List of supernovae (before 2000)

SN 1054 remnant
(Crab Nebula)

A supernova is an event in which a star destroys itself in an explosion which can briefly become as luminous as an entire galaxy. This list of supernovas of historical significance includes events that were observed prior to the development of photography, and individual events before 2000 that have been the subject of a scientific paper that contributed to supernova theory.

List of supernovae before 2000

For supernovae since 2000 see List of supernovae.

In most entries, the year when the supernova was seen is part of the designation (1st column).

Supernova
designation
(year)		 Constellation Observations Apparent
magnitude		 Distance
(light years)		 Type Galaxy Notes
SN 185 Centaurus 7 December 185 −4 (?)[1] 9,100[2] Ia (?) Milky Way Surviving description sketchy; modern estimates of maximum apparent magnitude vary from +4 to −8. The remnant is probably RCW 86, some 8200 ly distant,[3] making it comparable to SN 1572. Some researchers have suggested it was a comet, not a supernova.[4][5]
SN 386 Sagittarius April/May 386 +1.5 14,700 II Milky Way "suggested SN",[6] candidate remnant could be G11.2-0.3.[7][8] There are three suggestions and doubtful if SN at all or classical nova or something else.[9]
SN 393 Scorpius 27 February − 28 March - 22 October − 19 November 393 –0 3,400 II/Ib Milky Way "possible SN",[6] could also be classical nova or something else[9]
SN 1006 Lupus 17 April 1006 - 1 May 1006 –7.5[10] 7,200 Ia Milky Way Widely observed on Earth; in apparent magnitude, the brightest stellar event in recorded history.[11]
SN 1054 Taurus c. 10 July [O.S. c. 4 July] 1054
c. 12 April [O.S. c. 6 April] 1056		 –6[12] 6,500 II Milky Way Remnant is the Crab Nebula with its pulsar (neutron star)
SN 1181 Cassiopeia 4 August 1181 - 6 August 1181 0 7,100 sub-luminous Type Iax supernova Milky Way Remnant is Pa 31 with its hot stellar remnant[13]
SN 1572 Cassiopeia November 1572 –4.0 8,000 Ia Milky Way Tycho's Nova
SN 1604 Ophiuchus 8–9 October 1604 –3 14,000 Ia Milky Way Kepler's Supernova; most recent readily visible supernova within the Milky Way
Cas A Cassiopeia 1680 +5 9,000 IIb Milky Way Apparently never visually conspicuous, due to interstellar dust; but the remnant, Cas A, is the brightest extrasolar radio source in the sky
G1.9+0.3 Sagittarius 1868 (visible light masked by dust) 25,000 Ia Milky Way Located near the Galactic Center; "Posthumously" discovered in 1985; age determined in 2008
SN 1885A Andromeda 20 August 1885 +5.85[14] 2,500,000 Ipec Andromeda Galaxy First observation of an extragalactic supernova
SN 1895B Centaurus 12 December 1895 +8.0[15] 10,900,000 Ia NGC 5253  
SN 1909A Ursa Major January 1909 +12.1 21,000,000 Pinwheel Galaxy (M101) [16][17]
SN 1937C Canes Venatici 24 August 1937 +8.4[15] 13,000,000 Ia IC 4182  
SN 1939C Cepheus 17 July 1939 +13.0 25,200,000 I NGC 6946 (Fireworks Galaxy)  
SN 1940B Coma Berenices 5 May 1940 +12.8 38,000,000 II-P NGC 4725  
SN 1951H Ursa Major 1 September 1951 +17.5 21,000,000 Pinwheel Galaxy (M101) [18]
SN 1961V Perseus 11 July 1961 +12.5 30,000,000 II? NGC 1058 Potential supernova impostor[19]
SN 1970G Ursa Major 30 July 1970 +12.1 21,000,000 II Pinwheel Galaxy (M101) [20][21][22]
SN 1972E Centaurus 13 May 1972 +8.7[23] 10,900,000 Ia NGC 5253 Followed for more than a year; became the prototypical Type Ia supernova
SN 1983N Hydra 3 July 1983 +11.8 15,000,000 Ib Messier 83 First observation of a Type Ib supernova
SN 1986J Andromeda 21 August 1986 +18.4 30,000,000 IIn NGC 891 Bright in the radio frequency range
SN 1987A Dorado 1987 +2.9 160,000 IIpec Large Magellanic Cloud Intense radiation reached Earth on February 23, 1987, 7:35:35 UT. Notable for archival photos of progenitor star and detection of supernova neutrinos. Most recent Local Group supernova
SN 1993J Ursa Major 28 March 1993 +10.7[24] 11,000,000 IIb M81 One of the brightest supernovae in the northern sky since 1954
SN 1994D Virgo 7 March 1994 +15.2 50,000,000 Ia NGC 4526
SN 1998bw Telescopium 26 April 1998 ? 140,000,000 Ic ESO 184-G82 Linked to GRB 980425, which was the first time a gamma-ray burst has been linked to a supernova.
SN 1999eh Lynx 12 October 1999 +18.3 +/- 0.3 84,000,000 I NGC 2770 First supernovae in this galaxy, where 3 more were detected later.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Modern estimates vary widely; see SN 185 for more detail.
  2. ↑ Ksenofontov, L. T.; Berezhko, E. G.; Völk, H. J. (2005-04-01). "Magnetic field amplification in Tycho and other shell-type supernova remnants". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 433 (1): 229–240. arXiv:astro-ph/0409453. Bibcode:2005A&A...433..229V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20042015. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 16726273.
  3. ↑ "New evidence links stellar remains to oldest recorded supernova" Chandra X-ray Observatory, released 2006-09-18, revised 2009-02-20, retrieved 2010-02-26.
  4. ↑ Chin YN, Huang YL (1994). "Identification of the Guest Star of AD 185 as a comet rather than a supernova". Nature. 371 (6496): 398–399. Bibcode:1994Natur.371..398C. doi:10.1038/371398a0. S2CID 4240119. Archived from the original on 2013-11-05.
  5. ↑ Zhao FY, Strom RG, Jiang SY (2006). "The Guest Star of AD185 Must Have Been a Supernova". Chinese Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 6 (5): 635–40. Bibcode:2006ChJAA...6..635Z. doi:10.1088/1009-9271/6/5/17.
  6. 1 2 "SNR Cat - U Manitoba".
  7. ↑ SEDS. "Supernova 386".
  8. ↑ National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO). "The Supernova of 386 AD". Archived from the original on 2018-10-06. Retrieved 2012-09-02.
  9. 1 2 Hoffmann, Susanne M; Vogt, Nikolaus (2020-09-11). "A search for the modern counterparts of the Far Eastern guest stars 369 CE, 386 CE and 393 CE". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 497 (2): 1419–1433. arXiv:2007.01013. Bibcode:2020MNRAS.497.1419H. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1970. ISSN 0035-8711.
  10. ↑ Winkler, P. Frank; Gupta, Gaurav; Long, Knox S. (2003). "The SN 1006 Remnant: Optical Proper Motions, Deep Imaging, Distance, and Brightness at Maximum". The Astrophysical Journal. 585 (1): 324–335. arXiv:astro-ph/0208415. Bibcode:2003ApJ...585..324W. doi:10.1086/345985. S2CID 1626564.
  11. ↑ "Astronomers Peg Brightness of History's Brightest Star" (Press release). National Optical Astronomy Observatory. 2003-03-05. Archived from the original on 2003-04-02. Retrieved 2009-01-12.
  12. ↑ SEDS, Supernova 1055 – Creation of the Crab Nebula
  13. ↑ Ritter, Andreas; Parker, Quentin A.; Lykou, Foteini; Zijlstra, Albert A.; Guerrero, Martín A.; Le Dû, Pascal (2021-09-01). "The Remnant and Origin of the Historical Supernova 1181 AD". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 918 (2): L33. arXiv:2105.12384. Bibcode:2021ApJ...918L..33R. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac2253. hdl:10261/255617. ISSN 2041-8205. S2CID 235195784.
  14. ↑ de Vaucouleurs, G.; Corwin Jr., H. G. (1985). "S Andromedae 1885 - A centennial review". Astrophysical Journal. 295: 287. Bibcode:1985ApJ...295..287D. doi:10.1086/163374.
  15. 1 2 "List of Supernovae". Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams. Harvard University. Retrieved 2021-07-09.
  16. ↑ Wolf, M. (1909). "Var. 6.1909 Ursae majoris". Astronomische Nachrichten. 180 (14–15): 245. Bibcode:1909AN....180..245W. doi:10.1002/asna.19091801405.
  17. ↑ "SN 1909A". Transient Name Server. IAU. Retrieved 25 November 2024.
  18. ↑ Bishop, David. "Other Supernovae images, entry for SN 1951H". Rochester Astronomy. Retrieved 25 November 2024.
  19. ↑ Voisey, Jon (5 November 2010). "What was SN 1961V?". Universe Today. Retrieved 1 August 2011.
  20. ↑ Stoyan, Ronald Atlas of the Messier Objects, Cambridge University Press 2008 page 329
  21. ↑ Detre, L; Lovas, Miklos (1970). "IAUC 2269". International Astronomical Union Circular (2269): 1.
  22. ↑ Stienon, Francis; Wdowiak, Thomas (1971). "The Spectrum of the July 1970 Supernova in M101". Information Bulletin on Variable Stars. 505: 1. Bibcode:1971IBVS..505....1S.
  23. ↑ Ardeberg, A.; de Groot, M. (1973). "The 1972 supernova in NGC 5253. Photometric results from the first observing season". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 28: 295–304. Bibcode:1973A&A....28..295A.
  24. ↑ J. C. Wheeler; E. Barker; R. Benjamin; J. Boisseau; A. Clocchiatti; G. de Vaucouleurs; N. Gaffney; R. P. Harkness; A. M. Khokhlov; D. F. Lester; B. J. Smith; V. V. Smith; J. Tomkin (1993). "Early Observations of SN 1993J in M81 at McDonald Observatory". Astrophysical Journal. 417: L71–L74. Bibcode:1993ApJ...417L..71W. doi:10.1086/187097.
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