List of supernova candidates

Map showing various supernova candidates, most of which are within one kiloparsec from the Solar System[1]

This is a list of supernova candidates, or stars that are believed to soon become supernovae. Type II supernova progenitors include stars with at least 8–10 solar masses that are in the final stages of their evolution. Prominent examples of stars in this mass range include Antares, Spica, Gamma Velorum,[2] Mu Cephei, and members of the Quintuplet Cluster.[3] Type Ia supernova progenitors are white dwarf stars that are close to the Chandrasekhar limit of about 1.44 solar masses and are accreting matter from a binary companion star.

The list includes massive Wolf–Rayet stars, which may become Type Ib/Ic supernovae, particularly oxygen-sequence (Wolf–Rayet WO) stars. As of 2023, most of these candidates are in the Milky Way galaxy; however, five oxygen-sequence Wolf–Rayet stars are also known in other galaxies.

Table

Identifier Epoch J2000 Constellation Distance

(light-years)

 Spectral

class

 Evolutionary stage Possible supernova

type

 Notes
R. A. Dec.
Wolf 1130 20h 05m 19.5s+54° 26′ 03″[4] Cygnus 54.09 ± 0.02[4] M3 + D[5] Subdwarf + white dwarf Ia Supernova will occur in over 6.2 billion years.[5]
49 Librae 16h 00m 19.61s−16° 32′ 00.5″[6] Libra 95.3 ± 0.5[6] F8V + D[7][8] Main sequence + white dwarf Ia Supernova will occur in over 500 million years after binary pair merger.[7]
NLTT 12758 04h 12m 26.33s−11° 17′ 47.3″[4] Eridanus[9] 114.5 ± 0.1[4] D + D White dwarf + white dwarf Ia Supernova will occur in 140 billion years[10]
IK Pegasi 21h 26m 26.7s+19° 22′ 32″[6] Pegasus 154 ± 1[6] A8m: or kA6hA9mF0 + DA Main sequence + White dwarf Ia Supernova will occur in 1.9 billion years[11]
WD J181058.67+311940.94 18h 10m 58.7s+31° 19′ 40.9″ Hercules[12] 160 D + D White dwarf + white dwarf Ia Supernova will occur in 23 billion years[13]
Sigma Sagittarii (Nunki) 18h 55m 15.93s–26° 17′ 48.2″[14] Sagittarius 224.7 ± 9.8[14] B2.5 V Main sequence II Supernova will occur in over 20 million years after binary pair merger.[15]
Bellatrix 05h 25m 07.86s+06° 20′ 58.9″[14] Orion 250 ± 10 B2 III or B2V Blue giant II [16]
Spica 13h 25m 11.6s−11° 09′ 40.8″[14] Virgo 250 ± 10[17] B1III-IV Subgiant II [18]
Mimosa 12h 47m 43.26877s−59° 41′ 19.5792″[14] Crux 280 ± 20 B0.5 III Blue giant II [19]
Eta Centauri 14h 35m 30.42416s−42° 09′ 28.1708″ Centaurus 306 ± 6 B1.5 Vne Main-sequence II [20]
Acrux Aa 12h 26m 35.9s–63° 05′ 56″[14] Crux 348 ± 5 B0.5 IV Main sequence II [21]
Acrux B 12h 26m 36.4s–63° 05′ 58″[14] Crux 348 ± 5 B1 V Main sequence II [21]
Beta Centauri Aa (Hadar) 14h 03m 49.40535s−60° 22′ 22.9266″[14] Centaurus 361 ± 2 B1 III Blue giant II [22]
Beta Centauri Ab (Hadar) 14h 03m 49.40535s−60° 22′ 22.9266″[14] Centaurus 361 ± 2 B1 III Blue giant II [22]
Epsilon Canis Majoris (Adhara) 06h 58m 37.54876s−28° 58′ 19.5102″[14] Canis Major 405 ± 7 B2 II or B2 III-II Bright giant or Subgiant II [23]
Betelgeuse 05h 55m 10.3s+07° 24′ 25″[14] Orion 408 – 548+90
−49		 M1–M2 Ia–ab Red supergiant II-P [24]
Zeta Ophiuchi 16h 37m 09.5s−10° 34′ 02″ Ophiuchus 440 ± 36 O9.5V Main sequence II [1]
Beta Scorpii Aa (Acrab) 16h 05m 26.23198s−19° 48′ 19.6300″ Scorpius 400 ± 40 B0.5IV-V Main-sequence II [25]
Alpha Lupi (Uridim) 14h 41m 55.8s–47° 23′ 17″ Lupus 460 ± 10 B1.5 III Blue giant II [18]
Kappa Scorpii 17h 42m 29.27520s−39° 01′ 47.9391″ Scorpius 480 ± 10 B1.5 III Blue giant II [26]
Delta Scorpii A (Dschubba) 16h 00m 20.00528s−22° 37′ 18.1431″ Scorpius 490 B0.3 IV Main-sequence II [27]
Beta Canis Majoris (Mirzam) 06h 22m 41.98535s−17° 57′ 21.3073″ Canis Major 490 ± 20 B1 II-III Blue giant II [28]
Antares 16h 29m 24.5s–26° 25′ 55″ Scorpius 550 M1.5Iab-b Red supergiant II-P [18]
Gamma Cassiopeiae (Tiansi) 00h 56m 42.50108s+60° 43′ 00.2984″ Cassiopeia 550 ± 10 B0.5IVe Main-sequence II [29]
Lambda Scorpii (Shaula) 17h 33m 36.520s−37° 06′ 13.76″ Scorpius 570 B1.5IV Main-sequence II [30]
Saiph 05h 47m 45.38884s−09° 40′ 10.5777″ Orion 650 ± 30 B0.5 Ia Blue Supergiant II [31]
Epsilon Pegasi (Enif) 21h 44m 11.15614s+09° 52′ 30.0311″ Pegasus 690 ± 20 K2 Ib–II Red supergiant II [32]
Pi Puppis (Ahadi) 07h 17m 08.6s–37° 05′ 51″ Puppis 807+72
−61[17]		 K3 Ib Red supergiant II? [1][33]
Rigel 05h 14m 32.3s–08° 12′ 06″ Orion 848 ± 65 B8 Ia Blue supergiant IIn(pec?) [34]
S Monocerotis A 06h 40m 58.7s+09° 53′ 44″ Monoceros 920+150
−110[17]		 O7V Main-sequence II [1]
S Monocerotis B 06h 40m 58.7s+09° 53′ 44″ Monoceros 920+150
−110[17]		 O9.5V Main-sequence II [1]
Zeta Puppis (Naos) 08h 03m 35.05s−40° 00′ 11.3″ Puppis 1,080 ± 40 O4If(n)p Blue supergiant II [35]
Gamma2 Velorum A 08h 09m 32.0s−47° 20′ 12″ Vela 1,120+130
−100[17]		 WC8 Wolf–Rayet star Ib/Ic [36][2]
Gamma2 Velorum B 08h 09m 32.0s−47° 20′ 12″ Vela 1,120+130
−100[17]		 O7.5III Blue supergiant II [37][2]
Mintaka Aa1 05h 32m 00.4000s−00° 17′ 56.7424″ Orion 1,200 O9.5II Blue supergiant II [38]
Alnilam 05h 36m 12.81s−01° 12′ 06.9″ Orion 1,250±26 B0 Ia Blue supergiant II [39]
Alnitak Aa 05h 40m 45.5s−01° 56′ 34.3″ Orion 1,260±180 O9.5Iab Blue supergiant [40]
Delta Canis Majoris (Wezen) 07h 08m 23.48608s−26° 23′ 35.5474″ Canis Major 1,600 F8 Ia Yellow supergiant II [41]
HD 49798 06h 48m 04.7s−44° 18′ 58″ Puppis 1,699±46[42] sdO5.5/D[43] White dwarf Ia Supernova will occur in a few tens of thousands of years[44][45]
119 Tauri 05h 32m 12.8s+18° 35′ 40″ Taurus 1,790+300
−220[17]		 M2Iab-Ib Red supergiant IIb [1][33]
Gamma Cygni (Sadr) 20h 22m 13.70184s+40° 15′ 24.0450″ Cygnus 1,800 F8 Iab Yellow supergiant II [46]
Deneb 20h 41m 25.9s+45° 16′ 49″ Cygnus 2,615±215[1] A2la Blue supergiant IIL [1]
KPD 1930+2752 19h 32m 14.9s+27° 58′ 35″ Cygnus 2,860+130
−120[47]		 sdB/D White dwarf Ia [nb 1][48][49]
Mu Cephei (Garnet Star) 21h 43m 30.5s+58° 46′ 48″ Cepheus 3,060+456
−130[50]		 M2Ia Red hypergiant IIn/IIb [51]
Rho Cassiopeiae 23h 54m 23.0s+57° 29′ 58″ Cassiopeia 3,440+930
−610[47]		 G2Ia0e Yellow hypergiant IIL [52]
VY Canis Majoris 07h 22m 58.3s−25° 46′ 03″ Canis Major 3,930+420
−350[53]		 M5eIa Red hypergiant II [24][54]
IRAS 17163-3907 17h 19m 49.3s−39° 10′ 37.9″ Scorpius 3,930+990
−660[47]		 late B/early A Yellow hypergiant II [55]
Wray 17-96 17h 41m 35.4s–30° 06′ 39″ Scorpius 3,940+1,110
−710[47]		 B3 Luminous blue variable
VV Cephei A 21h 56m 39.1s+63° 37′ 32″ Cepheus 4,900[56] M2Iab Red hypergiant [1]
Stephenson 2 DFK 52 18h 39m 23.4s−06° 02′ 16″ Scutum 4,900 M0I Red supergiant II-P [57]
Mu Sagittarii Aa (Polis) 18h 13m 14.8s–21° 03′ 32″ Sagittarius 5,100[58] B8Iap Blue supergiant [59]
P Cygni 20h 17m 47.2s+38° 01′ 59″ Cygnus 5,250±590[60] B1Ia+ Luminous blue variable IIb [61]
HD 168625 18h 21m 19.5s−16° 22′ 26″ Sagittarius 5,250+600
−490[47]		 B6Ia Luminous blue variable II [62]
NML Cygni 20h 46m 25.6s+40° 06′ 59.4″ Cygnus 5,250+420
−360[63]		 M6I Red hypergiant II [64]
IRC +10420 19h 26m 48.1s+11° 21′ 17″ Aquila 5,600+2,200
−1,200[47]		 F8Ia+ Yellow hypergiant IIb [65][66]
WR 142 20h 21m 44.3s+37° 22′ 31″ Cygnus 5,670+290
−270[47]		 WO2 Wolf–Rayet star Ib/Ic
RY Scuti 18h 25m 31.48s−12° 41′ 24.2″ Scutum 5,870 O9.7 Ibpe Blue supergiant IIb or Ib/c [67]
WR 136 20h 12m 06.5s+38° 21′ 18″ Cygnus 6,700+500
−430[47]		 WN6(h)-s Wolf–Rayet star Ic
RS Ophiuchi 17h 50m 13.2s–06° 42′ 28″ Ophiuchus 7,380+1,000
−790[47]		 M2III/D White dwarf Ia
IRAS 00500+6713 00h 53m 11.21s+67° 30′ 02.4″ Cassiopeia 8,000 ± 500 WD White dwarf Ia [68]
Eta Carinae 10h 45m 03.6s−59° 41′ 04″ Carina 8,630+69
−68[47]		 LBV/O Luminous blue variable Ib [69][70]
WR 93b 17h 32m 03.3s−35° 04′ 32″ Scorpius 8,700+1,900
−1,300[47]		 WO3 Wolf–Rayet star Ib/Ic
WR 102 17h 45m 47.5s−26° 10′ 27″ Sagittarius 9,410+840
−710[47]		 WO2 Wolf–Rayet star Ib/Ic
HD 179821 19h 13m 58.6s+00° 07′ 32″ Aquila 10,500+2,100
−1,500[47]		 G5Ia Yellow hypergiant IIL [71][72]
T Pyxidis 09h 04m 41.5s−32° 22′ 48″ Pyxis 10,700+1,700
−1,300[47]		 White dwarf Ia [73][74]
WR 104 18h 02m 04.1s–23° 37′ 41″ Sagittarius 13,400+9,200
−3,900[47]		 WC9d/OB Wolf–Rayet star Ib/Ic with Grb? [75][76]
AG Carinae 10h 56m 11.57814s−60° 27′ 12.8107″ Carina 17,000±1,000 LBV Luminous blue variable IIb [77]
WR 30a 10h 51m 38.9s−60° 56′ 35.2″ Carina 38,900+18,500
−9,500[47]		 WO4/O5((f)) Wolf–Rayet star
Sher 25 11h 15m 07.8s−61° 15′ 17″ Carina 43,500+5,200
−4,200[47]		 B1.5Iab Blue supergiant [78]
LMC195-1 05h 18m 10.3s−69° 13′ 03″ Dorado 160,000[47] WO2 Wolf–Rayet star Ib/Ic
S Doradus 05h 18m 14.4s−69° 15′ 01″ Dorado 169,000 LBV Luminous blue variable [79]
SMC AB8 01h 31m 04.1s−73° 25′ 04″ Hydrus 200,000[47] WO4/O4 Wolf–Rayet star Ib/Ic
DR1 01h 05m 01.6s+02° 04′ 20″ Cetus 2,350,000 WO3 Wolf–Rayet star Ib/Ic with Grb? [80]

Notes

  1. ↑ The Kitt Peak Downes star.

References

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