Mandeali

Mandeali
maแน‡แธiyฤlฤซ
๐‘šข๐‘š˜๐‘šถ๐‘š–๐‘šฎ๐‘šฃ๐‘šญ๐‘šฅ๐‘šฏ
Mandeali written in Mandi-Suket Takri Script[1]
Native toHimachal Pradesh
Region
EthnicityMandyali People
Native speakers
623,000 (2011 Census)[3]
Mandiali Takri
Language codes
ISO 639-3mjl
Glottologmand1409  Mandeali

Mandeali (Takri: ๐‘šข๐‘š˜๐‘šถ๐‘š–๐‘šฎ๐‘šฃ๐‘šญ๐‘šฅ๐‘šฏ) is a Western Pahari language, spoken in northern India, predominantly in the Mandi district of Himachal Pradesh by the people of the Mandi Valley and particularly in the major city of Mandi. Other spellings for the name are Mandiyali and Mandiali. UNESCO reports it is one of the highly endangered languages of India.[4] Speakers of the dialect have decreased by 21% from 1961 to 2001.

The language is distantly related to Kullui. The Chambealic varieties are often considered separate languages, but at least some are 90โ€“95% intelligible with Mandeali proper. Its sub-dialect are different than Mandeali.[5]

Dialects

Preliminary survey suggests speakers have functional intelligibility of Kangri. People in southeast Mandi district may have more difficulty understanding Kangri. Standard Mandeali is spoken throughout the broad valley running north and south from Jogindernagar to Sundarnagar. Mandeali Pahari is spoken north around Barot, east of Uhl River. Intelligible with difficulty to standard Mandeali. May be intermediate variety between Mandeali and Kullui. The dialect is very close to the Kullvi spoken in neighbouring lug valley region of Kullu district and are culturally, linguistically closer to Kullu. Southeast district contains transition to Mahasui. The dialect spoken is also sometimes referred as Suketi or dialect of Outer Seraj Area as dialect is an intermediate variety of Kullvi and Upper Mahasuvi of neighbouring Shimla and Kullu district. In the west, Sarkaghat is also a bit different from standard Mandeali, perhaps forming a transition towards Hamirpur and Bilaspur areas. Lexical similarity: 89% with Palampuri dialect of Kangri, 83% with Chambeali.[6]

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Dental Alveolar Retroflex Post-alv./
Palatal
Velar Glottal
Plosive /
Affricate
voiceless p t สˆ tสƒ k
aspriated pสฐ tสฐ สˆสฐ tสƒสฐ kสฐ
voiced b d ษ– dส’ ษก
breathy bสฑ dสฑ ษ–สฑ dส’สฑ ษกสฑ
Fricative voiceless s สƒ ษฆ
voiced
Nasal m n ษณ (ล‹)
Lateral l ษญ
Trill/Tap r ษฝ ษฝสฑ
Approximant j w
  • [ล‹] is heard when a nasal occurs before velar stops.
  • [f] can be heard as an allophone of pสฐ.
  • Aspirated versions of m, n,ษณ, l,ษญ, r, w can be considered as separate phonemes.

Vowels

The vowels of Mandeali language are shown below.

Front Central Back
Close i iห u uห
Mid (e) eห ษ™ ษ™ห (o) oห
Open-mid ษ›ห ษ”ห
Open aห

Grammar

Nouns

Mandeali distinguishes two genders (Masculine and feminine), two numbers (Singular and plural) and four cases of direct, oblique, vocative, and ergative. Oblique also serves as locative and ergative also performs the function of instrumental. Nouns may be further divided into extended and unextended declensional subtypes, with the former characteristically consisting of masculines ending in unaccented -ฤ and feminines in -ฤซ.

The following tables displays the suffix paradigms.

Masculine
Dir.Obl.Voc.Erg.
unEx.Sing. -ฤ

-๐‘š

-ฤ“

-๐‘š†

Pl. -ฤ

-๐‘š

-ล

-๐‘šˆ

-ฤ“

-๐‘š†

Ex.Sing. -ฤ

-๐‘š

-ฤ“

-๐‘š†

-ฤ•ฤ

-๐‘š†๐‘š

-ฤ“

-๐‘š†

Pl. -ฤ“

-๐‘š†

-ฤ•ฤ

-๐‘š†๐‘š

-ฤ•ล

-๐‘š†๐‘šˆ

-ฤ“

-๐‘š†

Feminine
Dir.Obl.Voc.Erg.
Sing. -ฤ“

-๐‘š†

-ฤ“

-๐‘š†

Pl. -ฤ

-๐‘š

-ล

-๐‘šˆ

-ฤ“

-๐‘š†

The following table of noun declensions shows those suffix paradigms in action. Examples include ghลแน›ฤ "stallion", mhaแนญhฤซ "girl" (also referred to as "maแนญแนญhฤซ" or in takri "๐‘šข๐‘š”๐‘šถ๐‘š•๐‘šฏ"), ghษ™หr "house", kฤndh "wall".

Extended
Dir.Obl.Voc.Erg.
Masc.Sing. ghลแน›ฤ
๐‘š๐‘šด๐‘šช๐‘šญ
ghลแน›e

๐‘š๐‘šด๐‘šช๐‘šฒ

ghลแน›ฤ•ฤ

๐‘š๐‘šด๐‘šช๐‘šฒ๐‘šฃ๐‘šญ

ghลแน›e

๐‘š๐‘šด๐‘šช๐‘šฒ

Pl. ghลแน›e

๐‘š๐‘šด๐‘šช๐‘šฒ

ghลแน›ฤ•ฤ

๐‘š๐‘šด๐‘šช๐‘šฒ๐‘šฃ๐‘šญ

ghลแน›ฤ•ล

๐‘š๐‘šด๐‘šช๐‘šฒ๐‘šฃ๐‘šด

ghลแน›ฤ“

๐‘š๐‘šด๐‘šช๐‘šฒ

Fem.Sing. mhaแนญhฤซ

๐‘šข๐‘šถ๐‘šฉ๐‘š•๐‘šฏ

mhaแนญhฤซ(ฤ)

๐‘šข๐‘šถ๐‘šฉ๐‘š•๐‘šฏ(๐‘šฃ๐‘šญ)

mhaแนญhฤซฤ“

๐‘šข๐‘šถ๐‘šฉ๐‘š•๐‘šฏ๐‘š†

mhaแนญhฤซฤ“

๐‘šข๐‘šถ๐‘šฉ๐‘š•๐‘šฏ๐‘š†

Pl. mhaแนญhฤซฤ

๐‘šข๐‘šถ๐‘šฉ๐‘š•๐‘šฏ๐‘šฃ๐‘šญ

mhaแนญhฤซล

๐‘šข๐‘šถ๐‘šฉ๐‘š•๐‘šฏ๐‘šฃ๐‘šด

mhaแนญhฤซฤ“

๐‘šข๐‘šถ๐‘šฉ๐‘š•๐‘šฏ๐‘š†

Unextended
Dir.Obl.Voc.Erg.
Masc.Sing. ghar

๐‘š๐‘šค

gharฤ

๐‘š๐‘šค๐‘šญ

gharฤ

๐‘š๐‘šค๐‘šญ

gharฤ“

๐‘š๐‘šค๐‘šฒ

Pl. ghar

๐‘š๐‘šค

gharฤ

๐‘š๐‘šค๐‘šญ

gharล

๐‘š๐‘šค๐‘šด

gharฤ“

๐‘š๐‘šค๐‘šฒ

Fem.Sing. kฤndh

๐‘šŠ๐‘šญ๐‘šซ๐‘šœ

kฤndhฤ

๐‘šŠ๐‘šญ๐‘šซ๐‘šœ๐‘šญ

kฤndhฤ“

๐‘šŠ๐‘šญ๐‘šซ๐‘šœ๐‘šฒ

kฤndhฤ“

๐‘šŠ๐‘šญ๐‘šซ๐‘šœ๐‘šฒ

Pl. kฤndhฤ

๐‘šŠ๐‘šญ๐‘šซ๐‘šœ๐‘šญ

kฤndhล

๐‘šŠ๐‘šญ๐‘šซ๐‘šœ๐‘šด

kฤndhฤ“

๐‘šŠ๐‘šญ๐‘šซ๐‘šœ๐‘šฒ

Adjectives

Adjectives may be divided into declinable and indeclinable categories. Declinable adjectives have endings that change by the gender, number and case of the noun that they qualify. Declinable adjective have endings that are similar but much simpler than those of nouns:

Sing.Pl.
Declin. Masc.Dir. -ฤ
-๐‘š
-ฤ“
-๐‘š†
Obl. -ฤ“
-๐‘š†
-ฤ“
-๐‘š†
Fem. -ฤซ
-๐‘šƒ
-ฤซ
-๐‘šƒ
Indeclin.

Indeclinable adjectives are invariable and can end in either consonants or vowels (including ฤ and ฤซ ). The direct masculine singular (-ฤ) is the citation form. Most adjectives ending in consonants are indeclinable.

Declinable adjective bฤnkฤ (๐‘š ๐‘šญ๐‘šซ๐‘šŠ๐‘šญ) "good" in attributive use
Dir.Obl.Voc.Erg.
Masc.Sing. bฤnkฤ ghลแน›ฤ

๐‘š ๐‘šญ๐‘šซ๐‘šŠ๐‘šญ ๐‘š๐‘šด๐‘šช๐‘šญ

bฤnkฤ“ ghลแน›ฤ“
๐‘š ๐‘šญ๐‘šซ๐‘šŠ๐‘šฒ ๐‘š๐‘šด๐‘šช๐‘šฒ
bฤnkฤ“ ghoแน›ฤ•ฤ
๐‘š ๐‘šญ๐‘šซ๐‘šŠ๐‘šฒ ๐‘š๐‘šด๐‘šช๐‘šฒ๐‘š
bฤnkฤ“ ghลแน›ฤ“

๐‘š ๐‘šญ๐‘šซ๐‘šŠ๐‘šฒ ๐‘š๐‘šด๐‘šช๐‘šฒ

Pl. bฤnkฤ“ ghลแน›ฤ“
๐‘š ๐‘šญ๐‘šซ๐‘šŠ๐‘šฒ ๐‘š๐‘šด๐‘šช๐‘šฒ
bฤnkฤ“ ghลแน›ฤ•ฤ
๐‘š ๐‘šญ๐‘šซ๐‘šŠ๐‘šฒ ๐‘š๐‘šด๐‘šช๐‘šฒ๐‘š
bฤnkฤ“ ghลแน›ฤ•ล
๐‘š ๐‘šญ๐‘šซ๐‘šŠ๐‘šฒ ๐‘š๐‘šด๐‘šช๐‘šฒ๐‘šˆ
bฤnkฤ“

ghลแน›ฤ“

๐‘š ๐‘šญ๐‘šซ๐‘šŠ๐‘šฒ ๐‘š๐‘šด๐‘šช๐‘šฒ

Fem.Sing. bฤnkฤซ mhaแนญhฤซ
๐‘š ๐‘šญ๐‘šซ๐‘šŠ๐‘šฏ ๐‘šข๐‘šถ๐‘šฉ๐‘š•๐‘šฏ
bฤnkฤซ mhaแนญhฤซฤ“
๐‘š ๐‘šญ๐‘šซ๐‘šŠ๐‘šฏ ๐‘šข๐‘šถ๐‘šฉ๐‘š•๐‘šฏ๐‘š†
bฤnkฤซ mhaแนญhฤซฤ“

๐‘š ๐‘šญ๐‘šซ๐‘šŠ๐‘šฏ ๐‘šข๐‘šถ๐‘šฉ๐‘š•๐‘šฏ๐‘š†

Pl. bฤnkฤซ mhaแนญhฤซฤ

๐‘š ๐‘šญ๐‘šซ๐‘šŠ๐‘šฏ ๐‘šข๐‘šถ๐‘šฉ๐‘š•๐‘šฏ๐‘š

bฤnkฤซ mhaแนญhฤซล
๐‘š ๐‘šญ๐‘šซ๐‘šŠ๐‘šฏ ๐‘šข๐‘šถ๐‘šฉ๐‘š•๐‘šฏ๐‘šˆ
bฤnkฤซ mhaแนญhฤซฤ“

๐‘š ๐‘šญ๐‘šซ๐‘šŠ๐‘šฏ ๐‘šข๐‘šถ๐‘šฉ๐‘š•๐‘šฏ๐‘š†

Dir.Obl.Voc.Erg.
Masc.Sing. bฤnkฤ ghar
๐‘š ๐‘šญ๐‘šซ๐‘šŠ๐‘šญ ๐‘š๐‘šค
bฤnkฤ“ gharฤ

๐‘š ๐‘šญ๐‘šซ๐‘šŠ๐‘šฒ ๐‘š๐‘šค๐‘šญ

bฤnkฤ“ gharฤ
๐‘š ๐‘šญ๐‘šซ๐‘šŠ๐‘šฒ ๐‘š๐‘šค๐‘šญ
bฤnkฤ“ gharฤ“
๐‘š ๐‘šญ๐‘šซ๐‘šŠ๐‘šฒ ๐‘š๐‘šค๐‘šฒ
Pl. bฤnkฤ“ ghar

๐‘š ๐‘šญ๐‘šซ๐‘šŠ๐‘šฒ ๐‘š๐‘šค

bฤnkฤ“ gharฤ

๐‘š ๐‘šญ๐‘šซ๐‘šŠ๐‘šฒ ๐‘š๐‘šค๐‘šญ

bฤnkฤ“ gharล

๐‘š ๐‘šญ๐‘šซ๐‘šŠ๐‘šฒ ๐‘š๐‘šค๐‘šด

bฤnkฤ“ gharฤ“

๐‘š ๐‘šญ๐‘šซ๐‘šŠ๐‘šฒ ๐‘š๐‘šค๐‘šฒ

Fem.Sing. bฤnkฤซ kฤndh

๐‘š ๐‘šญ๐‘šซ๐‘šŠ๐‘šฏ ๐‘šŠ๐‘šญ๐‘šซ๐‘šœ

bฤnkฤซ kฤndhฤ

๐‘š ๐‘šญ๐‘šซ๐‘šŠ๐‘šฏ ๐‘šŠ๐‘šญ๐‘šซ๐‘šœ๐‘šญ

bฤnkฤซ kฤndhฤ“

๐‘š ๐‘šญ๐‘šซ๐‘šŠ๐‘šฏ ๐‘šŠ๐‘šญ๐‘šซ๐‘šœ๐‘šฒ

bฤnkฤซ kฤndhฤ“

๐‘š ๐‘šญ๐‘šซ๐‘šŠ๐‘šฏ ๐‘šŠ๐‘šญ๐‘šซ๐‘šœ๐‘šฒ

Pl. bฤnkฤซ kฤndhฤ

๐‘š ๐‘šญ๐‘šซ๐‘šŠ๐‘šฏ ๐‘šŠ๐‘šญ๐‘šซ๐‘šœ๐‘šญ

bฤnkฤซ kฤndhล

๐‘š ๐‘šญ๐‘šซ๐‘šŠ๐‘šฏ ๐‘šŠ๐‘šญ๐‘šซ๐‘šœ๐‘šด

bฤnkฤซ kฤndhฤ“

๐‘š ๐‘šญ๐‘šซ๐‘šŠ๐‘šฏ ๐‘šŠ๐‘šญ๐‘šซ๐‘šœ๐‘šฒ

Indeclinable adjective เคฒเคพเคฒ "red" in attributive use
Dir.Obl.Voc.Erg.
Masc.Sing. lฤl ghลแน›ฤ
๐‘šฅ๐‘šญ๐‘šฅ ๐‘š๐‘šด๐‘šช๐‘šญ
lฤl ghลแน›ฤ“

๐‘šฅ๐‘šญ๐‘šฅ ๐‘š๐‘šด๐‘šช๐‘šฒ

lฤl ghลแน›ฤ“

๐‘šฅ๐‘šญ๐‘šฅ ๐‘š๐‘šด๐‘šช๐‘šฒ

lฤl ghลแน›ฤ“
๐‘šฅ๐‘šญ๐‘šฅ ๐‘š๐‘šด๐‘šช๐‘šฒ
Pl. lฤl ghลแน›ฤ“
๐‘šฅ๐‘šญ๐‘šฅ ๐‘š๐‘šด๐‘šช๐‘šฒ
lฤl ghลแน›eฤ
๐‘šฅ๐‘šญ๐‘šฅ ๐‘š๐‘šด๐‘šช๐‘šฒ๐‘š
lฤl ghลแน›eฤ

๐‘šฅ๐‘šญ๐‘šฅ ๐‘š๐‘šด๐‘šช๐‘šฒ๐‘š

lฤl ghลแน›ฤ“

๐‘šฅ๐‘šญ๐‘šฅ ๐‘š๐‘šด๐‘šช๐‘šฒ

Fem.Sing. lฤl mhaแนญhฤซ

๐‘šฅ๐‘šญ๐‘šฅ ๐‘šข๐‘šถ๐‘šฉ๐‘š•๐‘šฏ

lฤl mhaแนญhฤซฤ“

๐‘šฅ๐‘šญ๐‘šฅ ๐‘šข๐‘šถ๐‘šฉ๐‘š•๐‘šฏ๐‘š†

lฤl mhaแนญhฤซฤ“

๐‘šฅ๐‘šญ๐‘šฅ ๐‘šข๐‘šถ๐‘šฉ๐‘š•๐‘šฏ๐‘š†

Pl. lฤl mhaแนญhฤซฤ

๐‘šฅ๐‘šญ๐‘šฅ ๐‘šข๐‘šถ๐‘šฉ๐‘š•๐‘šฏ๐‘š

lฤl mhaแนญhฤซล

๐‘šฅ๐‘šญ๐‘šฅ ๐‘šข๐‘šถ๐‘šฉ๐‘š•๐‘šฏ๐‘šˆ

lฤl mhaแนญhฤซฤ“

๐‘šฅ๐‘šญ๐‘šฅ ๐‘šข๐‘šถ๐‘šฉ๐‘š•๐‘šฏ๐‘š†

Dir.Obl.Voc.Erg.
Masc.Sing. lฤl ghar
๐‘šฅ๐‘šญ๐‘šฅ ๐‘š๐‘šค
lฤl gharฤ
๐‘šฅ๐‘šญ๐‘šฅ

๐‘š๐‘šค๐‘šญ

lฤl gharฤ
๐‘šฅ๐‘šญ๐‘šฅ ๐‘š๐‘šค๐‘šญ
lฤl gharฤ“
๐‘šฅ๐‘šญ๐‘šฅ ๐‘š๐‘šค๐‘šฒ
Pl. lฤl ghar
๐‘šฅ๐‘šญ๐‘šฅ ๐‘š๐‘šค
lฤl gharฤ

๐‘šฅ๐‘šญ๐‘šฅ ๐‘š๐‘šค๐‘šญ

lฤl gharล

๐‘šฅ๐‘šญ๐‘šฅ ๐‘š๐‘šค๐‘šด

lฤl gharฤ“

๐‘šฅ๐‘šญ๐‘šฅ ๐‘š๐‘šค๐‘šฒ

Fem.Sing. lฤl kฤndh
๐‘šฅ๐‘šญ๐‘šฅ ๐‘šŠ๐‘šญ๐‘šซ๐‘šœ
lฤl

kฤndhฤ ๐‘šฅ๐‘šญ๐‘šฅ ๐‘šŠ๐‘šญ๐‘šซ๐‘šœ๐‘šญ

lฤl kฤndhฤ“
๐‘šฅ๐‘šญ๐‘šฅ ๐‘šŠ๐‘šญ๐‘šซ๐‘šœ๐‘šฒ
lฤl kฤndhฤ“
๐‘šฅ๐‘šญ๐‘šฅ ๐‘šŠ๐‘šญ๐‘šซ๐‘šœ๐‘šฒ
Pl. lฤl kฤndhฤ
๐‘šฅ๐‘šญ๐‘šฅ ๐‘šŠ๐‘šญ๐‘šซ๐‘šœ๐‘šญ
lฤl kฤndhล
๐‘šฅ๐‘šญ๐‘šฅ ๐‘šŠ๐‘šญ๐‘šซ๐‘šœ๐‘šด
lฤl kฤndhฤ“
๐‘šฅ๐‘šญ๐‘šฅ ๐‘šŠ๐‘šญ๐‘šซ๐‘šœ๐‘šฒ

Postpositions

Mandeali uses a system of particles, known as postpositions. Their use with a noun or verb requires the noun or verb to take the oblique case, and they are the locus of grammatical function, or "case-marking"

Transliteration Takri Functions
Used alone rฤ, rฤซ, rฤ“ ๐‘šค๐‘šญ,๐‘šค๐‘šฏ,๐‘šค๐‘šฒ genitive marker; declines like an adjective. Example: "X rฤ/rฤซ/etc. Y" means "X's Y", with rฤ/rฤซ/etc. agreeing with Y.
jล ๐‘š‘๐‘šด marks the indirect object (dative marker), or, if definite, the direct object (accusative marker). Often contracted to ๐‘šˆ e.g. ๐‘š™๐‘šฐ๐‘šจ๐‘šถ๐‘šจ๐‘šฒ ๐‘š‘๐‘šด (tusse jo) to ๐‘š™๐‘šฐ๐‘šจ๐‘šถ๐‘šจ๐‘šด (tussau)
lฤ/lฤ“/tฤ“ ๐‘šฅ๐‘šญ/๐‘šฅ๐‘šฒ/๐‘š™๐‘šฒ ablative marker, "from"
khล/khฤ ๐‘š‹๐‘šด/๐‘š‹๐‘šญ orientative marker; "towards"
minjh ๐‘šข๐‘šฎ๐‘šซ๐‘š’ inessive marker, "in." Often contracted to 'anjh
tik,tikkar ๐‘š™๐‘šฎ๐‘šŠ/๐‘š™๐‘šฎ๐‘šŠ๐‘šถ๐‘šŠ๐‘šค terminative marker, "until, up to"
bich ๐‘š ๐‘šฎ๐‘š inessive marker, "in." Often contracted to ach

e.g ๐‘šข๐‘š˜๐‘šถ๐‘š–๐‘šฏ ๐‘š ๐‘šฏ๐‘š (Maแน‡แธฤซ bich) to ๐‘šข๐‘š˜๐‘šถ๐‘š–๐‘šฏ๐‘š€๐‘š (Maแน‡แธฤซach)

May use a secondary preposition kanฤ“/sฤugฤซ ๐‘šŠ๐‘š๐‘šฒ/๐‘šจ๐‘šญ๐‘š„๐‘šŒ๐‘šฏ comitative marker, "with"

Often contracted to nฤ“/kฤ“

gฤs ๐‘šŒ๐‘šญ๐‘šจ superessive marker, "on" or "at."
bฤlฤ“ ๐‘š ๐‘šญ๐‘šฅ๐‘šฒ possessive marker; "with" (as in possession) e.g. เคฎเฅเคนเค เฅ€เคฏเคพ เคฌเคพเคฒเฅ‡ "in the girl's possession."
bฤrฤ“ ๐‘š ๐‘šญ๐‘šค๐‘šฒ "about"
kaแนญhฤ“ ๐‘šŠ๐‘š•๐‘šฒ benefactive marker; "for"
sฤhฤซฬƒ ๐‘šจ๐‘šญ๐‘šฉ๐‘šฏ๐‘šซ comparative marker; "like" (in resemblance)
bฤjhฤซ ๐‘š ๐‘šญ๐‘š’๐‘šฏ abessive marker; "without"
bฤlฤ“/nฤ“แธฤ“ ๐‘š ๐‘šญ๐‘šฅ๐‘šฒ/๐‘š๐‘šฒ๐‘š–๐‘šฒ "near"
lฤgฤ“ ๐‘šฅ๐‘šญ๐‘šŒ๐‘šฒ apudessive marker; "adjacent/next to"
bhฤซtar ๐‘šก๐‘šฏ๐‘š™๐‘šค "inside"
bฤhar ๐‘š ๐‘šญ๐‘šฉ๐‘šค "outside"

Other postpositions are adverbs, following their obliqued targets either directly or with the inflected genitive linker rฤ“; e.g. ghลแน›ฤ“ (rฤ“) kanฤ“/sฤugฤซ "with the stallion". But nowadays it's more common to not use the genitive linker rฤ“

Pronouns

The pronouns of Mandeali for different persons and numbers are as follows:

PersonNumberMandealiIPA
1stSingular๐‘šฉ๐‘šญ๐‘š…๐‘šซษฆaหลฉ
Plural๐‘š๐‘šจ๐‘šถ๐‘šจ๐‘šฒasหe
2ndSingular๐‘š™๐‘šฑtu
Plural๐‘š™๐‘šฐ๐‘šจ๐‘šถ๐‘šจ๐‘šฒtฬชusหe
3rd ProximateSingular๐‘š† / ๐‘šฃ๐‘šฒeห / jeห
Plural๐‘šฃ๐‘šด๐‘šซjรตห
3rd DistalSingular๐‘šจ๐‘šฒseห
Plural๐‘šจ๐‘šถ๐‘šฃ๐‘šด๐‘šซsjรตห


Noun Cases

Using the noun ๐‘š๐‘šค (/gสฑษ™หr/, "home") as an example, the cases in Mandeali are:

CaseMandealiHindi EquivalentEnglish Equivalent
Nominative๐‘š๐‘šคเค˜เคฐhome
Accusative๐‘š๐‘šค๐‘šด / ๐‘š๐‘šค๐‘šญ ๐‘š‘๐‘šดเค˜เคฐ เค•เฅ‹to home
Ergative๐‘š๐‘šค๐‘šฒเค˜เคฐ เคจเฅ‡(by) home
Comitative๐‘š๐‘šค๐‘šญ ๐‘šŠ๐‘šฒ / ๐‘š๐‘šค๐‘šญ ๐‘šŠ๐‘š๐‘šถ๐‘š๐‘šฒ / ๐‘š๐‘šค๐‘šญ ๐‘šจ๐‘šญ๐‘š„๐‘šŒ๐‘šฏเค˜เคฐ เค•เฅ‡ เคธเคพเคฅwith home
Instrumental๐‘š๐‘šค๐‘šญ ๐‘šฅ๐‘šฒ / ๐‘š๐‘šค๐‘šญ ๐‘šฅ๐‘šญเค˜เคฐ เคธเฅ‡through home
Dative๐‘š๐‘šค๐‘šญ ๐‘šŠ๐‘š”๐‘šถ๐‘š•๐‘šฒเค˜เคฐ เค•เฅ‡ เคฒเคฟเคfor home
Ablative๐‘š๐‘šค๐‘šญ ๐‘šฅ๐‘šฒ / ๐‘š๐‘šค๐‘šญ ๐‘šฅ๐‘šญเค˜เคฐ เคธเฅ‡from home
Genitive๐‘š๐‘šค๐‘šญ ๐‘šค๐‘šญ / ๐‘šค๐‘šฒ / ๐‘šค๐‘šฏเค˜เคฐ เค•เคพ / เค•เฅ€ / เค•เฅ‡of home

Locatives

CaseMandealiHindi EquivalentEnglish Equivalent
Inessive๐‘š๐‘šค๐‘šญ / ๐‘š๐‘šค๐‘šญ ๐‘šข๐‘šซ๐‘š’ / ๐‘š๐‘šค ๐‘š ๐‘šฎ๐‘š / ๐‘š๐‘šค๐‘š€๐‘šเค˜เคฐ เคฎเฅ‡เค‚in (home)
Adessive๐‘š๐‘šค๐‘šญ ๐‘šŒ๐‘šญ๐‘šจ / ๐‘šž๐‘šถ๐‘šค๐‘šฃ๐‘šญ๐‘šฅ๐‘šถ๐‘šฉ๐‘šฒ / ๐‘šž๐‘šคเค˜เคฐ เคชเคฐon (home)

Others

CaseMandealiHindi EquivalentEnglish Equivalent
Vocative๐‘š๐‘šค๐‘šญ (sing.) / ๐‘š๐‘šค๐‘šด (pl.)เค“ เค˜เคฐO home
Similative๐‘š๐‘šค๐‘šญ ๐‘šจ๐‘šญ๐‘šซ๐‘šฉ๐‘šฏ๐‘šซเค˜เคฐ เคœเฅˆเคธเคพsimilar to home
Terminative๐‘š๐‘šค๐‘šญ ๐‘š™๐‘šฎ๐‘šŠ๐‘šถ๐‘šŠ๐‘šค / ๐‘š™๐‘šฎ๐‘šŠเค˜เคฐ เคคเค•up to home


Numerals

Numeral Mandeali Transliteration
1๐‘š†๐‘šŠ๐‘šถ๐‘šŠ ekk
2๐‘š›๐‘šฐ๐‘šƒ duฤซ
3๐‘š™๐‘šถ๐‘šค๐‘šญ๐‘š† trฤe
4๐‘š๐‘šญ๐‘šค chฤr
5๐‘šž๐‘šญ๐‘šซ๐‘š‘ pฤnj
6๐‘š๐‘šฒ๐‘šฉ chheh
7๐‘šจ๐‘šญ๐‘š™๐‘šถ๐‘š™ sฤtt
8๐‘š๐‘š• ฤแนญh
9๐‘š๐‘šต nau
10๐‘š›๐‘šจ das
11 ๐‘šŒ๐‘šถ๐‘šฃ๐‘šญ๐‘šค๐‘šญ gyฤrฤ
12 ๐‘š ๐‘šญ๐‘šค๐‘šญ bฤrฤ
13 ๐‘š™๐‘šฒ๐‘šฉ๐‘šค๐‘šญ tehrฤ
14 ๐‘š๐‘š„๐‘š›๐‘šญ chaudฤ
15 ๐‘šž๐‘šซ๐‘š›๐‘šถ๐‘šค๐‘šญ pandrฤ
16 ๐‘šจ๐‘šด๐‘šฅ๐‘šท๐‘šญ soแธทฤ
17 ๐‘šจ๐‘š™๐‘šญ๐‘šค๐‘šญ satฤrฤ
18 ๐‘š•๐‘šญ๐‘šค๐‘šญ แนญhฤrฤ
19 ๐‘š„๐‘š๐‘šถ๐‘š๐‘šฏ unni
20 ๐‘š ๐‘šฏ๐‘šฉ bฤซh

Script

The native script of the language is a variety of Takri called Mandeali Takri.

Specimen in Mandeali language

Vocabulary

Samples

Words/phrasesTransliterationMeaning
๐‘š‘๐‘šณ๐‘š›๐‘šฃ๐‘šญjaidyฤHello/Salutation
๐‘šŠ๐‘šฒ๐‘šš๐‘šฏkethฤซWhere?
๐‘šŠ๐‘šฏkฤซWhy?
๐‘šŠ๐‘šฎ๐‘šฉ๐‘šถ๐‘šฃ๐‘šญ๐‘šซkihyฤnHow?
๐‘šŠ๐‘šฒ๐‘šจ๐‘šค๐‘šญ/๐‘šŠ๐‘šด๐‘šจ๐‘šค๐‘šญkosrฤ/kesrฤWhose?
๐‘šŠ๐‘šฐ๐‘š˜kuแน‡Who?
๐‘šŠ๐‘šฒ๐‘š™๐‘šถ๐‘šค๐‘šญketrฤHow many?
๐‘šŠ๐‘šฒ๐‘š–๐‘šถ๐‘š–๐‘šญ keแธแธฤ How much?
๐‘šŠ๐‘šฒ๐‘šช๐‘šฒ ๐‘šฉ๐‘šฒ ๐‘š™๐‘šฐ๐‘šจ๐‘šถ๐‘šจ๐‘šฒ?keแน›he he tusse?How are you ?
๐‘šŠ๐‘šฒ๐‘šš๐‘šฏ ๐‘š‘๐‘šด ๐‘šฅ๐‘šŒ๐‘šฏ๐‘šค๐‘šฒ ๐‘š‘๐‘šญ๐‘šซ๐‘š›๐‘šฒ?kethฤซ jo lagฤซre jฤnde?Where are you going?
๐‘šŠ๐‘šถ๐‘šฃ๐‘šญ ๐‘šฉ๐‘šฐ๐‘šƒ ๐‘šŒ๐‘šถ๐‘šฃ๐‘šญ?kyฤ huฤซ gyฤ?What happened?
๐‘š™๐‘šฐ๐‘šจ๐‘šถ๐‘šจ๐‘šญ๐‘šค๐‘šญ ๐‘š๐‘šญ๐‘šˆ๐‘šซ ๐‘šŠ๐‘šถ๐‘šฃ๐‘šญ ๐‘šฉ๐‘šญ?tussฤrฤ nฤรต kyฤ hฤ?What is your name?
๐‘šฉ๐‘šญ๐‘šซ๐‘š–๐‘š˜๐‘šญ ๐‘š›๐‘šฒ ๐‘šข๐‘šญ๐‘šซ๐‘š‘๐‘šด ๐‘š™๐‘šฑเฅค hฤแน‡dแน‡ฤ de mฤnjo tลซ. Let me walk.
๐‘šŠ๐‘šฒ๐‘šš๐‘šฏ ๐‘šฅ๐‘šญ/๐‘š™๐‘šฒ ๐‘š๐‘šƒ๐‘šค๐‘šฒ ๐‘š™๐‘šฐ๐‘šจ๐‘šถ๐‘šจ๐‘šฒ?kethฤซ lฤ/te ฤฤซre tusse?From where have you come?

Names of months

Traditionally, the month formats is based on Hindu calendar.

List of Months in Mandeali
Mandeali Transliteration English
๐‘š๐‘š‚๐‘š™๐‘šค chaitar Marchโ€“April
๐‘š ๐‘šจ๐‘šญ๐‘š‹ basฤkh Aprilโ€“May
๐‘š‘๐‘šฒ๐‘š• jeแนญh Mayโ€“June
๐‘šฉ๐‘šญ๐‘šฉ๐‘šถ๐‘šช hฤhแน› Juneโ€“July
๐‘šจ๐‘šญ๐‘šˆ๐‘š˜ sฤoแน‡ Julyโ€“August
๐‘šก๐‘šญ๐‘š›๐‘šถ๐‘šค๐‘šด bhฤdro Augustโ€“September
๐‘šจ๐‘šต๐‘š‘ sauj Septemberโ€“October
๐‘šŠ๐‘šญ๐‘š™๐‘šŠ kฤtak Octoberโ€“November
๐‘šข๐‘šซ๐‘šŒ๐‘šจ๐‘šค mangsar Novemberโ€“December
๐‘šž๐‘šต๐‘šจ paus Decemberโ€“January
๐‘šข๐‘šญ๐‘š mฤgh Januaryโ€“February
๐‘šŸ๐‘šญ๐‘šŒ๐‘š˜ phฤgaแน‡ Februaryโ€“March

Names of days

Days are generally indic.

List of days in Mandeali
Mandeali Transliteration English
๐‘š™๐‘šถ๐‘šฆ๐‘šญ๐‘šค Twฤr Sunday
๐‘šจ๐‘šด๐‘šข๐‘š ๐‘šญ๐‘šค Sombฤr Monday
๐‘šข๐‘šซ๐‘šŒ๐‘šฅ๐‘šท๐‘š ๐‘šญ๐‘šค Mangaแธทbฤr Tuesday
๐‘š ๐‘šฐ๐‘š›๐‘šถ๐‘šœ๐‘š ๐‘šญ๐‘šค Buddhbฤr Wednesday
๐‘š ๐‘šฏ๐‘šค๐‘š ๐‘šญ๐‘šค Bฤซrvaar Thursday
๐‘šจ๐‘šฐ๐‘šŠ๐‘šถ๐‘šŠ๐‘šค๐‘š ๐‘šญ๐‘šค Sukkarbฤr Friday
๐‘šจ๐‘š๐‘šฎ๐‘š๐‘šค Sanichar Saturday

โ€ขTwฤr is a loan word from Urdu (Itwฤr)

Status

The language is commonly called Pahari or Himachali, just like many other neighbouring languages. The language has no official status. According to the United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), the language is of definitely endangered category, i.e. many Mandeali children are not learning Mandeali as their mother tongue anymore.[7]

The demand for the inclusion of 'Pahari (Himachali)' under the Eight Schedule of the Constitution, which is supposed to represent multiple Pahari languages of Himachal Pradesh, had been made in the year 2010 by the state's Vidhan Sabha.[8] There has been no positive progress on this matter since then even when small organisations strive to save the language and demand it.[9] Due to political interest, the language is currently recorded as a dialect of Hindi,[10] even when having a poor mutual intelligibility with it and being close to other Pahari languages such as Mahasui, Kahluri and Kangri.

References

  1. โ†‘ Grierson, George Abraham. Linguistic Survey Of India, Volume 9.4. pp. 718, 719, 730.
  2. โ†‘ "History of Kangra".
  3. โ†‘ Mandeali at Ethnologue (24th ed., 2021) Closed access icon
  4. โ†‘ "UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger". Unesco.org. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
  5. โ†‘ Mandeali at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  6. โ†‘ "Mandeali".
  7. โ†‘ "Endangered languages". 15 April 2011.
  8. โ†‘ "Pahari Inclusion". Zee News.
  9. โ†‘ "Pahari Inclusion". The Statesman.
  10. โ†‘ "Indian Language Census" (PDF).