 2003) Hadith 21788
  25. 1 2 Juzjani, Uthman ibn Siraj al Din (2010-12-31). Lees, W. Nassau (ed.). Tabaqat-I Nasiri. doi:10.31826/9781463229207. ISBN 9781463229207.
  26. ↑ "Sunan an-Nasa'i 3959 - The Book of the Kind Treatment of Women - كتاب عشرة النساء - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)". sunnah.com. Retrieved 2021-08-20.
  27. ↑ al-Maqdisi, Dia Uddin (2000). al-Ahadith al-Mukhtara. Vol. 1. Dar al-Kidr. pp. 299–300. The Prophet said to Hafsa: 'Do not mention it to anyone, the mother of Ibrahim (i.e. Maria) is forbidden unto me.' She said, 'Do you forbid yourself what Allah has made lawful to you?' He replied, 'By Allah, I will not be intimate with her.' 'Umar said, 'He did not have intimacy with Maria whereas Hafsa mentioned it to 'Aisha upon which Allah revealed, 'Allah has already sanctioned (a way) for you (believers) to absolve yourselves from your oaths'(Qur'an 66:2)
  28. ↑ Reported by Ibn 'Abbas: Al-Tabari, Ibn Jarir, Jami' al-Bayan fi Tafsir al-Qur'an, (Beirut: al-Resalah Publishers, 2000) Vol.23, 477-478; al-Baihaqi, Abu Bakr, al-Sunan al-Kubra, (Beirut: DKI, 2003) Hadith 15075; Ibn al-Jawzi, Abu al-Farj, al-Tahqiq fi Ahadith al-Khilaf, (Beirut: DKI, 1415 AH) Vol.2, 379; It comes through an isnad involving 'Atiyah al-'Awfi and his descendants. Though criticized otherwise, the tafsir reports through this isnad are accepted since they are known to have been transmitted in writing. See, al-Turifi, 'Abdul 'Aziz, al-Taqrir fi Asanid al-Tafsir, (Riyadh: Dar al-Minhaj, 2011) 67-68
  29. ↑ Al-Tabari. History of al-Tabari: The Last Years of the Prophet vol 39 (PDF). p. 137. God granted Rayhanah bt. Zayd of the Banu Qurayzah to his Messenger. Mariyah the Copt was presented to the Messenger of God, given to him by al-Muqawqis, the ruler of Alexandria, and she gave birth to the Messenger of God's son Ibrahim. These were the wives of god's messenger, six of them were from the Quraysh.
  30. ↑ Al-Tabari (January 1998). History of Tabari - Volume 39 - Biographies of the Prophet's Companions and Their Successors. pp. 193–194.
  31. ↑ al-Hakim, Abu; 'Abdullah, al-Mustadrak (1990). hadith nr. 6819. Beirut. Abdullah al-Zubairi related to us and said: Thereafter the Messenger of Allah married Maria bt. Sham'un. She had been gifted to the Messenger of Allah by Maquqas, the chief of Alexandria.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  32. ↑ Zubair b. al-Bakkar (1996). al-Muwaffaqiyat. Vol. 147. Alam al-Kitab. My uncle related to me saying: The chief of Alexandria Maquqas sent as gifts to the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ), Maria bt. Sham'un, the Copt, her sister Shirin, and a eunuch named Mabur. The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) took Maria bt. Sham'un for himself. She was the mother of (Prophet's son) Ibrahim. He gifted Shirin to Hassan b. Thabit
  33. ↑ Zaad al-Ma’aad, 1/114
  34. ↑ Zad al-Ma'ad ('Provisions Of The Afterlife'), page 30
  35. ↑ Morrow, John (2023). Islam and Slavery. Academica Press. pp. 19–23. ISBN 978-1680536379. While some scholars claim that Mariya the Copt was a concubine, and others assert that she was a wife, the most recent research suggests that she never existed. She was a foundational myth and a literary figure created to legitimize concubinage
  36. ↑ Öhrnberg, Kaj (1984). "Māriya al-qibṭiyya Unveiled". Studia Orientalia. 55: 295–304.
  37. ↑ Cannuyer, Christian (2010). "Mariya, la concubine copte de Mohammed, réalité ou mythe ?". Solidarité-Orient. 23.

References

Further reading

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