Mandeali
| Mandeali | |
|---|---|
| maแนแธiyฤlฤซ | |
| ๐ข๐๐ถ๐๐ฎ๐ฃ๐ญ๐ฅ๐ฏ | |
![]() Mandeali written in Mandi-Suket Takri Script[1] | |
| Native to | Himachal Pradesh |
| Region | |
| Ethnicity | Mandyali People |
Native speakers | 623,000 (2011 Census)[3] |
| Mandiali Takri | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | mjl |
| Glottolog | mand1409 Mandeali |
Mandeali (Takri: ๐ข๐๐ถ๐๐ฎ๐ฃ๐ญ๐ฅ๐ฏ) is a Western Pahari language, spoken in northern India, predominantly in the Mandi district of Himachal Pradesh by the people of the Mandi Valley and particularly in the major city of Mandi. Other spellings for the name are Mandiyali and Mandiali. UNESCO reports it is one of the highly endangered languages of India.[4] Speakers of the dialect have decreased by 21% from 1961 to 2001.
The language is distantly related to Kullui. The Chambealic varieties are often considered separate languages, but at least some are 90โ95% intelligible with Mandeali proper. Its sub-dialect are different than Mandeali.[5]
Dialects
Preliminary survey suggests speakers have functional intelligibility of Kangri. People in southeast Mandi district may have more difficulty understanding Kangri. Standard Mandeali is spoken throughout the broad valley running north and south from Jogindernagar to Sundarnagar. Mandeali Pahari is spoken north around Barot, east of Uhl River. Intelligible with difficulty to standard Mandeali. May be intermediate variety between Mandeali and Kullui. The dialect is very close to the Kullvi spoken in neighbouring lug valley region of Kullu district and are culturally, linguistically closer to Kullu. Southeast district contains transition to Mahasui. The dialect spoken is also sometimes referred as Suketi or dialect of Outer Seraj Area as dialect is an intermediate variety of Kullvi and Upper Mahasuvi of neighbouring Shimla and Kullu district. In the west, Sarkaghat is also a bit different from standard Mandeali, perhaps forming a transition towards Hamirpur and Bilaspur areas. Lexical similarity: 89% with Palampuri dialect of Kangri, 83% with Chambeali.[6]
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Post-alv./ Palatal |
Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive / Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | ส | tส | k | ||
| aspriated | pสฐ | tสฐ | สสฐ | tสสฐ | kสฐ | |||
| voiced | b | d | ษ | dส | ษก | |||
| breathy | bสฑ | dสฑ | ษสฑ | dสสฑ | ษกสฑ | |||
| Fricative | voiceless | s | ส | ษฆ | ||||
| voiced | ||||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ษณ | (ล) | ||||
| Lateral | l | ษญ | ||||||
| Trill/Tap | r | ษฝ ษฝสฑ | ||||||
| Approximant | j | w | ||||||
- [ล] is heard when a nasal occurs before velar stops.
- [f] can be heard as an allophone of pสฐ.
- Aspirated versions of m, n,ษณ, l,ษญ, r, w can be considered as separate phonemes.
Vowels
The vowels of Mandeali language are shown below.
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i iห | u uห | |
| Mid | (e) eห | ษ ษห | (o) oห |
| Open-mid | ษห | ษห | |
| Open | aห |
Grammar
Nouns
Mandeali distinguishes two genders (Masculine and feminine), two numbers (Singular and plural) and four cases of direct, oblique, vocative, and ergative. Oblique also serves as locative and ergative also performs the function of instrumental. Nouns may be further divided into extended and unextended declensional subtypes, with the former characteristically consisting of masculines ending in unaccented -ฤ and feminines in -ฤซ.
The following tables displays the suffix paradigms.
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The following table of noun declensions shows those suffix paradigms in action. Examples include ghลแนฤ "stallion", mhaแนญhฤซ "girl" (also referred to as "maแนญแนญhฤซ" or in takri "๐ข๐๐ถ๐๐ฏ"), ghษหr "house", kฤndh "wall".
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Adjectives
Adjectives may be divided into declinable and indeclinable categories. Declinable adjectives have endings that change by the gender, number and case of the noun that they qualify. Declinable adjective have endings that are similar but much simpler than those of nouns:
| Sing. | Pl. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Declin. | Masc. | Dir. | -ฤ -๐ |
-ฤ -๐ |
| Obl. | -ฤ -๐ |
-ฤ -๐ | ||
| Fem. | -ฤซ -๐ |
-ฤซ -๐ | ||
| Indeclin. | ||||
Indeclinable adjectives are invariable and can end in either consonants or vowels (including ฤ and ฤซ ). The direct masculine singular (-ฤ) is the citation form. Most adjectives ending in consonants are indeclinable.
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Postpositions
Mandeali uses a system of particles, known as postpositions. Their use with a noun or verb requires the noun or verb to take the oblique case, and they are the locus of grammatical function, or "case-marking"
| Transliteration | Takri | Functions | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Used alone | rฤ, rฤซ, rฤ | ๐ค๐ญ,๐ค๐ฏ,๐ค๐ฒ | genitive marker; declines like an adjective. Example: "X rฤ/rฤซ/etc. Y" means "X's Y", with rฤ/rฤซ/etc. agreeing with Y. |
| jล | ๐๐ด | marks the indirect object (dative marker), or, if definite, the direct object (accusative marker). Often contracted to ๐ e.g. ๐๐ฐ๐จ๐ถ๐จ๐ฒ ๐๐ด (tusse jo) to ๐๐ฐ๐จ๐ถ๐จ๐ด (tussau) | |
| lฤ/lฤ/tฤ | ๐ฅ๐ญ/๐ฅ๐ฒ/๐๐ฒ | ablative marker, "from" | |
| khล/khฤ | ๐๐ด/๐๐ญ | orientative marker; "towards" | |
| minjh | ๐ข๐ฎ๐ซ๐ | inessive marker, "in." Often contracted to 'anjh | |
| tik,tikkar | ๐๐ฎ๐/๐๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐๐ค | terminative marker, "until, up to" | |
| bich | ๐ ๐ฎ๐ | inessive marker, "in." Often contracted to ach
e.g ๐ข๐๐ถ๐๐ฏ ๐ ๐ฏ๐ (Maแนแธฤซ bich) to ๐ข๐๐ถ๐๐ฏ๐๐ (Maแนแธฤซach) | |
| May use a secondary preposition | kanฤ/sฤugฤซ | ๐๐๐ฒ/๐จ๐ญ๐๐๐ฏ | comitative marker, "with"
Often contracted to nฤ/kฤ |
| gฤs | ๐๐ญ๐จ | superessive marker, "on" or "at." | |
| bฤlฤ | ๐ ๐ญ๐ฅ๐ฒ | possessive marker; "with" (as in possession) e.g. เคฎเฅเคนเค เฅเคฏเคพ เคฌเคพเคฒเฅ "in the girl's possession." | |
| bฤrฤ | ๐ ๐ญ๐ค๐ฒ | "about" | |
| kaแนญhฤ | ๐๐๐ฒ | benefactive marker; "for" | |
| sฤhฤซฬ | ๐จ๐ญ๐ฉ๐ฏ๐ซ | comparative marker; "like" (in resemblance) | |
| bฤjhฤซ | ๐ ๐ญ๐๐ฏ | abessive marker; "without" | |
| bฤlฤ/nฤแธฤ | ๐ ๐ญ๐ฅ๐ฒ/๐๐ฒ๐๐ฒ | "near" | |
| lฤgฤ | ๐ฅ๐ญ๐๐ฒ | apudessive marker; "adjacent/next to" | |
| bhฤซtar | ๐ก๐ฏ๐๐ค | "inside" | |
| bฤhar | ๐ ๐ญ๐ฉ๐ค | "outside" |
Other postpositions are adverbs, following their obliqued targets either directly or with the inflected genitive linker rฤ; e.g. ghลแนฤ (rฤ) kanฤ/sฤugฤซ "with the stallion". But nowadays it's more common to not use the genitive linker rฤ
Pronouns
The pronouns of Mandeali for different persons and numbers are as follows:
| Person | Number | Mandeali | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | Singular | ๐ฉ๐ญ๐ ๐ซ | ษฆaหลฉ |
| Plural | ๐๐จ๐ถ๐จ๐ฒ | asหe | |
| 2nd | Singular | ๐๐ฑ | tu |
| Plural | ๐๐ฐ๐จ๐ถ๐จ๐ฒ | tฬชusหe | |
| 3rd Proximate | Singular | ๐ / ๐ฃ๐ฒ | eห / jeห |
| Plural | ๐ฃ๐ด๐ซ | jรตห | |
| 3rd Distal | Singular | ๐จ๐ฒ | seห |
| Plural | ๐จ๐ถ๐ฃ๐ด๐ซ | sjรตห |
Noun Cases
Using the noun ๐๐ค (/gสฑษหr/, "home") as an example, the cases in Mandeali are:
| Case | Mandeali | Hindi Equivalent | English Equivalent |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ๐๐ค | เคเคฐ | home |
| Accusative | ๐๐ค๐ด / ๐๐ค๐ญ ๐๐ด | เคเคฐ เคเฅ | to home |
| Ergative | ๐๐ค๐ฒ | เคเคฐ เคจเฅ | (by) home |
| Comitative | ๐๐ค๐ญ ๐๐ฒ / ๐๐ค๐ญ ๐๐๐ถ๐๐ฒ / ๐๐ค๐ญ ๐จ๐ญ๐๐๐ฏ | เคเคฐ เคเฅ เคธเคพเคฅ | with home |
| Instrumental | ๐๐ค๐ญ ๐ฅ๐ฒ / ๐๐ค๐ญ ๐ฅ๐ญ | เคเคฐ เคธเฅ | through home |
| Dative | ๐๐ค๐ญ ๐๐๐ถ๐๐ฒ | เคเคฐ เคเฅ เคฒเคฟเค | for home |
| Ablative | ๐๐ค๐ญ ๐ฅ๐ฒ / ๐๐ค๐ญ ๐ฅ๐ญ | เคเคฐ เคธเฅ | from home |
| Genitive | ๐๐ค๐ญ ๐ค๐ญ / ๐ค๐ฒ / ๐ค๐ฏ | เคเคฐ เคเคพ / เคเฅ / เคเฅ | of home |
Locatives
| Case | Mandeali | Hindi Equivalent | English Equivalent |
|---|---|---|---|
| Inessive | ๐๐ค๐ญ / ๐๐ค๐ญ ๐ข๐ซ๐ / ๐๐ค ๐ ๐ฎ๐ / ๐๐ค๐๐ | เคเคฐ เคฎเฅเค | in (home) |
| Adessive | ๐๐ค๐ญ ๐๐ญ๐จ / ๐๐ถ๐ค๐ฃ๐ญ๐ฅ๐ถ๐ฉ๐ฒ / ๐๐ค | เคเคฐ เคชเคฐ | on (home) |
Others
| Case | Mandeali | Hindi Equivalent | English Equivalent |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vocative | ๐๐ค๐ญ (sing.) / ๐๐ค๐ด (pl.) | เค เคเคฐ | O home |
| Similative | ๐๐ค๐ญ ๐จ๐ญ๐ซ๐ฉ๐ฏ๐ซ | เคเคฐ เคเฅเคธเคพ | similar to home |
| Terminative | ๐๐ค๐ญ ๐๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐๐ค / ๐๐ฎ๐ | เคเคฐ เคคเค | up to home |
Numerals
| Numeral | Mandeali | Transliteration |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | ๐๐๐ถ๐ | ekk |
| 2 | ๐๐ฐ๐ | duฤซ |
| 3 | ๐๐ถ๐ค๐ญ๐ | trฤe |
| 4 | ๐๐ญ๐ค | chฤr |
| 5 | ๐๐ญ๐ซ๐ | pฤnj |
| 6 | ๐๐ฒ๐ฉ | chheh |
| 7 | ๐จ๐ญ๐๐ถ๐ | sฤtt |
| 8 | ๐๐ | ฤแนญh |
| 9 | ๐๐ต | nau |
| 10 | ๐๐จ | das |
| 11 | ๐๐ถ๐ฃ๐ญ๐ค๐ญ | gyฤrฤ |
| 12 | ๐ ๐ญ๐ค๐ญ | bฤrฤ |
| 13 | ๐๐ฒ๐ฉ๐ค๐ญ | tehrฤ |
| 14 | ๐๐๐๐ญ | chaudฤ |
| 15 | ๐๐ซ๐๐ถ๐ค๐ญ | pandrฤ |
| 16 | ๐จ๐ด๐ฅ๐ท๐ญ | soแธทฤ |
| 17 | ๐จ๐๐ญ๐ค๐ญ | satฤrฤ |
| 18 | ๐๐ญ๐ค๐ญ | แนญhฤrฤ |
| 19 | ๐๐๐ถ๐๐ฏ | unni |
| 20 | ๐ ๐ฏ๐ฉ | bฤซh |
Script
The native script of the language is a variety of Takri called Mandeali Takri.

Vocabulary
Samples
| Words/phrases | Transliteration | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ๐๐ณ๐๐ฃ๐ญ | jaidyฤ | Hello/Salutation |
| ๐๐ฒ๐๐ฏ | kethฤซ | Where? |
| ๐๐ฏ | kฤซ | Why? |
| ๐๐ฎ๐ฉ๐ถ๐ฃ๐ญ๐ซ | kihyฤn | How? |
| ๐๐ฒ๐จ๐ค๐ญ/๐๐ด๐จ๐ค๐ญ | kosrฤ/kesrฤ | Whose? |
| ๐๐ฐ๐ | kuแน | Who? |
| ๐๐ฒ๐๐ถ๐ค๐ญ | ketrฤ | How many? |
| ๐๐ฒ๐๐ถ๐๐ญ | keแธแธฤ | How much? |
| ๐๐ฒ๐ช๐ฒ ๐ฉ๐ฒ ๐๐ฐ๐จ๐ถ๐จ๐ฒ? | keแนhe he tusse? | How are you ? |
| ๐๐ฒ๐๐ฏ ๐๐ด ๐ฅ๐๐ฏ๐ค๐ฒ ๐๐ญ๐ซ๐๐ฒ? | kethฤซ jo lagฤซre jฤnde? | Where are you going? |
| ๐๐ถ๐ฃ๐ญ ๐ฉ๐ฐ๐ ๐๐ถ๐ฃ๐ญ? | kyฤ huฤซ gyฤ? | What happened? |
| ๐๐ฐ๐จ๐ถ๐จ๐ญ๐ค๐ญ ๐๐ญ๐๐ซ ๐๐ถ๐ฃ๐ญ ๐ฉ๐ญ? | tussฤrฤ nฤรต kyฤ hฤ? | What is your name? |
| ๐ฉ๐ญ๐ซ๐๐๐ญ ๐๐ฒ ๐ข๐ญ๐ซ๐๐ด ๐๐ฑเฅค | hฤแนdแนฤ de mฤnjo tลซ. | Let me walk. |
| ๐๐ฒ๐๐ฏ ๐ฅ๐ญ/๐๐ฒ ๐๐๐ค๐ฒ ๐๐ฐ๐จ๐ถ๐จ๐ฒ? | kethฤซ lฤ/te ฤฤซre tusse? | From where have you come? |
Names of months
Traditionally, the month formats is based on Hindu calendar.
| Mandeali | Transliteration | English |
|---|---|---|
| ๐๐๐๐ค | chaitar | MarchโApril |
| ๐ ๐จ๐ญ๐ | basฤkh | AprilโMay |
| ๐๐ฒ๐ | jeแนญh | MayโJune |
| ๐ฉ๐ญ๐ฉ๐ถ๐ช | hฤhแน | JuneโJuly |
| ๐จ๐ญ๐๐ | sฤoแน | JulyโAugust |
| ๐ก๐ญ๐๐ถ๐ค๐ด | bhฤdro | AugustโSeptember |
| ๐จ๐ต๐ | sauj | SeptemberโOctober |
| ๐๐ญ๐๐ | kฤtak | OctoberโNovember |
| ๐ข๐ซ๐๐จ๐ค | mangsar | NovemberโDecember |
| ๐๐ต๐จ | paus | DecemberโJanuary |
| ๐ข๐ญ๐ | mฤgh | JanuaryโFebruary |
| ๐๐ญ๐๐ | phฤgaแน | FebruaryโMarch |
Names of days
Days are generally indic.
| Mandeali | Transliteration | English |
|---|---|---|
| ๐๐ถ๐ฆ๐ญ๐ค | Twฤr | Sunday |
| ๐จ๐ด๐ข๐ ๐ญ๐ค | Sombฤr | Monday |
| ๐ข๐ซ๐๐ฅ๐ท๐ ๐ญ๐ค | Mangaแธทbฤr | Tuesday |
| ๐ ๐ฐ๐๐ถ๐๐ ๐ญ๐ค | Buddhbฤr | Wednesday |
| ๐ ๐ฏ๐ค๐ ๐ญ๐ค | Bฤซrvaar | Thursday |
| ๐จ๐ฐ๐๐ถ๐๐ค๐ ๐ญ๐ค | Sukkarbฤr | Friday |
| ๐จ๐๐ฎ๐๐ค | Sanichar | Saturday |
โขTwฤr is a loan word from Urdu (Itwฤr)
Status
The language is commonly called Pahari or Himachali, just like many other neighbouring languages. The language has no official status. According to the United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), the language is of definitely endangered category, i.e. many Mandeali children are not learning Mandeali as their mother tongue anymore.[7]
The demand for the inclusion of 'Pahari (Himachali)' under the Eight Schedule of the Constitution, which is supposed to represent multiple Pahari languages of Himachal Pradesh, had been made in the year 2010 by the state's Vidhan Sabha.[8] There has been no positive progress on this matter since then even when small organisations strive to save the language and demand it.[9] Due to political interest, the language is currently recorded as a dialect of Hindi,[10] even when having a poor mutual intelligibility with it and being close to other Pahari languages such as Mahasui, Kahluri and Kangri.
References
- โ Grierson, George Abraham. Linguistic Survey Of India, Volume 9.4. pp. 718, 719, 730.
- โ "History of Kangra".
- โ Mandeali at Ethnologue (24th ed., 2021)

- โ "UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger". Unesco.org. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
- โ Mandeali at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- โ "Mandeali".
- โ "Endangered languages". 15 April 2011.
- โ "Pahari Inclusion". Zee News.
- โ "Pahari Inclusion". The Statesman.
- โ "Indian Language Census" (PDF).
