Mahgarita

Mahgarita
Temporal range: Late Eocene
Skull and life reconstruction of Mahgarita stevensi, based on the interpretation of the species as a notharctid.
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Infraclass: Placentalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Strepsirrhini
Family: †Adapidae
Genus: †Mahgarita
Wilson & Szalay, 1976
Species:
†M. stevensi
Binomial name
†Mahgarita stevensi
Wilson & Szalay, 1976
Synonyms

Margarita stevensi
Wilson & Szalay, 1976

Mahgarita stevensi is a species of adapiform primate that lived in North America during the late Eocene. It is the only species of the genus Mahgarita. Fossils of the genus were found in the Duchesnean Laredo and Devil's Graveyard Formations of Texas.

Taxonomy

The exact nature of the placement of Mahgarita is complicated, with many authors disagreeing on where the genus lies. Mahgarita has been placed within Adapidae, and further placed with the caenopithecines.[1][2] Mahgarita has been suggested to be related to Europolemur on grounds of dental similarities.[1] Mescalerolemur, also from Texas, is suggested to be the sister taxon to Mahgarita.[3][4] The placement of Mahgarita as an adapoid has been questioned, with some suggesting Mahgarita is an early simian, though the traits used to classify Mahgarita as such may be homoplasies according to some authors.[5][6] Other authors consider Mahgarita to be a notharctid.[6]

Described in 1976, the original genus name given to the taxon was Margarita. This name had been used by an assortment of other organisms (including mollusks and mycetozoans), and so, according to the laws of the ICZN, Margarita was changed to Mahgarita.[7] The genus was named after Margaret Skeels Stevens, a collector of Cenozoic fossils in Texas and discoverer of the fossils of Mahgarita.[1]

Description

A modern day sportive lemur (Lepilemur leucopus), an extant strepsirrhine with a skull similar in size to Mahgarita.

Mahgarita is known from a crushed skull, as well as jaws and teeth. Unlike close relatives, Mahgarita has a completely reduced first premolar and a mostly reduced second premolar, resulting in a dental formula of 2.1.3.32.1.3.3.[6][8] The anatomy of the premolars themselves is also unique, with the third premolar having an almost entirely reduced protocone, though it is still distinct.[8][1] The mandible of Mahgarita is strongly fused, a derived trait seen in some other adapoids.[8] The canines are similar to those in Europolemur, with them being sharply pointed and large.[8]

The skull of Mahgarita is comparable in size to modern day sportive lemurs, and the morphology of the base of the skull is similar to that of Adapis.[8][1]

Paleoecology

Distribution

Known from Texas, Mahgarita is unique in that most other members of their subfamily are endemic to Eurasia. North America's own adapoid lineage, the notharctines, are not known from the same strata as Mahgarita, which suggests that fauna from Eurasia crossed into North America in middle Eocene.[3] Mahgrita itself is endemic to Texas, and is found in Uintan and Duchesanean deposits such as Typee Canyon and the Devil's Graveyard Formation.[6][3][8]

Paleobiology

Though postcranial material of Mahgarita is lacking, it is likely that the genus was arboreal, based on the anatomy of relatives.The teeth of the genus suggest it was insectivorous, rather than folivorous or frugivorous.[8] Some authors disagree with this, saying tooth anatomy and body size (ranging from 700 g (1.5 lb) to 1,200 g (2.6 lb)) indicate it was folivorous.[2]

Paleoenvironment

Late Eocene Texas had a cooler, wetter climate compared to other formations in Nebraska, Wyoming and the Dakotas. As such, Texas in the Uintan served as an area for Bridgerian taxa to persist within an increasingly fragmented environment.[9] Mahgarita lived alongside various other vertebrates, including the brontothere Sthenodectes, the amynodontid Metamynodon, the hyracodontid Hyracodon and the hyaenodontid Hyaenodon.[10] Mahgarita also coexisted with the omomyid primate Rooneyia.[11]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Wilson, J. A.; Szalay, F. S. (1976). "New adapid primate of European affinities from Texas". Folia Primatologica; International Journal of Primatology. 25 (4): 294–312. doi:10.1159/000155722. ISSN 0015-5713. PMID 819339.
  2. 1 2 Fleagle, John G. (1998-09-21). Primate Adaptation and Evolution. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-08-049213-1.
  3. 1 2 3 Kirk, E. Christopher; Williams, Blythe A. (2011-08-01). "New adapiform primate of Old World affinities from the Devil's Graveyard Formation of Texas". Journal of Human Evolution. 61 (2): 156–168. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.02.014. ISSN 0047-2484. PMID 21571354.
  4. ↑ Fleagle, John G. (2013). Primate adaptation and evolution. Internet Archive (Third ed.). San Diego, CA : Elsevier/AP. ISBN 978-0-12-378632-6.
  5. ↑ Rasmussen, D. Tab (1990-10-01). "The phylogenetic position ofMahgarita stevensi: protoanthropoid or lemuroid?". International Journal of Primatology. 11 (5): 439–469. doi:10.1007/BF02196131. ISSN 1573-8604.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Hartwig, Walter Carl (2002-04-11). The Primate Fossil Record. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-66315-1.
  7. ↑ WILSON, JA; FS, SZALAY (1977). "MAHGARITA, NEW NAME FOR MARGARITA WILSON AND SZALAY 1976, NON LEACH 1814 (1819; LEA, 1836, 1838; LISTER, 1894)". Mahgarita, New Name for Margarita Wilson and Szalay 1976, non Leach 1814 (1819; Lea, 1836, 1838; Lister, 1894).
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Szalay, Frederick S.; Delson, Eric (1979). Evolutionary history of the primates. Internet Archive. New York: New York Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-680150-7.
  9. ↑ Prothero, Donald R.; Berggren, William A. (2014-07-14). Eocene-Oligocene Climatic and Biotic Evolution. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-6292-4.
  10. ↑ Stevens, Margaret S.; Wilson, John A. (1986-01-01). "Fossil vertebrates from the latest Eocene, Skyline channels, Trans-Pecos Texas". Vertebrates, Phylogeny, and Philosophy.
  11. ↑ Wilson, John Andrew (1986-12-24). "Stratigraphic Occurrence and Correlation of Early Tertiary Vertebrate Faunas, Trans-Pecos Texas: Agua Fria–Green Valley Areas". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 6 (4): 350–373. doi:10.1080/02724634.1986.10011630. ISSN 0272-4634.
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