List of ethnic groups in Brazil

Brazilians of varied backgrounds and physical appearances.

Brazil is one of the most ethnically diverse countries in the world, with cultures and identities that stem from Amerindians, Africans, Europeans and the different mixes between them.[1][2][3] As well as the many different diasporas from around the world that moved to Brazil during the 19th and 20th century, more popularly the Japanese, German, Lebanese and Italian ones.[4][5]

Ethnoracial groups

The type of ethnic classification system used in the Brazilian census is the ethnoracial classification, which are based on self-identification and phenotypical characteristics such as skin color, hair texture and perceived social "race".[6][7][8][9] These groups tend to not correlate with genetic composition, cultural lines or scientific definitions, as the existence of separate races in homo sapiens is largely rejected by geneticists.[10][11][12][13]

Group Total population (2022) Percentage of population (2022) Distribution
Pardos 92,083,286 45.3% Entire national territory, more numerous in the North and Northeast of the country
Brancos 88,252,121 43.5% Entire national territory, more numerous in the South and Southeast of the country
Pretos 20,656,458 10.2% Entire national territory, more numerous in the Northeast and Southeast of the country
Amarelos 850,130 0.4% Entire national territory, more numerous in the Southeast of the country
Indígenas 1,227,642 0.6% Entire national territory, more numerous in the North of the country

Pre-Cabralian groups

Men of the Pataxó ethnicity, 2006.

The "pre-Cabralian" peoples are the populations that already resided in the territory that would later become Brazil before the arrival of Pedro Álvares Cabral in the South American coast and the beginning of the Portuguese colonization process.[14][15] The people were Amerindians, descendants of the first settlers of the Americas, who entered the continent coming from Siberia roughly 20 to 25 thousand years ago.[16]

Many indigenous ethnic groups that lived in Brazil prior to 1500 no longer exist, as their populations plummeted and died out due to the diseases brought by the European colonizers from the old world or due to massacres, war, colonial frontier conflicts, slaver raids and other means of aggression and genocide committed against the Amerindian peoples through the centuries.[17][18] As a result, the ethnic groups shown in the least below are only part of the total ethnic diversity present in Brazil before the modern era. Many of the peoples were assimilated and stripped of their original languages and religions.[19]

Name Other names Population Distribution Language Year of Population data
Aikanã Massacá, Tubarão, Columbiara, Mundé, Mondé, Huari, Aikaná 350 Rondônia Aikanã 2014
Aikewara Akewara, Akewere, Suruí, Sororos[20] 470 Pará Suruí do Pará 2020
Akuntsu Akunt'su 3 Rondônia Akuntsu 2022[21][22]
Amanayé Amanaié, Amanyé, Araradeua 174 Pará Amanayé* 2017
Amondawa Amondaua, Amundava, Amundawa, Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau, Mbo'uima'ga, Envuga 129 Acre, Rondônia[20] Southern Kagwahiva (Amondawa variety) 2020
Anacé 2,018 Ceará 2014
Anambé 182 Pará Anambé* 2020
Anapuru Muypurá 150 Maranhão 2021
Aparai Apalai, Apalaí, Apalay, Appirois, Aparathy, Apareilles, Aparai[20] 647 Pará Aparai 2020
Apiaká Apiacá 1,050 Mato Grosso, Pará Apiaká † 2020
Apinayé Apinajé, Apinaié 2,699 Tocantins Apinayé 2020
Apurinã Popukare, Ipurinãn, Kangite, Popengare 10,228 Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Rondônia Apurinã 2020
Aranã 362 Minas Gerais Krenak (Aranãa variety) 2010
Arapaso Arapaço, Araspaso, Koneá 448 Amazonas Tucano (Arapaso dialect)* 2014
Arapiuns Arapium 2,204 Pará 2012
Arara Arara do Pará, Ajujure, Ukaragma 377 Pará Pará Arára 2014
Arara da Volta Grande do Xingu Arara do Maia 293 Pará possibly a Pekodian language † 2019
Arara do Rio Amônia Arara Apolima, Apolima-Arara 434 Acre 2014
Arara do Rio Branco Arara do Beiradão, Arara do Aripuanã, Mato Grosso Arára[20] 249 Mato Grosso Arara do Rio Branco 2014
Arara Shawãdawa Arara do Acre, Shawanaua 677 Acre Yaminawa (Shawãdawa dialect) 2014
Araweté Araueté, Bïde 568 Pará Araweté[20] 2020[22]
Arikapu Arikapú, Aricapú 37 Rondônia Arikapu 2014[22]
Aruá Aruachi, Aruáshi[20] 121 Rondônia Aruá 2020[22]
Ashaninka Ashenika, Kampa 1,720 Acre Asháninka 2020[22]
Assurini do Tocantins Akuawa, Asurini 671 Tocantins Akwáwa (Assurini dialect) 2020[22]
Assurini do Xingu Assurini, Awaete 219 Pará Assurini do Xingu 2020[22]
Atikum Aticum 7,929 Bahia, Pernambuco Atikum † 2012[22]
Avá-Canoeiro Canoeiro, Cara-Preta, Carijó, Ãwa 25 Goiás, Tocantins Avá-Canoeiro[20] 2012[22]
Awa Guajá Avá, Awá, Awa 520 Maranhão Guajá[20] 2020[22]
Aweti Aueti, Awytyza, Enumaniá, Anumaniá, Auetö 221 Mato Grosso Aweti 2020[22]
Bakairi Bacairi, Kurä, Kurâ 982 Mato Grosso Bakairi 2014[22]
Banawá 207 Amazonas Madí (Banawá dialect) 2014[22]
Baniwa Baniba, Baniua do Içana, Baniva, Baniua, Curipaco, Dakenei, Issana, Kohoroxitari, Maniba, Walimanai 7,145 Amazonas Baniwa 2014[20]
Bará Bara tukano, Waípinõmakã 44 Amazonas Bará 2017[22]
Barasana Panenoá 55, Amazonas Barasana 2014[22]
Baré Hanera 11,472 Amazonas Baré 2014[22]
Borari 1,116 Amazonas, Pará 2014
Bororo Araripoconé, Araés, Boe, Coxiponé, Cuiabá, Coroados, Porrudos 1,817 Mato Grosso Bororo 2014[22]
Canela Apanyekrá Canela, Kanela,[20] Timbira 1,076 Maranhão Canela-Krahô (Canela dialect) 2012[22]
Canela Ramkokamekrá Canela, Kanela,[20] Timbira, Memortumré 2,175 Maranhão Canela-Krahô (Canela dialect) 2012
Chamacoco Ishiro, Jeywo, Yshyro[23] 40 Mato Grosso do Sul Chamacoco[23] 2002
Chiquitano Chiquito 473 Mato Grosso Chiquitano 2012[22]
Cinta Larga Matetamãe 1,954 Mato Grosso, Rondônia Cinta Larga 2014[22]
Dâw Dow, Kamã, Makú 142 Amazonas Dâw 2020[20]
Deni Jamamadi 2,064 Amazonas Deni 2020
Desana Desano, Dessano 1,699 Amazonas Desana 2017
Djeoromitxí Jabuti, Jabotí, Yabutí[20] 230 Rondônia Djeoromitxí 2020[20]
Enawenê-nawê Enawene Nawe, Enáuenês-nauê, Salumã[20] 951 Mato Grosso Enawenê-nawê 2020[24]
Fulni-ô Fulniô, Fulni-o 4,689 Pernambuco Iatê 2014[22]
Galibi do Oiapoque Kali'na, Kali'na tilewuyu, Galibi 89 Amapá Karìna 2017[22]
Galibi-Marworno 2,822 Amapá Karìna 2020
Gamela Maranhão Gamela
Gavião Akrãtikatêjê Akratikatêjê Jê
Gavião Kykatejê 362 Maranhão Pará Gavião (Kykatejê dialect) 2014
Gavião Parkatêjê Parkatejê 646 Pará Pará Gavião (Parkatêjê dialect) 2014
Gavião Pykopjê Gavião do Maranhão, Gavião Pukobiê, Gavião do Leste, Timbira, Pykopcatejê 769 Maranhão Pará Gavião (Pykopjê dialect) 2014[22]
Guajajara Guajájara, Guazazzara, Tenetehar, Tenetehara 28,858 Maranhão Tenetehara (Guajajara dialect)[20] 2020[22]
Guarani Kaiowá Kaiowá, Caingua, Caiua, Caiwa, Cayua, Kaiova, Kaiwá, Kayova 31,000 Mato Grosso do Sul Kaiwá 2012[20]
Guarani Ñandeva Apytare, Chiripá, Guaraní, Nhandeva, Tsiripá, Txiripá 13,000 MS, PR, RS, SC, SP Chiripa 2012[20]
Guató 419 Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul Guató 2014[22]
Hupda Hup, Hupdë, Jupde, Ubdé 1,000 Amazonas Nadahup 2012[20]
Ikolen Digut, Gavião of Jiparaná, Gavião do Rondônia 691 Rondônia Mondé 2020
Ikpeng Txicão, Txikão, Txikân, Chicao, Tunuli, Tonore, Chicão, Tchicão 584 Mato Grosso Ikpeng 2020[22]
Ingarikó Acahuayo, Acewaio, Akawai, Akawaio, and Kapon[20] 1,728 Roraima Kapóng 2020[22]
Iranxe Manoki Iranxe, Irantxe, Manoki 413 Mato Grosso Iranxe 2020[22]
Jamamadi Canamanti, Kanamanti, Madi, Yamamadí[20] 1,138 Amazonas Madí 2020[22]
Jaraqui 163 Pará 2020
Jarawara Jarauara 271 Amazonas Madí (Jarawara dialect) 2014[22]
Javaé Karajá, Itya Mahãdu 1,510 Goiás, Tocantins Karajá (Javae dialect) 2020[22]
Jenipapo-Kanindé Payaku 328 Ceará Portuguese 2014[22]
Jiahui Jahoi, Diarroi, Djarroi, Parintintin, Diahoi, Diahui, Kagwaniwa 115 Amazonas Kawahiva (Diahoi dialect) 2014[22]
Jiripancó Geripancó, Geripankó, Jeripancó, Jeripankó 1,757 Alagoas 2014[22]
Juma Arara, Kagwahibm, Kagwahiph, Kagwahiv, Kavahiva, Kawahip, Kawaib, Yumá[20] 12 Amazonas Kawahiva (Juma dialect) 2020[22]
Ka’apor Kaapor, Caapor, Kaaporté, Urubú-Kaapor[20] 1,914[22] Maranhão Kaʼapor 2020
Kadiwéu Caduveo, Ediu-Adig, Kadivéu, Kadiveo, Kaduveo, Mbaya-Guaikuru[20] 1,413 Mato Grosso do Sul Kadiwéu 2014[22]
Kaiabi Caiabi, Cajabi, Kaiaby, Kajabi, Kawaiwete, Kayabi[22] 2,734 Mato Grosso Kayabi 2020[22]
Kaimbé Caimbé 1,135[22] Bahia Kaimbé 2020
Kaingang Kanhgág, Bugre, Caingang, Coroado, Coroados[20] 51,000[22] Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo Kaingang 2022
Kaixana Caixana 1,410[22] Amazonas Tupi–Guarani 2020
Kalabaça Calabaça 227[22] Ceará 2014
Kalankó Cacalancó 329[22] Alagoas Portuguese 2014
Kalapalo Calapalo 855[22] Mato Grosso Karib 2020
Kamaiurá Camayurá 710 Mato Grosso Tupi–Guarani 2020[22]
Kamba Camba 114 Mato Grosso do Sul 2014[20]
Kambeba Cambemba, Omaguá, Omágua 875 Amazonas Tupi–Guarani 2014[22]
Kambiwá Cambiua 3,105 Pernambuco 2014[22]
Kanamari Canamari, Tukuna 4,684 Amazonas Katukinan 2020[22]
Kanindé 1,076 Ceará 2014[22]
Kanoê Canoê, Kapixaná, Kapixanã 319[22] Rondônia Kanoe 2014
Kantaruré Cantaruré 401[22] Bahia 2014
Kapinawa Kapinauá, Capinawá 2,263[22] Pernambuco Portuguese 2020
Karajá Iny, Carajá 4,373[22] Goiás, Mato Grosso, Pará, Tocantins Karajá 2020
Karajá do Norte Xambioá, Ixybiowa, or Iraru Mahãndu 287 Tocantins Karajá (Xambioa dialect) 2014
Karapanã Muteamasa, Ukopinõpõna 111 Amazonas Carapana 2014[22]
Karapotó 945[22] Alagoas 2020
Karipuna do Amapá 3,030 Amapá Karipúna French Creole 2020[22]
Karipuna de Rondônia Ahé 55 Rondônia Kawahiva (Karipuna dialect) 2014[22]
Kariri Cariri, Kiriri 159 Ceará, Piauí Portuguese (Kariri) 2014[22]
Karirí-Xocó Kariri Xucó, Kipeá, Xocó, Xokó, Xokó-Karirí, Xukuru Kariri[20] 2,334 Alagoas 2020[22]
Karitiana Caritiana, Yjxa 333 Rondônia Karitiâna 2014[22]
Karo Arara de Rondônia, Arara Karo, Arara Tupi, Ntogapíd, Ramaráma, Urukú, Urumí, I´târap 414 Rondônia Ramarama[20] 2020[22]
Karuazu 1,013 Alagoas 2010[22]
Kassupá 149 Rondônia Aikaná 2013
Katuenayana Katuwena 140 Amazonas, Pará Waiwai 2014
Katukina do Rio Biá Tükuna 2,004 Amazonas Katukinan 2020[22]
Katukina Pano Catuquina, Kamanawa, Kamannaua, Katukina do Juruá, Waninnawa[20] 1,154 Acre Waninawa 2014[22]
Kaxarari Caxarari 522 Amazonas, Rondônia Kasharari 2020[22]
Kaxinawá Cashinauá, Caxinauá, Huni Kuin 11,729 Acre Kashinawa 2020[22]
Kaxixó Caxixó 301 Minas Gerais 2014[22]
Kaxuyana Caxuiana, Kaxuiâna, Kachuana, Kashujana, Kashuyana, Kaxúyana, Warikiana, Warikyana, Purehno[20] 540 Amazonas, Pará Sikiana 2020[22]
Kinikinau Terena 600 Mato Grosso do Sul Terêna 2016
Kiriri Kariri, Quiriri 2,806 Bahia Portuguese (Kariri) 2020[22]
Kisêdjê Kisidjê, Suyá, Khisetje 536 Mato Grosso Kĩsêdjê 2020[22]
Kokama Cocoma 19,052 Amazonas Cocama 2020[22]
Koripako Kuripako, Coripaco, Curipaco, Curripaco 1,673 Amazonas Curripaco 2014[22]
Korubo Caceteiros[20] 127 Amazonas Korubo 2020[22]
Kotiria 735 Amazonas Wanano 2005
Krahô Craô, Kraô, Mehin 3,571 Tocantins Jê 2020[22]
Krahô-Kanela 122 Tocantins Jê 2014
Krenak Crenaque, Crenac, Krenac, Botocudos, Aimorés, Krén 494 Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, São Paulo Krenak 2020[22]
Krenyê 104 Maranhão Jê 2016
Krikatí Kricati, Kricatijê, Põcatêjê, Timbira 1,031 Maranhão Jê 2020[22]
Kubeo Cubeo, Cobewa, Kubéwa, Pamíwa 565 Amazonas Tucano 2014[22]
Kuikuro Ipatse Ótomo, Ahukugi Ótomo, Lahatuá Ótomo 802 Mato Grosso Karib 2020[22]
Kujubim Cujubi, Cujubim, Kuyubi, Miqueleno, Towa Panka 140 Rondônia Chapacuran 2014[22]
Kulina Culina, Madiha[25] 7,217 Amazonas Arawakan 2014[22]
Kulina Pano Culina Pano[20] 6,892 Amazonas Kulina 2020[22]
Kuruaya Caravare, Curuaia, Kuruaia[20] 283 Pará Kuruaya 2020[22]
Kwazá Coaia, Koaiá, Koaya, Quaiá[20] 54 Rondônia Kwazá 2014[22]
Macuxi Makuxi, Macushi, Pemon 37,250 Roraima Macushi 2020[22]
Makuna Baigana, Buhagana, Paneroa, Wuhána, Yeba–masã, Yehpá Majsá, Yepá–Mahsá 108 Amazonas Macuna 2017[22]
Makurap Makuráp, Macuráp, Macurapi, Makurápi, Massaka[20] 579 Rondônia Makurap 2014[22]
Manchineri Machinere, Machineri, Manitenerí, Maxinéri, Yine 1,332 Acre Machinere[20] 2020[22]
Marubo Kaniuá, Marova, Marúbo[20] 2,008 Amazonas Marúbo 2014[22]
Matipu Matipuhy, Mariape-Nahuqua 189 Mato Grosso Matipuhy 2020[22]
Matis Matsë, Mushabo, Deshan Mikitbo 529 Amazonas Matis 2020[22]
Matsés Mayoruna 1,700 Amazonas Matsés 2016[22]
Maxakali Kumanuxú, Maxacalí, Tikmuún, Tikmu'un 2,407 Minas Gerais Maxakalí 2020[22]
Mbya Bugre, Mbiá, Mbua, Mbyá, Mbayá, Guarani Mbya 7,000 ES, PA, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP, TO Mbyá Guaraní 2012[20]
Mebêngôkre Kayapó Kayapo, Caiapó, Kayapó, Kokraimoro,[20] Mebengôkre 9,762 Mato Grosso, Pará Kayapo 2014[22]
Mehinako Meinako, Mehinaco, Meinacu, Meinaku 341 Mato Grosso Mehinaku 2020[26]
Menky Manoki Munku, Menku, Myky, Manoki 131 Mato Grosso Iranxe (Myky dialect) 2020[22]
Migueleno 267 Rondônia Wanyam 2014
Miranha Bora, Boro, Miraña, Mirãnia 1,685 Amazonas Boran[20] 2020[22]
Mirity-tapuya Buia-tapuya 94 Amazonas Miriti 2017[22]
Mukurin Minas Gerais
Munduruku Mundurucu, Maytapu, Cara Preta, Wuyjuyu 17,997 Amazonas, Pará Munduruku 2020[22]
Mura 18,511 Amazonas Mura 2020[22]
Nadöb Macú Nadob, Maku Nadeb 483 Amazonas Nadëb 2014[27]
Nahukuá Nauquá, Nahukwá 169 Mato Grosso Kuikúro (Kalapalo dialect) 2020[22]
Nambikwara Anunsu, Nambiquara 2,332 Mato Grosso, Rondônia Nambikwara[20] 2014[22]
Naruvoto 81 Mato Grosso Kuikúro 2003[22]
Nawa Náua 535 Acre Náwa 2020[22]
Nukini Nuquini 726 Acre Nukini 2020[22]
Ofaié Ofayé, Ofaié-Xavante 69 Mato Grosso do Sul Ofayé[20] 2014[22]
Oro Win Oro-uin 88 Rondônia Oro Win[20] 2014[22]
Palikur Paricuria, Paricores, Palincur, Parikurene, Parinkur-Iéne, Païkwené 1,935 Amapá Palikúr 2020[22]
Panará Kreen-Akarore, Krenhakore, Krenakore 704 Mato Grosso Panará 2022[22]
Pankaiuká 150 Pernambuco 2011
Pankará 3,080 Pernambuco 2020
Pankararé Pancararé 1,648 Bahia Portuguese[20] 2014[22]
Pankararu Pancaré, Pancaru, Pankarará, Pankararú[20] 8,184 Mato Grosso, Pernambuco, São Paulo Portuguese (Pankararú) 2014[22]
Pankaru Pankararu-Salambaia 123 Bahia Portuguese 2020[22]
Parakanã Awaeté 2,042 Pará Parakanã 2020[22]
Paresí Arití, Halíti 2,138 Mato Grosso Paresi 2014[22]
Parintintin Cabahyba 480 Amazonas Kawahiva (Parintintin dialect) 2014[22]
Patamona Ingarikó, Kapon 338 Roraima Kapóng 2020[22]
Pataxó Patachó, Patashó, Pataso 12,865 Bahia, Mato Grosso Pataxó 2020[22]
Paumari Pamoari 1,804 Amazonas Paumarí 2014[22]
Pipipã 1,391 Pernambuco 2013[22]
Pira-tapuya Piratapuya, Piratapuyo, Piratuapuia, Pira-Tapuya, Waíkhana 756 Amazonas Piratapuyo 2020[22]
Pirahã Mura Pirahã, Hiaitsiihi 592 Amazonas Mura (Pirahã) 2014[22]
Pitaguary Potiguara, Pitaguari 3,623 Ceará Portuguese 2014[22]
Potiguara Potyguara, Pitiguara 18,445 Ceará, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Norte Portuguese 2014
Puruborá 243 Rondônia Puruborá 2014
Puyanawa Poianáua, Puinahua 745 Acre Poyanawa 2014[20]
Rikbaktsa Aripaktsa, Canoeiro, Erikbatsa, Erikpatsa 1,600 Mato Grosso Rikbaktsa 2020[20]
Sakurabiat Mequéns, Sakiriabar, Sakurabiat 219 Rondônia Mekéns 2014[22]
Sateré Mawé Sateré-Maué, Mawé 16,312 Amazonas Mawé 2020[22]
Shanenawa Katukina Shanenawa 769 Acre Shanenawa 2020[22]
Siriano Sarirá, Siriana, Siriane, Surianá, Surirá, Suryana[20] 86 Amazonas Siriano 2014[22]
Surui Paiter Suruí, Paiter 1,375 Mato Grosso, Rondônia Surui[20] 2014[22]
Suruwahá Zuruahã 171 Amazonas Zuruahá 2014
Tabajara 3,279 Ceará, Piauí 2020[22]
Tapajó 241 Pará 2020
Tapayuna Tapayúna, Beiço de pau, Kajkwakratxi 432 Mato Grosso, Pará Tapayuna 2024[22]
Tapeba Perna-de-pau, Tapebano 7,038 Ceará 2020[22]
Tapirapé Apyãwa 917 Mato Grosso, Tocantins Tapirapé 2020[22]
Tapuio Tapuya, Tapuia 369 Ceará, Goiás, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte 2020[22]
Tariana Taliáseri, Tariano, Tariáno, Tarîna 2,684 Amazonas Tariana 2014[22]
Taurepang Taulipang, Taurepangue, Taulipangue, Pemon 849 Roraima Pemon 2020[22]
Tembé Tenetehara[20] 2,096 Maranhão, Pará Tenetehara (Tembe) 2020[22]
Tenharim Kagwahiva 828 Amazonas Kawahiva (Tenharim dialect)[28] 2014[22]
Terena Etelena, Terêna 26,065 Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, São Paulo Terêna[29] 2014[22]
Ticuna Magüta, Tikuna, Tukuna 57,571 Amazonas Ticuna[29] 2020[22]
Tingui Botó Tingui-botó, Carapató, Dzboku’a, Dzubukuá, Karapató, Tingui[20] 407 Alagoas Portuguese 2020[22]
Tiriyó Tirió, Tarona, Yawi, Pianokoto, Wü tarëno, Txukuyana, Ewarhuyana, Akuriyó 2,076 Pará Tiriyó 2020[22]
Torá 330 Amazonas Portuguese (Torá) 2014[22]
Tremembé 3,837 Ceará Portuguese (Tremembé) 2020[30]
Truká 3,233 Bahia, Pernambuco Portuguese (Truká) 2020[22]
Trumai Trumái 260 Mato Grosso Trumai 2020[31]
Tsohom-dyapa Tyohom-dyapa 38 Amazonas Tsohom Djapá 2016
Tukano Daxsea, Tukána, Tucano,[20] Ye´pâ-masa 5,731 Amazonas Tucano 2014[22]
Tumbalalá 1,381 Bahia Portuguese 2020[22]
Tunayana 107 Amazonas, Pará Waiwai 2010
Tupari 607 Rondônia Tupari[20] 2014[22]
Tupinambá 7,656 Bahia, Pará Portuguese (Tupi) 2020[22]
Tupiniquim Tupinikim, Tupinaki, Tupinikim, Tupinikin 3,278 Espírito Santo Portuguese[20] 2020[22]
Turiwára Turiuara 30 Pará Turiwára 1995[20]
Tuxá Todela, Tusha 1,703 Alagoas, Bahia, Minas Gerais, Pernambuco Portuguese (Tuxá) 2014[22]
Tuyuka Dochkafuara, Doka-Poara, Doxká-Poárá, Tuiuca, Tuyuca, Utapinopona 1,050 Amazonas Tuyuca[20] 2014[22]
Umutina Omotina, Balatiponé 515 Mato Grosso Umotína[20] 2014[22]
Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau Jupaú 127 Rondônia Kawahiva (Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau dialect) 2020
Waimiri-Atroarí Atroahy, Atroaí, Atroarí, Atrowari, Atruahí, Ki’nya, Waimiri Atroari, Kinja 2,394 Amazonas Waimiri-Atroarí 2022[20]
Waiwai Wai-wai, Ouayeone, Uaieue, Uaiuai[20] 2,691 Amazonas, Pará Waiwai 2020[22]
Wajãpi Wayapi, Wajapi, Oiampi 1,612 Amapá, Pará Wayampi 2020[22]
Wajuru Wayoró, Ayurú, Uaiora, Wajaru, Wayurú, Ajurú 248 Roraima Wayoró 2014[20]
Wapishana Wapichana, Wapixana, Uapixana 11,309 Roraima Wapishana 2020[22]
Warekena Uarekena 1,039 Amazonas Warekena 2014[22]
Wariʼ Pakaa Nova, Waricaca', Uari, Orowari, 4,461 Rondônia Wariʼ[20] 2020[22]
Wassu Uassu, Wasu 2,014 Alagoas Portuguese (Wasu) 2014[22]
Wauja Uauja, Waurá, Waujá 672 Mato Grosso Waurá 2020[22]
Wayana Uaiana, Upurui, Roucouyen, Orkokoyana, Urucuiana, Urukuyana, Alucuyana 374 Pará Wayana 2020[22]
Witoto Uitoto 84 Amazonas Witoto 2014[22]
Xakriabá Xacriaba 8,867 Minas Gerais Xakriabá 2014
Xavante A´uwe 22,256 Mato Grosso Xavante 2020
Xerente Xerentes, Akwê 3,964 Tocantins Xerénte 2022
Xetá 69 Paraná Xeta 2020
Xikrin Caiapós-xicrin, Kayapó Xikrin, Mebengôkre 2,267 Pará Kayapo (Xikrin dialect) 2020
Xipaya Xipaia 241 Pará Yuruna, Xipaya 2020
Xokleng Xoclengue, Aweikoma 2,153 Santa Catarina Xokleng 2020
Xokó Xocó 340 Sergipe Portuguese (Xocó) 2014
Xukuru 8,481 Pernambuco Portuguese (Xukuru) 2020
Yaminawá Yaminawa 1,454 Acre, Bolivia Yaminawa 2014
Yanomami Ianomâmi 30,390 Amazonas, Roraima Yanomami 2023
Yawalapiti Iaualapiti 309 Mato Grosso Yawalapití 2020
Yawanawá Iauanauá 849 Acre Yawanawa 2020
Ye'kwana Ye'kuana, Yekuana, Yequana, Maiongong, Soto 681 Roraima Yeꞌkuana 2020
Yuhupdeh Yuhupdeh, Yuhupdëh 1,058 Amazonas Hup 2020
Yudja Jurúna, Iuruna, Jaruna, Yudjá, Yudya, Yurúna[20] 950 Mato Grosso Yuruna 2020[22]
Zo'é Poturu 331 Pará Zoʼé[20] 2022
Zoró Pangyjej 787 Mato Grosso, Rondônia Zoro 2020

Post-Cabralian groups

Family of Sertanejos in Teofilândia, Bahia. 2013.

The "post-Cabralian" peoples refers to the ethnocultural groups that originated in Brazilian territory after the beginning of Portuguese colonization, stemming from the mixing between different European, Amerindian and African ethnicities and their adaptation to life in the new world.[32][3] These cultures eventually differentiated and from each other through the centuries, as is natural in a nation of continental proportions as Brazil.[33]

Some of these peoples still preserve customs and linguistic traits that were present in their source populations when they immigrated to the new world but are no longer present in their old world versions, a phenomenon known as colonial lag.[34][35] Examples of cultural and linguistic preservation of medieval Portuguese traditions and language in Brazil include the presence of scheduled weekly outdoors markets, religious festivities, and the similarity between northeastern Brazilian dialects and Old Portuguese language.[36][37]

Group Approximate population (2022) Percentage of population (2022) Distribution Language/dialect Origin
Caipiras 45,000,000 22.1% Mato Grosso do Sul, Goiás, parts of São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Mato Grosso, Rondônia, Tocantins, arc of deforestation Caipira, Sertanejo and Serra Amazônica dialects Mix of Portuguese, Africans and Tupi/Jê Indigenous peoples, with later assimilation of Italian immigrants
Sertanejos 28,000,000 13.7% Sertão and Agreste sub-regions of Bahia, Sergipe, Alagoas, Pernambuco, Paraíba, Rio Grande do Norte, Ceará and Piauí Central Northeastern, Baiano and Costa Norte dialects Mix of Portuguese, Africans and Jê-speaking indigenous peoples
Matutos 13,000,000 6.3% Coastal sub-region of Sergipe, Alagoas, Pernambuco, Paraíba and Rio Grande do Norte Central Northeastern and Recifense dialects Mix of Portuguese, Africans and Tupi-speaking indigenous peoples
Baianos 9,300,000 4.5% Coastal and southern Bahia, northern Espírito Santo Baiano dialect Mix of Portuguese and African peoples
Geraizeiros 2,100,000 1% Northern Minas Gerais Baiano and Mineiro dialects Mix of Sertanejos and Mineiros
Paulistanos 22,000,000 10.7% Metropolitan São Paulo and major costal cities of the São Paulo state Paulistano dialect Mix of Caipiras and the multiple waves of immigrants that moved to São Paulo since the 19th century
Mineiros 11,500,000 5.6% Central Minas Gerais Mineiro dialect Mix of Portuguese, Africans and Jê-speaking indigenous peoples
Cariocas 13,200,000 6.5% Metropolitan Rio de Janeiro Carioca dialect Mix of Portuguese, Africans and Tupi-speaking indigenous peoples
Fluminenses 5,800,000 2.8% Rio de Janeiro state (outside of the metropolitan city of Rio), parts of Espírito Santo and Minas Gerais Fluminense dialect Mix of Portuguese, Africans and Tupi-speaking indigenous peoples
Caiçaras 800,000 0.4% Parts of the coast of Rio de Janeiro and Paraná, coastal São Paulo, outside of major cities Caiçara dialect Mix of Portuguese, Africans and Tupi-speaking indigenous peoples
Maranhenses 8,000,000 4% Maranhão, parts of Piauí Costa Norte and Central Northeastern dialects Mix of Portuguese, Africans and Tupi/Jê Indigenous peoples
Gaúchos 6,500,000 3.2% Southern half of Rio Grande do Sul, arc of deforestation Gaúcho dialect Mix of Portuguese and Guarani indigenous peoples
Caboclos 10,200,000 5% Northern Brazil, except for indigenous villages and the lower 2/3 of the arc of deforestation and northeastern Pará Nortista dialect Mix of Portuguese, Africans and Amazonian indigenous peoples. With later assimilation of Sertanejo immigrants
Capixabas 2,500,000 1.2% Parts of Espírito Santo Fluminense dialect Mix of Portuguese, Africans and Tupi/Jê Indigenous peoples
Bragantinos 4,300,000 2.1% Northeastern Pará, parts of Maranhão Nortista dialect Mix of Portuguese, Africans and Tupi indigenous peoples
Catarinenses 4,100,000 2% Coastal Santa Catarina Sulista and Manézinho dialects Mix of Azorean Portuguese and Tupi indigenous peoples
Colonos 13,400,000 6.6% Southern half of Paraná, inner Santa Catarina, northern half of Rio Grande do Sul Sulista and Gaúcho dialects, non-Portuguese European languages among older generations Mix of Portuguese, Italian, German, Polish, Ukrainian and Jê/Tupi indigenous peoples
Hunrisqueanos 1,500,000 0.7% Parts of inner Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul and Espírito Santo Hunsrik language Partially unassimilated German immigrants
Talianos 350,000 0.2% Parts of inner Southern Brazil and Espírito Santo Talian dialect of Venetian Partially unassimilated Venetian immigrants
Ciganos 800,000 0.4% Northeastern Brazil and Minas Gerais Baiano, Mineiro and Central Northeastern dialects, Caló language Mix of Iberian Romanis, Portuguese, African and Jê/Tupi indigenous people

Diasporic groups

Family of Venetian immigrants in Brazil, early 20th century.

The diasporic groups are the immigrants and descendants of immigrants from around the world that moved to Brazil, the vast majority of these people were assimilated to the local cultures of the parts of the country they moved to and mixed with locals or with immigrants from other nations.[4][38][39]

Group Population Distribution
Germans 12,000,000 Southern Brazil and Espírito Santo
Italians 32,000,000 Southern and Southeastern Brazil
Portuguese Incalculable, likely over 150 million Entire national territory
Polish 2,000,000 Paraná.
Ukrainians 600,000 Paraná
French 1,000,000 Southeastern and Northeastern Brazil
Venezuelans 600,000 Northern Brazil and São Paulo
Russians 200,000 Southern Brazil
Lebanese 10,000,000 São Paulo, Paraná and Mato Grosso do Sul
Syrians 3,000,000 São Paulo and Paraná
Palestinians 65,000 São Paulo
Haitians 180,000 São Paulo
Moroccan Jews 24,000 Amazonas
Spanish 15,000,000 Entire national territory
Africans Incalculable, likely over 120 million Entire national territory
Japanese 2,000,000 São Paulo, Paraná and Pará
Chinese 350,000 São Paulo
Bolivians 350,000 São Paulo, Mato Grosso
Americans 260,000 São Paulo
Colombians 110,000 São Paulo
Argentinians 78,000 São Paulo, Southern Brazil
Uruguayans 50,000 São Paulo, Southern Brazil
Peruvians 70,000 São Paulo
Paraguayans 60,000 Paraná and São Paulo
Dutch 11,000 São Paulo and Pernambuco
Irish 40,000 São Paulo
Swiss 500,000 Rio de Janeiro
Austrians 100,000 Rio de Janeiro
Hungarians 100,000 Santa Catarina
Finns 90,000 Rio de Janeiro
Belgian 6,000 São Paulo
Greek 50,000 São Paulo
Turkish 6,000 São Paulo
Romanians 40,000 São Paulo
Lithuanians 300,000 São Paulo
English 24,000 São Paulo
Scottish 80,000 São Paulo
Bulgarians 65,000 São Paulo
Croatians 45,000 São Paulo
Danish 52,000 São Paulo
Norwegians 10,000 São Paulo
Luxembourgers 50,000 São Paulo
Armenians 100,000 São Paulo
Canadians 11,000 São Paulo
Chileans 26,000 São Paulo
Koreans 50,000 São Paulo and Ceará

References

  1. ↑ Gual, Joan Royo (2025-05-20). "Brazil, the most diverse country in the world: Study reveals eight million new genetic variants". EL PAÍS English. Retrieved 2026-06-16.
  2. ↑ "Massive DNA sequencing effort reveals how colonization shaped Brazil's genetic diversity". www.science.org. Retrieved 2026-06-16.
  3. 1 2 "Brazilians are even more mixed-race than you think". revistapesquisa.fapesp.br. Retrieved 2026-06-16.
  4. 1 2 "Immigration | Brazil: Five Centuries of Change". library.brown.edu. Retrieved 2026-06-16.
  5. ↑ Craig, J. Dean; Faria, Anna B. (2021-01-01). "Immigrant nationality and human capital formation in Brazil". International Journal of Educational Development. 80 102260. doi:10.1016/j.ijedudev.2020.102260. ISSN 0738-0593. Archived from the original on 2024-09-25 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
  6. ↑ Guimarães, Antonio Sérgio Alfredo (2024). "Race and color in contemporary Brazil, political opportunism and historical trends". Revista de Antropologia. 67: e221938. doi:10.11606/1678-9857.ra.2022.221938ing (inactive 2026-06-18). ISSN 0034-7701.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2026 (link)
  7. ↑ Azevedo, Ana Laura Moura dos Santos. "IBGE - Educa | Jovens". IBGE Educa Jovens (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2026-06-16.
  8. ↑ Bailey, Stanley R.; Telles, Edward E. (2006). "Multiracial versus collective black categories: Examining census classification debates in Brazil". Ethnicities. 6 (1): 74–101. doi:10.1177/1468796806061080. ISSN 1468-7968. JSTOR 23889337.
  9. ↑ "Destaques". Panorama do Censo Demográfico 2022 (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2026-06-16.
  10. ↑ Pereira, Jaqueline L.; de Souza, Camila A.; Neyra, Jennyfer E. M.; Leite, Jean M. R. S.; Cerqueira, Andressa; Mingroni-Netto, Regina C.; Soler, Julia M. P.; Rogero, Marcelo M.; Sarti, Flavia M.; Fisberg, Regina M. (2024-07-13). "Genetic Ancestry and Self-Reported "Skin Color/Race" in the Urban Admixed Population of São Paulo City, Brazil". Genes. 15 (7): 917. doi:10.3390/genes15070917. ISSN 2073-4425. PMC 11276533. PMID 39062696.
  11. ↑ Souza, Aracele Maria de; Resende, Sarah Stela; Sousa, Taís Nóbrega de; Brito, Cristiana Ferreira Alves de (2019). "A systematic scoping review of the genetic ancestry of the Brazilian population". Genetics and Molecular Biology. 42 (3): 495–508. doi:10.1590/1678-4685-GMB-2018-0076. ISSN 1415-4757. PMC 6905439. PMID 31188926.
  12. ↑ Umek, Wolfgang; Fischer, Barbara (2020-12-01). "We Should Abandon "Race" as a Biological Category in Biomedical Research". Female Pelvic Medicine & Reconstructive Surgery. 26 (12): 719–720. doi:10.1097/SPV.0000000000000979. ISSN 2154-4212. PMC 7682789. PMID 33136609.
  13. ↑ "Does Race Exist?". Duke University Science & Society. Retrieved 2026-06-16.
  14. ↑ "Chapter 1: The Making of Colonial Brazil | Brazil: Five Centuries of Change". library.brown.edu. Retrieved 2026-06-16.
  15. ↑ "Brasil Pré-Cabralino: como era, povos, períodos". Brasil Escola (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2026-06-16.
  16. ↑ Waters, Michael R. (2019-07-12). "Late Pleistocene exploration and settlement of the Americas by modern humans". Science. 365 (6449) eaat5447. Bibcode:2019Sci...365.5447W. doi:10.1126/science.aat5447. PMID 31296740.
  17. ↑ "Ditadura criou Estatuto do Índio para afastar acusações de genocídio". Senado Federal (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2026-06-17.
  18. ↑ Gurgel, Cristina Brandt Friedrich Martin; Rosa, Camila Andrade Pereira da (2012-12-18). "HISTÓRIA DA MEDICINA A VARÍOLA NO BRASIL COLONIAL (Séculos XVI e XVII)". Revista de Patologia Tropical. 41 (4). doi:10.5216/rpt.v41i4.21701. ISSN 1980-8178.
  19. ↑ "Diretório Pombalino: diferenças regionais e políticas de assimilação – HH Magazine" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2026-06-17.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 "Languages of Brazil." Ethnologue. Retrieved 25 Feb 2013.
  21. ↑ "Akuntsu".
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 "Table of the Indigenous peoples." Povos Indígenas no Brasil. Retrieved 3 Feb 2013.
  23. 1 2 "Chamacoco." Ethnologue. Retrieved 4 Feb 2013.
  24. ↑ "Enawenê-nawê: Introduction." Instituto Socioambiental: Povos Indígenas no Brasil. Retrieved 28 March 2012
  25. ↑ "Kulina." Ethnologue. Retrieved 19 Feb 2012.
  26. ↑ "Mehinako: Introduction." Instituto Socioambiental: Povos Indígenas no Brasil. Retrieved 14 March 2012
  27. ↑ "Nadob." Povos Indígenas no Brasil. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
  28. ↑ "Tenharim language code: pah". Retrieved 2010-12-11.
  29. 1 2 "Pai Tavytera." Ethnologue. Retrieved 17 Jan 2013.
  30. ↑ "Tremembé." Povos indígenas do Brasil. Retrieved 31 Jul 2022.
  31. ↑ "Trumai: Introduction." Povos Indígenas no Brasil. Retrieved 24 Feb 2012.
  32. ↑ Fausto, Boris; Brakel, Arthur (2014). A concise history of Brazil. Cambridge concise histories (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-03620-8.
  33. ↑ Corbyn, Zoë (2012-06-11). "How geography shapes cultural diversity". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2012.10808. ISSN 1476-4687.
  34. ↑ O'Donnell, Aisling (2025-11-21). "Evidence of colonial lag in post colonial languages: The case of Colombian Spanish". Teanga. 32 (32): 93–116. doi:10.35903/teanga.v32i.9884. ISSN 0332-205X.
  35. ↑ Khosrow-Pour, D.B.A., Mehdi, ed. (2018). Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, Fourth Edition. IGI Global. doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-2255-3.ch104. ISBN 978-1-5225-2255-3.
  36. ↑ Sato, Leny (2007). "Processos cotidianos de organização do trabalho na feira livre". Psicologia & Sociedade (in Portuguese). 19: 95–102. doi:10.1590/S0102-71822007000400013. ISSN 1807-0310.
  37. ↑ Silva, Cássia Alves da (2015). Processos residuais: Nordeste contemporâneo e Europa medieval (in Brazilian Portuguese). Expressão Gráfica e Editora. ISBN 978-85-420-0492-2.
  38. ↑ "Once Welcomed, Then Scapegoated: The Enduring Consequences of Assimilation Policies in the Wake of Mass Migration". arxiv.org. Retrieved 2026-06-17.
  39. ↑ Seyferth, Giralda (1997-04-01). "A assimilação dos imigrantes como questão nacional". Mana. 3 (1): 95–131. doi:10.1590/S0104-93131997000100004. ISSN 0104-9313.
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