Lois Frankel

Lois Frankel
Official portrait, 2023
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Florida
Incumbent
Assumed office
January 3, 2013
Preceded byAllen West
Constituency22nd district (2013–2017)
21st district (2017–2023)
22nd district (2023–present)
Mayor of West Palm Beach
In office
March 27, 2003 – March 31, 2011
Preceded byJoel T. Daves III
Succeeded byJeri Muoio
Member of the Florida House of Representatives
In office
November 8, 1994 – November 5, 2002
Preceded byMimi McAndrews
Succeeded byShelley Vana
Constituency85th district
In office
November 4, 1986 – November 3, 1992
Preceded byEleanor Weinstock
Succeeded byRedistricted
Constituency83rd district
Personal details
BornLois Jane Frankel
(1948-05-16) May 16, 1948
New York City, New York, U.S.
PartyDemocratic
EducationBoston University (BA)
Georgetown University (JD)
WebsiteHouse website
Campaign website

Lois Jane Frankel (/ˈfræŋkəl/ FRANG-kəl; born May 16, 1948) is an American politician and lawyer who has been the United States representative for Florida's 22nd congressional district since 2023, having previously served it from 2013 to 2017. As a member of the Democratic Party, she represented the 21st congressional district from 2017 to 2023, was a 7-term member of the Florida House of Representatives, and was mayor of West Palm Beach for two terms.

Frankel was a member of the Florida House for fourteen years, serving as Minority Whip and later Minority Leader of the Florida State House.[1] She was elected mayor of West Palm Beach in 2003,[1] serving two terms in office until leaving office in 2011 due to term limits. Frankel additionally ran unsuccessful campaigns to run for the US House of Representatives in 1992 and for Governor of Florida in 2002.

Early life and education

Frankel was born to a Jewish family on May 16, 1948,[2] in New York City and received a bachelor's degree from Boston University in 1970. She earned a Juris Doctor from Georgetown University Law Center in 1973.[3] Frankel moved to West Palm Beach, Florida, in 1974.[1]

Florida House of Representatives (1987–2003)

Elections

In 1986 incumbent Democratic state representative Eleanor Weinstock of the 83rd district decided to run for a seat in the Florida Senate. Frankel ran for Weinstock's open seat in the Florida House and defeated Republican nominee Gerald Adams 69%–31%.[4] In 1988 she won reelection to a second term unopposed;[5] in 1990 she again was unopposed.[6]

In November 1991 Frankel resigned as state representative to run for Congress in 1992.[7] Mimi McAndrews, a former aide of Frankel's, was elected to replace her. Frankel lost to fellow Democratic representative Alcee Hastings in the 1992 congressional primary.[8] In 1994 Frankel defeated McAndrews in the Democratic primary for her old State House seat.[9] Frankel won the November general election with 55% of the vote.[10] In 1996, she won reelection to a fifth term with 68% of the vote.[11] In 1998 Frankel was reelected to a sixth term with 64% of the vote.[12] In 2000 she was reelected to a seventh term with 63% of the vote.[13]

Tenure

During her first period as a state legislator, Frankel was State House Majority Whip.[14] While in office from 1995 to 2003, she became the first female House Minority Leader in Florida's history and co-authored a change to Florida's already existing AIDS omnibus law originally passed in 1988.[1] She left office due to term limits in 2002 after serving 14 years in the State House.[1][3]

Committee assignments

  • Fiscal Responsibility Council
  • AIDS Task Force (committee chair)
  • Select Committee of the Whole
  • Select Committee on Child Abuse & Neglect (committee chair)[15]

1992 congressional election

In 1992 Frankel retired from the State House to run for the newly created Florida's 23rd district. In the Democratic primary she came in first with 35% of the vote, but failed to reach the 50% threshold necessary to win outright and avoid a runoff election.[16] In the runoff, former U.S. District Court Judge Alcee Hastings defeated Frankel 57%–43%.[8]

2002 gubernatorial election

In 2002, Frankel entered and then dropped out of the 2002 election for Governor of Florida, in which Governor Jeb Bush won re-election.[1]

Mayor of West Palm Beach (2003–2011)

On March 11, 2003, Frankel defeated incumbent Democratic West Palm Beach Mayor Joel T. Daves III in the mayoral election.[1] She was endorsed in the race by former West Palm Beach Mayor Nancy Graham.[1] Frankel won with 56% of the vote to Daves's 38%.[1][17] She was sworn into office on March 27, 2003. In 2007 she was reelected, defeating Al Zucaro by 58%–42%.[18]

On March 31, 2011, due to term limits, Frankel left office after two terms. In the race to succeed her, West Palm Beach city commissioner Jeri Muoio was elected that month with 51% of the vote, on a platform of business development and pension reform.[19]

Castor was also voted to be an at-large Florida delegate to the 2004 Democratic National Convention.[20]

U.S. House of Representatives

She is the chair of the Elect Democratic Women PAC.[21]

Frankel in 2012

Elections

2012

On March 21, 2011, Frankel announced that she would run in the newly redrawn Florida's 22nd congressional district in the 2012 House election. She was initially due to face freshman incumbent Republican Allen West,[22] but redistricting had made the 22nd much more Democratic than its predecessor, prompting West to move to the neighboring 18th district and seek reelection there. On August 14 Frankel won the Democratic primary over Kristin Jacobs, and advanced to the general election against Republican Adam Hasner.[23]

Frankel was criticized for accepting $20,000 from Digital Domain Media Group for her campaign five months after the company was awarded a downtown project that included incentives from the city of West Palm Beach, and in response vowed to give the contribution to charity.[24] She won the general election on November 6, 2012, defeating Hasner 54.7% to 45.3%.[25]

2014

With no Democratic primary opponents, Frankel won the general election on November 4, 2014, defeating Republican Paul Spain, winner of his low-turnout primary, 58% to 42%.[26]

2016

For her first two terms, Frankel represented a district covering several coastal areas in southern Palm Beach County and northern Broward County, from West Palm Beach to Fort Lauderdale.

After a Florida Supreme Court-ordered redistricting, Frankel's district was renumbered the 21st. It lost its share of Broward County, becoming a more compact district in southern Palm Beach County. The justices suggested that it was more logical to have just one district splitting Broward and Palm Beach counties.[27] Her opponent was again Republican Paul Spain. The new 21st was no less Democratic than the old 22nd, and Frankel won with 63% of the vote to Spain's 35%.

2018

With no primary or general opponents, Frankel was reelected.[28]

2020

With 86% of the vote, Frankel won the Democratic primary against Guido Weiss, a former adviser to Representative Tulsi Gabbard.[29] Frankel went on to win the November general election, defeating Republican nominee Laura Loomer, a far-right activist and conspiracy theorist.[30][31] Loomer's candidacy was widely considered a long shot,[32][33][34] despite endorsements from high-profile Republicans including President Donald Trump, Representative Matt Gaetz, and former Trump adviser Roger Stone.[35][34]

2022

Lois Frankel ran unopposed in the Democratic primary and defeated Republican Dan Franzese in the general election, winning 55% to Franzese's 44%.[36]

2024

Incumbent Lois Frankel ran unopposed in the Democratic primary. She faced a rematch with Republican challenger Dan Franzese in the general election. Frankel defeated Franzese again, this time by 10 points.[37]

2026

In May 2026, Florida adopted a new congressional map, and Frankel announced that she would seek reelection in the newly configured 23rd congressional district, which included much of the same constituency she represented in the 22nd district.[38] She redesignated her candidacy that month with the Federal Election Commission, shifting her campaign from the 22nd to the 23rd district.[39]

Committee assignments

For the 119th Congress:[40]

Caucus memberships

Current

Former

Political positions

Foreign

Israel

In 2017 Frankel supported President Donald Trump's decision to recognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital, saying, "The President's announcement today is consistent with current U.S. law and reaffirms what we already know: Jerusalem is the eternal capital of the Jewish people and the State of Israel."[49]

Foreign assistance and diplomacy

In January 2025, after the second Trump administration halted most United States foreign assistance, Frankel and Representative Gregory Meeks warned that interruptions to medicines supplied through the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief and the President's Malaria Initiative could cost lives.[50]

Frankel defended keeping the funding for PEPFAR during the 2025 rescissions package. In July 2025, Frankel and Representative Rosa DeLauro said that an isolated incident involving the program should not undermine its broader mission.[51] A proposed $400 million reduction to PEPFAR was subsequently removed from the package.[52] In May 2026, Frankel led Democratic members of the appropriations subcommittee in objecting to administration plans to withhold $19 billion in foreign assistance, including $3.2 billion in development-assistance and global-health funding.[53]

Frankel was also the lead House sponsor of the Global Health, Empowerment, and Rights Act, known as the Global HER Act, which would permanently repeal the Mexico City policy. That policy restricted U.S. funding for foreign nongovernmental organizations that provide, promote, or share information about abortion services.[54]

Domestic

Reproductive rights

Frankel supports abortion rights and has made reproductive health policy a focus of her work in Congress. In 2023, as a leader of the House Democratic Women's Caucus, she opposed provisions in the fiscal 2024 National Defense Authorization Act that would have restricted access to reproductive health care for military personnel. Frankel and other caucus leaders said they would oppose final passage of the legislation if the restrictions remained.[55] The provision that would have blocked the Pentagon's policy of reimbursing travel expenses for service members seeking abortions or other reproductive care in another state was subsequently omitted from the final compromise bill.[56]

Frankel also opposed Florida's six-week abortion ban, which took effect in May 2024. She supported the proposed state constitutional amendment that year that would have protected abortion access before fetal viability.[57]

Gun policy

Frankel supports gun control measures, which she calls "common-sense legislation." Specifically, she supports a high-capacity magazine ban, universal background checks, and a ban on bump stocks.[58] Frankel supports repealing the 1996 Dickey Amendment, which discourages the CDC from researching gun violence prevention.[59] Following the Pulse nightclub shooting, Frankel said, "This Congress offers lots of thoughts and sympathies when people are massacred by firearms, but no action to stop the carnage."[60] After the Sutherland Springs church shooting, Frankel expressed her frustration with gun lobbying organizations and the inaction of Congress, saying: "We'll pause for a moment of silence and then this Congress will do nothing because the NRA has a stranglehold on it."[61] She has an "F" rating from the NRA, indicating that the organization does not believe that she protects gun rights.[62]

During her tenure in the House, Frankel has voted on several pieces of gun legislation. She voted against H. R. 38 (the Concealed Carry Reciprocity Act), which would enable concealed carry reciprocity among all states.[63] In March 2017 Frankel voted against the Veterans Second Amendment Protection Act, which would allow veterans who are considered "mentally incompetent" to purchase ammunition and firearms unless declared a danger by a judge.[64]

LGBTQ+ rights

In December 2022, Frankel voted for the Respect for Marriage Act, joining the House majority that approved the legislation after it was amended by the Senate.[65] The measure requires federal recognition of valid same-sex and interracial marriages and requires states to recognize such marriages performed legally in other states.[66] President Joe Biden signed the legislation into law on December 13, 2022.[67]

Impeachment of President Donald Trump

Frankel voted to impeach Trump on December 18, 2019 and again on January 13, 2021.[68][69]

Electoral history

1986 Florida House of Representatives 83rd district election[4]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Lois Frankel 16,960 69.31
Republican Gerald Adams 7,511 30.69
Total votes 24,471 100
Democratic hold
1988 Florida House of Representatives 83rd district election[5]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Lois Frankel (incumbent) unopposed 100
Total votes N/A 100
Democratic hold
1990 Florida House of Representatives 83rd district election[6]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Lois Frankel (incumbent) unopposed 100
Total votes N/A 100
Democratic hold
1992 Florida U.S. House of Representatives 23rd district election[16][8]
Primary election
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Lois Frankel 12,556 34.63
Democratic Alcee Hastings 10,237 28.23
Democratic Bill Clark 9,881 27.25
Democratic Kenneth Cooper 1,872 5.16
Democratic William Washington 1,711 4.72
Total votes 36,257 100
Democratic Alcee Hastings 22,046 57.50
Democratic Lois Frankel 16,294 42.50
Total votes 38,340 100
1994 Florida House of Representatives 85th district election[70][10]
Primary election
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Lois Frankel 5,068 64.10
Democratic Mimi McAndrews (incumbent) 2,839 35.90
Total votes 7,907 100
Democratic Lois Frankel 18,835 54.91
Republican George Ford 15,465 45.09
Total votes 34,300 100
Democratic hold
1996 Florida House of Representatives 85th district election[11]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Lois Frankel (incumbent) 28,038 67.75
Republican Donald Radd 13,344 32.25
Total votes 41,382 100
Democratic hold
1998 Florida House of Representatives 85th district election[12]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Lois Frankel (incumbent) 21,701 64.05
Republican Rick Heers 10,455 30.86
Independent Donald Radd 1,726 5.09
Total votes 33,882 100
Democratic hold
2000 Florida House of Representatives 85th district election[13]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Lois Frankel (incumbent) 29,437 62.94
Republican Cheryl Carpenter 17,331 37.06
Total votes 46,768 100
Democratic hold
2003 West Palm Beach mayoral election[71]
Candidate Votes %
Lois Frankel 6,867 55.75
Joel Daves (incumbent) 4,656 37.80
Gail Vastola 777 6.31
Paul McCullough 13 0.11
Eric Huey 3 0.02
Isabell Masters 1 0.01
Total votes 12,317 100
2007 West Palm Beach mayoral election[72]
Candidate Votes %
Lois Frankel (incumbent) 6,578 58.09
Al Zucaro 4,745 41.91
Total votes 11,323 100
2012 Florida U.S. House of Representatives 22nd district election[23][73]
Primary election
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Lois Frankel 18,483 61.35
Democratic Kristin Jacobs 11,644 38.65
Total votes 30,127 100
General election
Democratic Lois Frankel 171,021 54.63
Republican Adam Hasner 142,050 45.37
Total votes 313,071 100
Democratic gain from Republican
2014 Florida U.S. House of Representatives 22nd district election[26]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Lois Frankel (incumbent) 125,404 58.03
Republican Paul Spain 90,685 41.97
Write-in 7 0.00
Total votes 216,096 100
Democratic hold
2016 Florida U.S. House of Representatives 21st district election[74]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Lois Frankel (incumbent) 210,606 62.71
Republican Paul Spain 118,038 35.14
Independent W. Michael "Mike" Trout 7,217 2.15
Total votes 335,861 100
Democratic hold
2018 Florida U.S. House of Representatives 21st district election[75]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Lois Frankel (incumbent) unopposed 100
Total votes N/A 100
Democratic hold
2020 Florida U.S. House of Representatives 21st district election[29][30]
Primary election
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Lois Frankel (incumbent) 75,504 85.98
Democratic Guido Weiss 12,308 14.02
Total votes 87,812 100
General election
Democratic Lois Frankel (incumbent) 237,925 59.02
Republican Laura Loomer 157,612 39.10
Independent Charleston Malkemus 7,544 1.87
Write-in 12 0.00
Total votes 403,093 100
Democratic hold
2022 Florida U.S. House of Representatives 22nd district election[36]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Lois Frankel (incumbent) 150,010 55.11
Republican Dan Franzese 122,194 44.89
Total votes 272,204 100
Democratic hold
2024 Florida U.S. House of Representatives 22nd district election[37]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Lois Frankel (incumbent) 201,608 54.96
Republican Dan Franzese 165,248 45.04
Total votes 366,856 100
Democratic hold
2026 Florida U.S. House of Representatives 23rd district election[76]
Primary election
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Lois Frankel (incumbent) 42,945 74.73
Democratic Victoria Doyle 13,427 23.36
Democratic Mark Piper 1,096 1.91
Total votes 57,468 100

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Frankel beats Daves for West Palm Mayor". Boca Raton News. Associated Press. March 12, 2003. Retrieved March 21, 2011.
  2. ↑ "Lois Frankel". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved March 23, 2011.
  3. 1 2 "Lois J. Frankel, Mayor of the City of West Palm Beach". City of West Palm Beach government. Archived from the original on April 5, 2011. Retrieved March 21, 2011.
  4. 1 2 "State Representative District 83 general election". Florida Department of State Division of Elections. November 4, 1986.
  5. 1 2 "State Representative District 83 general election". Florida Department of State Division of Elections. November 8, 1988.
  6. 1 2 "State Representative District 83 general election". Florida Department of State Division of Elections. November 6, 1990.
  7. ↑ Ashley Fantz (November 15, 2001). "Florida House minority leader Lois Frankel is waging an impossible campaign for governor". Broward/Long Beach New Times.
  8. 1 2 3 "1992 FL District 23 Democratic primary runoff". Florida Department of State Division of Elections. October 1, 1992.
  9. ↑ Steve Nichol; Robin Fields; Jane Musgrave & Glenn Singer (September 9, 1994). "Frankel Scores Victory In Bitter House Race". Sun Sentinel. Archived from the original on July 1, 2014.
  10. 1 2 "State Representative District 85 general election". Florida Department of State Division of Elections. November 8, 1994.
  11. 1 2 "State Representative District 85 general election". Florida Department of State Division of Elections. November 5, 1996.
  12. 1 2 "State Representative District 85 general election". Florida Department of State Division of Elections. November 3, 1998.
  13. 1 2 "State Representative District 85 general election". Florida Department of State Division of Elections. November 7, 2000.
  14. ↑ "Florida House of Representatives profile". myfloridahouse.gov. Retrieved September 9, 2015.
  15. ↑ "Florida House of Representatives profile". myfloridahouse.gov. Retrieved September 9, 2015.
  16. 1 2 "1992 FL District 23 Democratic primary". Florida Department of State Division of Elections. September 1, 1992.
  17. ↑ "Our Campaigns – March 11, 2003". ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved September 9, 2015.
  18. ↑ "Our Campaigns – West Palm Beach, FL Mayor Race – Mar 13, 2007". ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved September 9, 2015.
  19. ↑ Streeter, Angel (March 8, 2011). "Jeri Muoio elected mayor of West Palm Beach". Sun Sentinel. Archived from the original on March 16, 2011. Retrieved March 21, 2011.
  20. ↑ "Florida Delegates". p2004.org. Retrieved August 24, 2026.
  21. ↑ "Democratic Women in Congress Launch Campaign to Recruit More Female Candidates". Roll Call. September 20, 2018. Retrieved August 24, 2023.
  22. ↑ Trygstad, Kyle (March 21, 2003). "Lois Frankel Launches Bid Against Allen West". Roll Call. Retrieved March 21, 2011.
  23. 1 2 "2012 FL District 22 Democratic primary". Florida Department of State Division of Elections. August 14, 2012.
  24. ↑ "Frankel to give Digital Domain's $20,000 in campaign..." Palmbeachpost.com. Archived from the original on September 17, 2012. Retrieved September 11, 2016.
  25. ↑ "Frankel beats out Hasner in race for U.S. Congress". New York Daily News. Retrieved November 8, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  26. 1 2 "2014 FL District 22 general election". Florida Department of State Division of Elections. November 4, 2014.
  27. ↑ Man, Anthony; Sweeney, Dan (December 3, 2015). "Ted Deutch to run in Broward-based district, leaving Lois Frankel to run in all-Palm Beach County district". Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
  28. ↑ Man, Anthony (May 4, 2018). "Lois Frankel wins re-election to Congress after no one comes forward to challenge her". Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved July 12, 2019.
  29. 1 2 "2020 FL District 21 Democratic primary". Florida Department of State Division of Elections. August 18, 2020.
  30. 1 2 "2020 FL District 21 general election". Florida Department of State Division of Elections. November 3, 2020.
  31. ↑ Watson, Kathryn (August 18, 2020). "Far-right candidate Laura Loomer wins GOP primary for district that covers Mar-a-Lago". CBS News. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
  32. ↑ Spencer, Terry (August 20, 2020). "Meet Trump's long-shot candidate running for his Florida district". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved November 4, 2020.
  33. ↑ Blake, Andrew (November 4, 2020). "Laura Loomer, GOP candidate and activist, loses long-shot House campaign in Florida race". The Washington Times. Retrieved November 4, 2020.
  34. 1 2 Sommer, Will (November 4, 2020). "Far-Right Activist Laura Loomer Loses House Bid". The Daily Beast. Retrieved November 4, 2020.
  35. ↑ Elfrink, Tim (August 19, 2020). "'Great going': Trump praises right-wing activist Laura Loomer after her Florida GOP primary win". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 4, 2020.
  36. 1 2 "2022 FL District 22 general election". Florida Department of State Division of Elections. November 8, 2022.
  37. 1 2 "2024 FL District 22 general election". Florida Department of State Division of Elections. November 5, 2024.
  38. ↑ Perry, Mitch (May 7, 2026). "Democrat Lois Frankel says she'll run in Congressional District 23 this year". WLRN. Florida Phoenix. Retrieved August 8, 2026.
  39. ↑ Ogles, Jacob (May 7, 2026). "Redistricting shuffle: Lois Frankel officially shifts candidacy to new CD 23". Florida Politics. Retrieved August 8, 2026.
  40. ↑ "Lois Frankel". Clerk of the United States House of Representatives. Retrieved May 4, 2023.
  41. ↑ "Caucus Members". Black Maternal Health Caucus. June 15, 2023. Retrieved June 25, 2025.
  42. ↑ "Membership". Congressional Arts Caucus. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved March 13, 2018.
  43. ↑ "Congressional Taiwan Caucus". Congressman Brad Sherman. Retrieved August 12, 2025.
  44. ↑ "Our Members". U.S. House of Representatives International Conservation Caucus. Archived from the original on August 1, 2018. Retrieved August 1, 2018.
  45. ↑ "Members". U.S. - Japan Caucus. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
  46. ↑ "Membership". Congressional Caucus for the Equal Rights Amendment. Retrieved September 12, 2024.
  47. ↑ "About the CEC". CEC. Retrieved August 29, 2025.
  48. ↑ Grim, Ryan; Lacy, Akela (November 20, 2023). "Florida Democrat Who Voted to Censure Rep. Rashida Tlaib Quits Progressive Caucus". The Intercept. Retrieved November 21, 2023.
  49. ↑ "Florida reaction to Trump's recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel". Tampa Bay Times. December 6, 2017.
  50. ↑ Toosi, Nahal; Gramer, Robbie; Paun, Carmen (January 27, 2025). "'It will kill people': Chaos, confusion after Trump halts U.S. foreign aid". Politico. Retrieved August 5, 2026.
  51. ↑ Hammer, Mathias (October 6, 2023). "Congress' Fight Over PEPFAR May Have Grave Consequences". TIME. Retrieved August 5, 2026.
  52. ↑ Popli, Nik (July 15, 2025). "Republicans Scrap Plan to Cut $400 Million From PEPFAR Anti-AIDS Program". Time. Retrieved August 5, 2026.
  53. ↑ "House Democrats Press Trump Administration Over Withholding Foreign Assistance Funds and Defying Congressional Intent". U.S. Representative Lois Frankel. May 14, 2026. Retrieved August 5, 2026.
  54. ↑ Ehrlich, Shoshanna (February 12, 2025). "'Silence Is an Enemy': Rep. Frankel Leads the Fight for Global Reproductive Rights". Ms. Retrieved August 5, 2026.
  55. ↑ Coudriet, Caroline (October 17, 2023). "Democratic women set abortion access as key to NDAA support". Roll Call. Retrieved August 9, 2026.
  56. ↑ "Big pay raise for troops in defense bill sent to Biden. Conservatives stymied on cultural issues". Associated Press. December 14, 2023. Retrieved August 9, 2026.
  57. ↑ "Advocates on both sides monitor impact of Florida's 6-week abortion ban". WPEC. April 30, 2024. Retrieved August 9, 2026.
  58. ↑ "Congresswoman Lois Frankel calls for action on gun control". Congresswoman Lois Frankel. U. S. Federal Government. October 6, 2017. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
  59. ↑ Shabad, Rebecca (December 2, 2015). "Democrats renew push to reverse gun violence research ban". CBS News. CBS Interactive. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
  60. ↑ "It is Time for Congress to Do its Job". Government Publishing Office. U. S. Federal Government. June 15, 2016. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
  61. ↑ Bennett, George (November 6, 2017). "Texas massacre: Lois Frankel offers prediction on congressional response". Palm Beach Post. Palm Beach, Florida. Retrieved March 7, 2017.
  62. ↑ "Where South Floridians in Congress stand on gun legislation". Miami Herald. Miami, Florida. February 20, 2018. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
  63. ↑ "FINAL VOTE RESULTS FOR ROLL CALL 663". clerk.house.gov. U.S. Federal Government. December 6, 2017. Retrieved March 5, 2018.
  64. ↑ "FINAL VOTE RESULTS FOR ROLL CALL 169". clerk.house.gov. U.S. Federal Government. March 16, 2017. Retrieved March 5, 2018.
  65. ↑ Dormido, Hannah; Blanco, Adrian; Perry, Kati (December 8, 2022). "Here's which House members voted for or against the Respect for Marriage Act". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 9, 2026.
  66. ↑ Warburton, Moira; Cowan, Richard (December 8, 2022). "U.S. Congress passes landmark bill protecting same-sex marriage". Reuters. Retrieved August 9, 2026.
  67. ↑ Holland, Steve (December 14, 2022). "Biden signs marriage equality act to tune of Cyndi Lauper's 'True Colors'". Reuters. Retrieved August 9, 2026.
  68. ↑ "Here's how the House voted on Trump's second impeachment". Politico. January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2023.
  69. ↑ "WHIP COUNT: Here's which members of the House voted for and against impeaching Trump". Business Insider.
  70. ↑ "State Representative District 85 primary election". Florida Department of State Division of Elections. September 8, 1994.
  71. ↑ de Benedictis-Kessner, Justin; Lee, Diana Da In; Velez, Yamil R.; Warshaw, Christopher (2023). "American Local Government Elections Database". Open Science Framework. Retrieved August 19, 2026.
  72. ↑ "Official Certified Uniform Municipal Election Results – March 13, 2007". Palm Beach County Supervisor of Elections. p. 6. Retrieved August 19, 2026.
  73. ↑ "2012 FL District 22 general election". Florida Department of State Division of Elections. November 6, 2012.
  74. ↑ "2016 FL District 21 general election". Florida Department of State Division of Elections. November 8, 2016.
  75. ↑ "2018 FL general election". Florida Department of State Division of Elections. November 6, 2018.
  76. ↑ "Representative in Congress, District 23 – Democrat". Florida Election Watch. August 18, 2026.
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