List of empires

This is a navigational list of empires.

Empires

Empire Start year End year Duration (years)
Achaemenid Empire[1]550 BC330 BC220
Afsharid Iran[2]1736179660
Akkadian Empire[3]2334 BC2154 BC180
Akwamu[4]16291867238
United States of America[5] (disputed)[6] 1776 present 250
Angevin Empire[7]1154124288
Aq Qoyunlu[8]1467[8]1508[8]41
Armenian Empire of Tigranes the Great[9] 89 BC[10] 55 BC[10] 34
Asante Empire[11]16701902232
Aulikara Empire[12]52855022
Austria-Hungary[13]1867191851
Austrian Empire[14]1804186763
Avar Khaganate[15] 567 822 255
Ayutthaya Kingdom[16]13511767416
Aztec Empire[17]13251521196
Old Babylonian Empire[18]1894 BC[19][20]1595 BC299
Neo-Babylonian Empire[21]626 BC539 BC87
Bamana Empire[22]17121861149
Belgian colonial empire[23]1908196255
Kingdom of Benin[24]11801897717
Empire of Brazil[25]1822188967
Britannic Empire[26]28629610
British Empire[27]15831997/present[28]414/443
British Raj (Indian Empire)[29] 1858 1947 89
Sultanate of Brunei (1368–1888)[30]13681888520
Old Great Bulgaria[31]63266836
First Bulgarian Empire[32]6811018337
Second Bulgarian Empire[33]11851396211
Byzantine Empire[33]39514531058
Carolingian Empire[34] 800 888 88
Carthaginian Empire[35]814 BC146 BC668
Central African Empire[36] 1976 1979 3
Chenla550802252
Chimor[37]9001470570
People's Republic of China[38][39] (disputed)[40] 1949 present 76
Chola Empire[41]8481279431
Athenian Empire[42]454 BC404 BC50
Danish colonial empire[43]15361953417
Durrani Empire[44]1747184295
Dutch colonial empire[45]15951975380
Dzungar Khanate[46] 1634 1758 124
Empire of Charles V[47]1519155637
New Kingdom of Egypt[48]1550 BC1077 BC473
Elamite Empire[49]1210 BC1100 BC110
Ethiopian Empire[50]12701974704
First French Empire[51]1804181511
Second French Empire[52]1852187018
French colonial empire[53]15341814280
1830 1980/present 150/196
Funan[54]50550500
Gallic Empire[55]26027414
Gaza Empire[56]1824189571
German colonial empire[57]1884192036
German Empire[58]1871191948
German Empire (1848–1849)184818491
Ghana Empire[59]8301235405
Ghaznavid Empire[60]9771186209
Goguryeo[61]37 BC668705
Goryeo[62][63]9181392474
Golden Horde[64]12401502262
Grand Duchy of Lithuania[65]12361795559
Empire of Great Fulo15121776264
Gupta Empire[66]320550230
Habsburg monarchy[67]12821918636
First Empire of Haiti[68]180418062
Second Empire of Haiti[69]1849185910
Han dynasty[70] 202 BC 220 AD 422
Hephthalite Empire[71]440560120
Hittite Empire[72]1600 BC1178 BC422
Holy Roman Empire[73]800/96218061006/844
Hoysala Kingdom[74]10261343317
Hunnic Empire[75]37046999
Iberian Union[76]1580164060
Ife Empire[77]10001420420
Ilkhanate[64]1256133579
Inca Empire[78]14381572134
Italian Empire[79]1882196078
Empire of Japan[80]1868194779
Jin dynasty (266–420)[81]266420154
Jin dynasty (1115–1234)[82] 1115 1234 119
Jolof Empire[83]13501549199
Kaabu[84]15371867330
Kanem–Bornu Empire[85]c. 70018931193
Khmer Empire[86]8021431629
Khwarazmian Empire[87]10771231154
Kingdom of Georgia[88] 1008 1490 482
Kong Empire[89]17101898188
Korean Empire[90]1897191013
Kushan Empire[70]30345315
Kingdom of Kush[91]780 BC3501130
Latin Empire[92]1204126157
Liao dynasty[82] 907 1125 218
Macedonia[93]808 BC148 BC660
Majapahit[94]12931527234
Mali Empire[84]12351670435
Maratha Confederacy[95]16741818144
Massina Empire[96]1820186242
Maurya Empire[49]321 BC185 BC136
Median Empire (disputed)[97]678 BC550 BC128
First Mexican Empire[98]182118232
Second Mexican Empire[99]186418673
Middle Assyrian Empire[100] 1363 BC[100] 1056 BC[100] 307
Ming dynasty[101]13681644276
Mongol Empire[102]12061368162
Great Moravia[34] 833 907 74
Mughal Empire[95]15261857331
Nanda Empire[103]345 BC321 BC24
Nazi Germany[104]1933194512
Kingdom of Nepal[105] 1768 2008 240
Neo-Assyrian Empire[106] 911 BC[106] 609 BC[106] 302
Neo-Sumerian Empire[107]2112 BC2004 BC108
North Sea Empire[108]1013104229
Empire of Nicaea[88]1204126157
Odrysian kingdom[109]480 BC30 BC450
Omani Empire[110]16961856158
Ostrogothic Kingdom[111]49355360
Ottoman Empire[112]12991922623
Oyo Empire[113]13001896596
Pagan kingdom[114]8491287438
Pala Empire[115]7501161411
Palmyrene Empire[116]2702733
Parthian Empire[48]247 BC224471
Kingdom of Pontus[117]281 BC62342
Portuguese Empire[78]14151999584
Ptolemaic Kingdom[118]305 BC30 BC275
Purépecha Empire[119] 1300 1530[120] 230
Qara Khitai[121]1124121894
Qing dynasty[122]16441912268
Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932)[123] 1782 1932 150
Roman Empire[75]27 BC14531480
Rozvi Empire[124]16601866206
Russian Empire[46]17211917196
Safavid Iran[125]15011736235
Samo's Empire[126]63165827
Sasanian Empire[48]224651427
Samanid Empire[127]819999180
Seleucid Empire[128]312 BC63 BC249
Seljuk Empire[129]10371194157
Serbian Empire[130]1346137125
Shu Han22126342
Shunga Empire[131] 185 BC 73 BC 112
Sikh Empire[132]1799184950
Singhasari 1222 1292 70
Song dynasty[82]9601279319
Songhai Empire[96]14641591127
Soviet Union[133][134][135] (disputed)[136] 1922 1991 68
Spanish Empire[78]14921976496
Sui dynasty[137] 581 618 37
Sur Empire[138]1540155616
Swedish Empire[139]15231809286
Tang dynasty[101] 618 907 289
Tây Sơn dynasty1778180224
Empire of Thessalonica[88]1224124218
Tibetan Empire[140]75584287
Timurid Empire[141]13701507137
Empire of Trebizond[88]12041461257
Toltec Empire[142]4961122626
Tuʻi Tonga Empire[143]9501865915
Tukulor Empire[144] 1852 1893 41
First Turkic Khaganate[145] 551 744 193
Empire of Vietnam[146]1945 (March)1945 (August)0 (5 months)
Vijayanagara Empire[49]13361646310
Wari Empire[147]6001100500
Wassoulou Empire[148]1878189820
Western Chalukya Empire[149]9751184209
Western Roman Empire[75]39547681
Yuan dynasty[102] 1260 1368 108
Zhou dynasty[150]1046 BC256 BC790

See also

Notes

References

  1. ↑ Colburn, Henry P. (2013). "Connectivity and Communication in the Achaemenid Empire". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 56 (1): 29–52. ISSN 0022-4995.
  2. ↑ Pickett, James (2016). "Nadir Shah's Peculiar Central Asian Legacy: Empire, Conversion Narratives, and the Rise of New Scholarly Dynasties". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 48 (3): 491–510. ISSN 0020-7438.
  3. ↑ Gibbons, Ann (1993). "How the Akkadian Empire Was Hung Out to Dry". Science. 261 (5124): 985–985. ISSN 0036-8075.
  4. ↑ Wilks, Ivor (1957). "The Rise of the Akwamu Empire, 1650-1710". Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana. 3 (2): 25–62. ISSN 0855-3246.
  5. ↑
  6. ↑
  7. ↑ Hollister, C. Warren; Keefe, Thomas K. (1973). "The Making of the Angevin Empire". Journal of British Studies. 12 (2): 1–25. ISSN 0021-9371.
  8. 1 2 3 Woods, John E. (1999). The Aqquyunlu Clan, Confederation, Empire. University of Utah Press. p. 10. ISBN 9780874805659.
  9. ↑ Bedoukian, Paul (1970). "A Coin of Tigranes the Great of Armenia, Struck in Commagene". The Numismatic Chronicle. 10: 19–22. ISSN 0078-2696.
  10. 1 2 Magill, Frank N. (2003). The Ancient World: Dictionary of World Biography. Routledge. p. 1180. ISBN 978-1-135-45740-2.
  11. ↑ Aidoo, Agnes A. (1977). "Order and Conflict in the Asante Empire: A Study in Interest Group Relations". African Studies Review. 20 (1): 1–36. doi:10.2307/523860. ISSN 0002-0206.
  12. ↑ Dwivedi, Gautam N. (1966). "The Date and Identity of Yasodharman-Visnuvardhana". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 28: 45–50. ISSN 2249-1937.
  13. ↑ Wargelin, Clifford F. (1997). "A High Price for Bread: The First Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and the Break-up of Austria-Hungary, 1917-1918". The International History Review. 19 (4): 757–788. ISSN 0707-5332.
  14. ↑ Auty, R. (1958). "The Linguistic Revival among the Slavs of the Austrian Empire, 1780-1850: The Role of Individuals in the Codification and Acceptance of New Literary Languages". The Modern Language Review. 53 (3): 392–404. doi:10.2307/3719062. ISSN 0026-7937.
  15. ↑ Szabados, György (2018). "Magyar – A Name for Persons, Places, Communities". The Hungarian Historical Review. 7 (1): 82–97. ISSN 2063-8647.
  16. ↑ Marcinkowski, M. Ismail (2002). "The Iranian-Siamese Connection: An Iranian Community in the Thai Kingdom of Ayutthaya". Iranian Studies. 35 (1/3): 23–46. ISSN 0021-0862.
  17. ↑ Smith, Michael E.; Berdan, Frances F. (1992). "Archaeology and the Aztec Empire". World Archaeology. 23 (3): 353–367. ISSN 0043-8243.
  18. ↑ Mallowan, Max (1972). "Cyrus the Great (558-529 B.C.)". Iran. 10: 1–17. doi:10.2307/4300460. ISSN 0578-6967.
  19. ↑ "Aliraqi - Babylonian Empire". {{cite web}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  20. ↑ "Babylonian Empire - Livius".
  21. ↑ Sandowicz, Małgorzata (2015). "More on the End of the Neo-Babylonian Empire". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 74 (2): 197–210. doi:10.1086/682337. ISSN 0022-2968.
  22. ↑ Blier, Suzanne Preston (2004). "African Creation Myths as Political Strategy". African Arts. 37 (1): 39–94. ISSN 0001-9933.
  23. ↑ Stanard, Matthew G. (2014). "Belgium, the Congo, and Imperial Immobility: A Singular Empire and the Historiography of the Single Analytic Field". French Colonial History. 15: 87–110. doi:10.14321/frencolohist.15.2014.0087. ISSN 1539-3402.
  24. ↑ Akintoye, S. A. (1969). "The North-Eastern Yoruba Districts and the Benin Kingdom". Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria. 4 (4): 539–553. ISSN 0018-2540.
  25. ↑ Bethell, Leslie (2018), "Britain and Brazil (1808–1914)", Brazil: Essays on History and Politics, University of London Press, pp. 57–92, ISBN 978-1-908857-54-5, retrieved 12 March 2025
  26. ↑ Tandon, Pankaj (2010). "Ancient Hoards". The Numismatic Chronicle. 170: 407–431. ISSN 0078-2696.
  27. ↑ Firth, C. H. (1918). "The British Empire". The Scottish Historical Review. 15 (59): 185–189. ISSN 0036-9241.
  28. ↑ Curtis, Mark (19 May 2025). "The Empire never died". Declassified UK. Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  29. ↑ Richards, John F. (2002). "Opium and the British Indian Empire: The Royal Commission of 1895". Modern Asian Studies. 36 (2): 375–420. ISSN 0026-749X.
  30. ↑ Hamzah, Abu Bakar (1989). "BRUNEI DARUSSALAM: Continuity and Tradition". Southeast Asian Affairs: 91–104. ISSN 0377-5437.
  31. ↑ Setton, Kenneth M. (1950). "The Bulgars in the Balkans and the Occupation of Corinth in the Seventh Century". Speculum. 25 (4): 502–543. doi:10.2307/2849381. ISSN 0038-7134.
  32. ↑ Bogdanović, Jelena (2016), "The Relational Spiritual Geopolitics of Constantinople, the Capital of the Byzantine Empire", in Bogdanović, Jelena; Christie, Jessica Joyce; Guzmán, Eulogio (eds.), Political Landscapes of Capital Cities, University Press of Colorado, pp. 97–154, ISBN 978-1-60732-468-3, retrieved 13 March 2025
  33. 1 2 Wolff, Robert Lee (1949). "The `Second Bulgarian Empire.' Its Origin and History to 1204". Speculum. 24 (2): 167–206. doi:10.2307/2848560. ISSN 0038-7134.
  34. 1 2 Reuter, Timothy (1985). "Plunder and Tribute in the Carolingian Empire". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. 35: 75–94. doi:10.2307/3679177. ISSN 0080-4401.
  35. ↑ Winterer, Caroline (2010). "Model Empire, Lost City: Ancient Carthage and the Science of Politics in Revolutionary America". The William and Mary Quarterly. 67 (1): 3–30. doi:10.5309/willmaryquar.67.1.3. ISSN 0043-5597.
  36. ↑ O'Toole, Thomas (1982). ""Made in France": The Second Central African Republic". Proceedings of the Meeting of the French Colonial Historical Society. 6/7: 136–146. ISSN 0362-7055.
  37. ↑ Cutright, Robyn E. (2015). "Eating Empire in the Jequetepeque: A Local View of Chimú Expansion on the North Coast of Peru". Latin American Antiquity. 26 (1): 64–86. ISSN 1045-6635.
  38. ↑ Eyraud, Henri (1 March 2004). "Ross Terrill, The New Chinese Empire — and what it means for the United States". China Perspectives (in French). 2004 (2). doi:10.4000/chinaperspectives.809. ISSN 2070-3449.
  39. ↑ Keane, John; He, Baogang (7 May 2024), "China's New Empire Defined", China's Galaxy Empire (1st ed.), Oxford University Press, pp. 1–94, doi:10.1093/oso/9780197629116.003.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-762911-6, retrieved 12 December 2025
  40. ↑ Louzon, Victor (2014). "Is China Behaving like an Empire? (and if not, is it good news?)". Institut d’Études Politiques de Paris. MacMillan Center for International and Area Studies.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  41. ↑ Vanamamalai, N. (1974). "State and Religion in the Chola Empire: Taxation for Thanjavur Temple's Music and Dance". Social Scientist. 3 (3): 26–42. doi:10.2307/3516369. ISSN 0970-0293.
  42. ↑ Pritchard, David M. (2015). "Public Finance and War in Ancient Greece". Greece & Rome. 62 (1): 48–59. ISSN 0017-3835.
  43. ↑ Marquardt, Frank (2019). ""Distinguishing ourselves from the other Religions": Confessional Conflicts and Their Influence on the Early Moravian Danish West Indies Mission". Journal of Moravian History. 19 (2): 133–155. doi:10.5325/jmorahist.19.2.0133. ISSN 1933-6632.
  44. ↑ Ahady, Anwar-ul-Haq (1995). "The Decline of the Pashtuns in Afghanistan". Asian Survey. 35 (7): 621–634. doi:10.2307/2645419. ISSN 0004-4687.
  45. ↑ Van Welie, Rik (2008). "Slave Trading and Slavery in the Dutch Colonial Empire: A Global Comparison". NWIG: New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids. 82 (1/2): 47–96. ISSN 1382-2373.
  46. 1 2 Miyawaki, Junko (1992). "The Chinggisid Principle in Russia". Russian History. 19 (1/4): 261–277. ISSN 0094-288X.
  47. ↑ Hamilton, Thomas J. (1944). "Spanish Dreams of Empire". Foreign Affairs. 22 (3): 458–468. doi:10.2307/20029841. ISSN 0015-7120.
  48. 1 2 3 Brundage, Burr C. (1949). "The Ancient Near East as History". The American Historical Review. 54 (3): 530–547. doi:10.2307/1843006. ISSN 0002-8762.
  49. 1 2 3 McAlpin, David W. (1981). "Proto-Elamo-Dravidian: The Evidence and Its Implications". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 71 (3): 1–155. doi:10.2307/1006352. ISSN 0065-9746.
  50. ↑ Gebissa, Ezekiel (2002). "The Italian Invasion, the Ethiopian Empire, and Oromo Nationalism: The Significance of the Western Oromo Confederation of 1936". Northeast African Studies. 9 (3): 75–96. ISSN 0740-9133.
  51. ↑ Dwyer, Philip G. (2010). "Napoleon and the Foundation of the Empire". The Historical Journal. 53 (2): 339–358. ISSN 0018-246X.
  52. ↑ Schnerb, Robert (1936). "Napoleon III and the Second French Empire". The Journal of Modern History. 8 (3): 338–355. ISSN 0022-2801.
  53. ↑ Tate, H. R. (1940). "The French Colonial Empire". Journal of the Royal African Society. 39 (157): 322–330. ISSN 0368-4016.
  54. ↑ Hall, Kenneth R. (1984). "Small Asian Nations in the Shadow of the Large: Early Asian History through the Eyes of Southeast Asia". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 27 (1): 56–88. doi:10.2307/3631937. ISSN 0022-4995.
  55. ↑ Drinkwater, J. F. (1974). "Coin Hoards and the Chronology of the Gallic Emperors". Britannia. 5: 293–302. doi:10.2307/525733. ISSN 0068-113X.
  56. ↑ Rodney, Walter (1971). "The Year 1895 in Southern Mozambique: African Resistance to the Imposition of European Colonial Rule". Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria. 5 (4): 509–536. ISSN 0018-2540.
  57. ↑ Henderson, W. O. (1935). "HISTORICAL REVISION: LXXIX.—The German Colonial Empire, 1884–1918". History. 20 (78): 151–158. ISSN 0018-2648.
  58. ↑ Berghahn, Volker R. (2002). "The German Empire, 1871-1914: Reflections on the Direction of Recent Research". Central European History. 35 (1): 75–81. ISSN 0008-9389.
  59. ↑ Goodwin, A. J. H. (1957). "The Medieval Empire of Ghana". The South African Archaeological Bulletin. 12 (47): 108–112. doi:10.2307/3886971. ISSN 0038-1969.
  60. ↑ Khan, Zahoor Ali (2000). "Afghanistan and Northwestern India in the Eleventh Century Mapping the Ghaznavid Empire". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 61: 262–266. ISSN 2249-1937.
  61. ↑ 신형식 (2003). 高句麗史 (in Korean). Ewha Womans University Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-8973005284. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
  62. ↑ 강효백 (11 December 2020). "[강효백의 新 아방강역고-7] 고려는 황제국 스모킹건12(3)". Aju Business Daily (in Korean). Retrieved 22 August 2024.
  63. ↑ Em, Henry (2013). The Great Enterprise: Sovereignty and Historiography in Modern Korea. Duke University Press. p. 24. Retrieved 18 March 2026.
  64. 1 2 Halperin, Charles J. (1983). "Russia in The Mongol Empire in Comparative Perspective". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 43 (1): 239–261. doi:10.2307/2719023. ISSN 0073-0548.
  65. ↑ Swianiewicz, Stanisław (1982). "The University of Wilno in Historical Perspective". The Polish Review. 27 (1/2): 29–46. ISSN 0032-2970.
  66. ↑ Dwivedi, Gautam N. (1973). "The Western Limits of the Gupta Empire". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 34: 76–79. ISSN 2249-1937.
  67. ↑ Sked, Alan (1981). "Historians, the Nationality Question, and the Downfall of the Habsburg Empire". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. 31: 175–193. doi:10.2307/3679051. ISSN 0080-4401.
  68. ↑ Getachew, Adom (2016). "Universalism After the Post-colonial Turn: Interpreting the Haitian Revolution". Political Theory. 44 (6): 821–845. ISSN 0090-5917.
  69. ↑ Baur, John E. (1949). "Faustin Soulouque, Emperor of Haiti His Character and His Reign". The Americas. 6 (2): 131–166. doi:10.2307/978436. ISSN 0003-1615.
  70. 1 2 Liu, Xinru (2001). "Migration and Settlement of the Yuezhi-Kushan: Interaction and Interdependence of Nomadic and Sedentary Societies". Journal of World History. 12 (2): 261–292. ISSN 1045-6007.
  71. ↑ Felföldi, Szabolcs (2001). "A Prominent Hephthalite: Katulph and the Fall of the Hephthalite Empire". Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 54 (2/3): 191–202. ISSN 0001-6446.
  72. ↑ "The Hittite Empire". The Old Testament Student. 4 (5): 227–228. 1885. ISSN 0190-5945.
  73. ↑ Wilson, Peter H. (2008). "Prussia's Relations with the Holy Roman Empire, 1740-1786". The Historical Journal. 51 (2): 337–371. ISSN 0018-246X.
  74. ↑ Kumar, B. Pandu (2006). "Agrarian System of the Hoysalas: As Depiction in the Inscriptions". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 67: 217–223. ISSN 2249-1937.
  75. 1 2 3 Heather, Peter (1995). "The Huns and the End of the Roman Empire in Western Europe". The English Historical Review. 110 (435): 4–41. ISSN 0013-8266.
  76. ↑ Montcher, Fabien (2017). "Early Modern Bibliopolitics: From a Seventeenth-Century Roman-Iberian Perspective". Pacific Coast Philology. 52 (2): 206–218. doi:10.5325/pacicoasphil.52.2.0206. ISSN 0078-7469.
  77. ↑ Akintoye, Stephen Adebanji (2010). A History of the Yoruba People. Amalion Publishing. ISBN 978-2359260052.
  78. 1 2 3 Borucki, Alex; Eltis, David; Wheat, David (2015). "Atlantic History and the Slave Trade to Spanish America". The American Historical Review. 120 (2): 433–461. ISSN 0002-8762.
  79. ↑ Sbacchi, Alberto (1998). "The Archives of the Consolata Mission and the Formation of the Italian Empire, 1913-1943". History in Africa. 25: 319–340. doi:10.2307/3172192. ISSN 0361-5413.
  80. ↑ Yao, Tsun-Hsiung; Sun, Chu-Yu; Lin, Pin-Chang (2013). "Modern Design in Taiwan: The Japanese Period, 1895-1945". Design Issues. 29 (3): 38–51. ISSN 0747-9360.
  81. ↑ Corradini, Piero (2006). "The Barbarian States in North China". Central Asiatic Journal. 50 (2): 163–232. ISSN 0008-9192.
  82. 1 2 3 Kim, Alexander (2011). "On the Origin of the Jurchen People (A Study Based on Russian Sources)". Central Asiatic Journal. 55 (2): 165–176. ISSN 0008-9192.
  83. ↑ Elbl, Ivana (1991). "The Horse in Fifteenth-Century Senegambia". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 24 (1): 85–110. doi:10.2307/220094. ISSN 0361-7882.
  84. 1 2 Wright, Donald R. (1985). "Beyond Migration and Conquest: Oral Traditions and Mandinka Ethnicity in Senegambia". History in Africa. 12: 335–348. doi:10.2307/3171727. ISSN 0361-5413.
  85. ↑ Igboin, Benson Ohihon (2014). "Boko Haram Radicalism and National Insecurity: Beyond Normal Politics". Journal of Religion and Violence. 2 (1): 94–121. ISSN 2159-6808.
  86. ↑ Welch, David J. (1998). "Archaeology of Northeast Thailand in Relation to the Pre-Khmer and Khmer Historical Records". International Journal of Historical Archaeology. 2 (3): 205–233. ISSN 1092-7697.
  87. ↑ Farrokh, Kaveh; Khorasani, Manouchehr Moshtagh (2012). "The Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire: The fierce resistance of Jalal-e Din". Medieval Warfare. 2 (3): 43–49. ISSN 2211-5129.
  88. 1 2 3 4 Eastmond, Antony (2003). ""Local" Saints, Art, and Regional Identity in the Orthodox World after the Fourth Crusade". Speculum. 78 (3): 707–749. ISSN 0038-7134.
  89. ↑ Opasina, Oladapo Kayode (2016). "Traditional Institutions and the Challenge of Modernity in Nigeria and Côte D'ivoire". International Journal on World Peace. 33 (2): 43–75. ISSN 0742-3640.
  90. ↑ Kim, Nora Hui-Jung (2013). "Flexible Yet Inflexible: Development of Dual Citizenship in South Korea". The Journal of Korean Studies (1979-). 18 (1): 7–28. ISSN 0731-1613.
  91. ↑ Burstein, Stanley M. (2008). "When Greek Was an African Language: The Role of Greek Culture in Ancient and Medieval Nubia". Journal of World History. 19 (1): 41–61. ISSN 1045-6007.
  92. ↑ Wolff, Robert Lee (1944). "The Latin Empire of Constantinople and the Franciscans". Traditio. 2: 213–237. ISSN 0362-1529.
  93. ↑ Willi, Andreas (2009). "Whose is Macedonia, Whose is Alexander?". The Classical Journal. 105 (1): 59–64. doi:10.5184/00098353.105.1.59. ISSN 0009-8353.
  94. ↑ Noorduyn, J. (1978). "Majapahit in the Fifteenth Century". Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. 134 (2/3): 207–274. ISSN 0006-2294.
  95. 1 2 Gordon, Stewart N. (1977). "The Slow Conquest: Administrative Integration of Malwa into the Maratha Empire, 1720—1760". Modern Asian Studies. 11 (1): 1–40. ISSN 0026-749X.
  96. 1 2 Baldaro, Edoardo (2021). "Rashomon in the Sahel: Conflict dynamics of security regionalism". Security Dialogue. 52 (3): 266–283. ISSN 0967-0106.
  97. ↑ Balcer, Jack Martin (1994). "Herodotus, the 'Early State,' and Lydia". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 43 (2): 246–249. ISSN 0018-2311.
  98. ↑ Buttrey, Theodore V. (1967). "Central America Under the Mexican Empire, 1822-1823". Museum Notes (American Numismatic Society). 13: 231–250. ISSN 0145-1413.
  99. ↑ Pruonto, David (2012). "Did the Second Mexican Empire under Maximilian of Habsburg (1864–1867) have an 'Austrian Face'?". Austrian Studies. 20: 96–111. doi:10.5699/austrianstudies.20.2012.0096. ISSN 1350-7532.
  100. 1 2 3 Jr, K. Lawson Younger (2016). A Political History of the Arameans: From Their Origins to the End of Their Polities. SBL Press. p. 150. ISBN 978-1-62837-084-3.
  101. 1 2 Chang, Yusuf (1988). "The Ming Empire: Patron of Islam in China and Southeast-West Asia". Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 61 (2 (255)): 1–44. ISSN 0126-7353.
  102. 1 2 Hammers, Roslyn Lee (2015). ""Khubilai Khan Hunting": Tribute to the Great Khan". Artibus Asiae. 75 (1): 5–44. ISSN 0004-3648.
  103. ↑ Narain, A. K. (1965). "Alexander and India". Greece & Rome. 12 (2): 155–165. ISSN 0017-3835.
  104. ↑ Dukes, Paul; Hiden, John W. (1979). "Towards an Historical Comparison of Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia in the 1930s". New Zealand Slavonic Journal (1): 45–77. ISSN 0028-8683.
  105. ↑ Ghori, Karamatullah Khan (1964). "Nepal and Its Neighbours". Pakistan Horizon. 17 (4): 368–384. ISSN 0030-980X.
  106. 1 2 3 "Neo-Assyrian". The Art Institute of Chicago. Retrieved 19 May 2025.
  107. ↑ Sasson, Jack M. (1966). "A Sketch of North Syrian Economic Relations in the Middle Bronze Age". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 9 (3): 161–181. doi:10.2307/3595941. ISSN 0022-4995.
  108. ↑ Scheel, Roland (2017), "Byzantium – Rome – Denmark – Iceland: Dealing with Imperial Concepts in the North", in Scholl, Christian; Gebhardt, Torben R.; Clauß, Jan (eds.), Transcultural Approaches to the Concept of Imperial Rule in the Middle Ages, Peter Lang AG, pp. 245–294, ISBN 978-3-631-66219-9, retrieved 14 March 2025
  109. ↑ Mattingly, Harold B. (1961). "The Athenian Coinage Decree". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 10 (2): 148–188. ISSN 0018-2311.
  110. ↑ El-Ashban, Abdul Aziz (1979). "The Formation of the Omani Trading Empire under the Ya'aribah Dynasty (1624-1719)". Arab Studies Quarterly. 1 (4): 354–371. ISSN 0271-3519.
  111. ↑ Nickel, Helmut (1973). "The Dawn of Chivalry". The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin. 32 (5): 150–152. doi:10.2307/3269236. ISSN 0026-1521.
  112. ↑ Davies, Siriol; Davis, Jack L. (2007). "Greeks, Venice, and the Ottoman Empire". Hesperia Supplements. 40: 25–31. ISSN 1064-1173.
  113. ↑ Monroe, J. Cameron (2011). "Urbanism on West Africa's Slave Coast: Archaeology sheds new light on cities in the era of the Atlantic slave trade". American Scientist. 99 (5): 400–409. ISSN 0003-0996.
  114. ↑ Michael Aung-Thwin (1985), "The Decline of Pagan", Pagan, The Origins of Modern Burma, University of Hawai'i Press, pp. 182–199, ISBN 978-0-8248-0960-7, retrieved 14 March 2025
  115. ↑ Laha, Monalisa (2015). "Some Selected Buddhist Monastries as Centres of Learning of the Pala Period". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 76: 141–149. ISSN 2249-1937.
  116. ↑ Bergstein, Mary (2016). "Palmyra and Palmyra: Look On These Stones, Ye Mighty, And Despair". Arion: A Journal of Humanities and the Classics. 24 (2): 13–38. doi:10.2307/arion.24.2.0013. ISSN 0095-5809.
  117. ↑ Toumanoff, Cyril (1959). "INTRODUCTION TO CHRISTIAN CAUCASIAN HISTORY The Formative Centuries (IVth-VIIIth)". Traditio. 15: 1–106. ISSN 0362-1529.
  118. ↑ Johnson, Carl Garth (2002). ""Ogis" 98 and the Divinization of the Ptolemies". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 51 (1): 112–116. ISSN 0018-2311.
  119. ↑ Fisher, Christopher T.; Cohen, Anna S.; Solinis-Casparius, Rodrigo; Pezzutti, Florencia L.; Bush, Jason; Forest, Marion; Torvinen, Andrea (2019). "A Typology of Ancient Purépecha (Tarascan) Architecture from Angamuco, Michoacán, Mexico". Latin American Antiquity. 30 (3): 510–528. ISSN 1045-6635.
  120. ↑ Relación de Michoacán, complete text (in Spanish)
  121. ↑ Biran, Michal (2013). "Unearthing the Liao Dynasty's Relations with the Muslim World: Migrations, Diplomacy, Commerce, and Mutual Perceptions". Journal of Song-Yuan Studies. 43: 221–251. ISSN 1059-3152.
  122. ↑ Zhao, Gang (2006). "Reinventing China: Imperial Qing Ideology and the Rise of Modern Chinese National Identity in the Early Twentieth Century". Modern China. 32 (1): 3–30. ISSN 0097-7004.
  123. ↑ Hirshfield, Claire; Hirschfield, C. (1968). "The Struggle for the Mekong Banks 1892-1896". Journal of Southeast Asian History. 9 (1): 25–52. ISSN 0217-7811.
  124. ↑ Mudenge, S. I. (1974). "The Role of Foreign Trade in the Rozvi Empire: A Reappraisal". The Journal of African History. 15 (3): 373–391. ISSN 0021-8537.
  125. ↑ Grigoriadis, Theocharis N. (2013). "Compromising Islam with Empire: Bureaucracy and Class in Safavid Iran". Iran & the Caucasus. 17 (4): 371–382. ISSN 1609-8498.
  126. ↑ Radl, Otto (1944). "Development of Czechoslovak Nationalism". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 232: 61–70. ISSN 0002-7162.
  127. ↑ Peck, Elsie Holmes (1978). "Decorative Arts from Persia". Bulletin of the Detroit Institute of Arts. 56 (3): 185–192. ISSN 0011-9636.
  128. ↑ Fischer-Bovet, C. (2015). "Social Unrest and Ethnic Coexistence in Ptolemaic Egypt and the Seleucid Empire". Past & Present (229): 3–45. ISSN 0031-2746.
  129. ↑ Beihammer, Alexander D. (2011). "Defection across the Border of Islam and Christianity: Apostasy and Cross-Cultural Interaction in Byzantine-Seljuk Relations". Speculum. 86 (3): 597–651. ISSN 0038-7134.
  130. ↑ Hammel, E. A. (1997). "Ethnicity and Politics: Yugoslav Lessons for Home". Anthropology Today. 13 (3): 5–9. doi:10.2307/2783131. ISSN 0268-540X.
  131. ↑ Gokmen, Gunes; Vermeulen, Wessel N.; Vézina, Pierre-Louis (2020). "The imperial roots of global trade". Journal of Economic Growth. 25 (1): 87–145. ISSN 1381-4338.
  132. ↑ Singh, Kanika (2014). "History Paintings in Sikh Museums". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 75: 1377–1382. ISSN 2249-1937.
  133. ↑ Sebestyen, Victor (2010). Revolution 1989: the fall of the Soviet Empire (1st ed.). New York, N.Y: Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-307-38792-9.
  134. ↑ Keep, John L H (22 August 2002). A History of the Soviet Union 1945–1991: Last of the Empires. Oxford University PressNew York, NY. doi:10.1093/oso/9780192803191.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-280319-1.
  135. ↑ Hosking, Geoffrey (3 March 2021), "The Soviet Union", in Bang, Peter Fibiger; Bayly, C. A.; Scheidel, Walter (eds.), The Oxford World History of Empire (1st ed.), Oxford University PressNew York, pp. 1187–1216, doi:10.1093/oso/9780197532768.003.0043, ISBN 978-0-19-753276-8, retrieved 12 December 2025
  136. ↑ Raffass, Tania (14 June 2012). The Soviet Union - Federation or Empire?. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203115756. ISBN 978-1-136-29644-4.
  137. ↑ Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.". Social Science History. 3 (3/4): 115. doi:10.2307/1170959.
  138. ↑ Khan, Iqtidar Alam (1983). "AHMADNAGAR AND THE SUR EMPIRE, 1537 to 1553- A STUDY OF CONTEMPORARY DOCUMENTS". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 44: 176–188. ISSN 2249-1937.
  139. ↑ Murray, John J. (1944). "Scania and the End of the Northern Alliance (1716)". The Journal of Modern History. 16 (2): 81–92. ISSN 0022-2801.
  140. ↑ Hoffmann, Helmut H. R. (1970). "Tibetan Historiography and the Approach of the Tibetans to History". Journal of Asian History. 4 (2): 169–177. ISSN 0021-910X.
  141. ↑ Halperin, Charles J. (2000). "The Missing Golden Horde Chronicles and Historiography in the Mongol Empire". Mongolian Studies. 23: 1–15. ISSN 0190-3667.
  142. ↑ Healan, Dan M. (1993). "Local versus Non-Local Obsidian Exchange at Tula and Its Implications for Post-Formative Mesoamerica". World Archaeology. 24 (3): 449–466. ISSN 0043-8243.
  143. ↑ Māhina, 'Okusitino (1993). "The Poetics of Tongan Traditional History, "Tala-ē-fonua": An Ecology-Centred Concept of Culture and History". The Journal of Pacific History. 28 (1): 109–121. ISSN 0022-3344.
  144. ↑ Ọlọruntimẹhin, B. Ọlatunji (1968). "Resistance Movements in the Tukulor Empire". Cahiers d'Études Africaines. 8 (29): 123–143. ISSN 0008-0055.
  145. ↑ Crossley, Pamela Kyle (2016). "The Imaginal Bond of "Empire" and "Civilization" in Eurasian History". Verge: Studies in Global Asias. 2 (2): 84–114. doi:10.5749/vergstudglobasia.2.2.0084. ISSN 2373-5058.
  146. ↑ Chieu, Vu Ngu (1986). "The Other Side of the 1945 Vietnamese Revolution: The Empire of Viet-Nam (March-August 1945)". The Journal of Asian Studies. 45 (2): 293–328. doi:10.2307/2055845. ISSN 0021-9118.
  147. ↑ Tung, Tiffiny A.; Knudson, Kelly J. (2010). "Childhood Lost: Abductions, Sacrifice, and Trophy Heads of Children in the Wari Empire of the Ancient Andes". Latin American Antiquity. 21 (1): 44–66. ISSN 1045-6635.
  148. ↑ Mfum-Mensah, Obed (2025), "Framing "Organized Infantilism" and Development in Sub-Saharan Africa", Colonial Intervention and Destabilization of African Identities, Contours of Trusteeship and Organized Infantilism in Sub-Saharan Africa, vol. 1 (1st ed.), Berghahn Books, pp. 34–47, ISBN 978-1-80539-843-1, retrieved 15 March 2025
  149. ↑ Bhargava, Piyush (2011). "Western Chalukya Temple Architecture "the Kalyani Chalukyan Style"". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 72: 1523–1524. ISSN 2249-1937.
  150. ↑ Lai Pik, Chan (2011). "JADE SPIDERS AND PRAYING MANTISES OF THE WESTERN ZHOU DYNASTY: Reconstructing an Ancient Cultural Mindset". Ars Orientalis. 41: 165–185. ISSN 0571-1371.
This page is issued from Wikipedia. The text is available under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.