Karan (caste)

Karan
କରଣ
ReligionsHinduism
LanguagesOdia
Populated statesOdisha
SubdivisionsKaran, Karan Vaishnav
Related groupsBrahmin
StatusForward caste[1]

The Karan is a writer caste community found in the state of Odisha in India.[2] The post of Karana used to be a professional designation that was occupied by literate peoples.[3] They held Karanam posts in some parts of Andhra Pradesh, where they speak Odia and played a similar role in Odisha to that of the Kayasthas of West Bengal and Bihar.[4] In the social hierarchy of Odisha they rank next to Brahmins, they are also considered a highly influential and prosperous caste of Odisha.[5][6] They exclusively served the ruling powers as their ministers, advisors, governors, military commanders, village headman, accountants, record keepers and dewans.[7][8][9][10] They owned most Zamindaris in Odisha.[11][12][13] They have the highest literacy caste-wise and are highly prosperous.[14] Today they are a politically dominant community and have reigned over the politics of Odisha for more than 50 years.[15][16][17]

Origin

Divisions

Karanas in Odisha are divided into various divisions, out of these divisions Kshatriya Karanas are considered superior to other divisions of Karanas.[18] They are classified as Vratyas.[19] Karanas used to observe rituals like Sati and Upanayana in their community.[20]

Medieval Period

The frequent admission of land grants to princes, Brahmins and various officials gave rise to a new class of writers. However the Karanas crystallized into a distinct caste only in the 10th or 11th century AD owing to social mobility. Any mention of the term prior to that period simply denotes its functional aspect rather than a caste affiliation.[3]

History

Medieval Period

Karanas along with Brahmins feature in the 10th century inscriptions of Odisha and are represented as heads of the local population through the following verse “Brahmana-Karana-Puroga-Nivasi”. Such depiction denotes their high social rank.[21] Karanas enjoyed high status in medieval period and married within the royal households. An example of this can be found in the Arasavali copper plate of the Eastern Ganga monarch Vajrahasta III.[3] They occupied high positions under the feudatory kings of Odisha, most of them were appointed as Dewans in the princely states of Odisha.[22] Karanas find mention in Bhauma-Kara records and are represented as Sadhyadhikarana or Chief Judicial Officer of a district. Similarly Srikarana featured in the temple inscription is said to have been the accountant general of Anangabhima Deva III of Eastern Ganga dynasty. A Kosthakarana was a top administrative officer of Narsimha Deva IV of Eastern Ganga Dynasty. Terms like Deula Karana represented the rank of Temple administrator. Samanta Karanas were the aristrocratic families of Karanas from Odisha, the word Samanta was also used by the kings of Odisha, thus it can be said Karanas were associated with the royal families of Odisha.[20] The head of a Karana family was known as Samanta while his wife was known as Samantani.[23] Karanas also received land grants and held feudatory status in medieval Odisha.[24] They appear to be an important community in Eastern Ganga dynasty as they held high positions in the government such as the post of army general, prime minister, village headman and accountant.[25] Karanas find mention in Ganga records as Sthala-Karana (sub-divisional accountant), Behara-Karana (an executive or sub-divisional accountant) and Vura-Karana or Grama-Karana (village accountant), the Simhachalam temple inscription of Ganga dynasty also mentions an official named Narasimha Nayaka of the Karana community as an individual rich in the knowledge of accounts and was honoured as “Ganita Jnanasampanno”.[26] Additionally Karanas are also mentioned as "Grama Karana" and "Mandala Karana" in Ganga and Gajapati records having authority over a large number of villages, similarly the "Chamu Karana" and "Deula Karana" of Gajapati period were the private secretary of the king and the chief administrator of Jagannath Temple respectively.[27] Karanas were associated with the administration of the ruling dynasties of Odisha, a general named Srikarana Mahananda Senapati of the Karan caste was the army general and governor of the ruler Anangabhima Deva III of Eastern Ganga dynasty.[28] Srikarana Mahananda Senapati was the “Senadhyakshawara” of the kingdom or Commander in Chief of the Ganga army.[29] Another general named Srikarana Pattanaik Viswanatha Mahasenapati was the army general and governor of the ruler Narsimha Deva IV of Eastern Ganga Dynasty, he was the governor of four Dandapatas or Rajyas of Eastern Ganga Dynasty spread across the four directions north, south, east and west of the kingdom, he was also the Puro Srikarana of the Kingdom or Prime Minister, he was honoured with the epithet “Chaturdik-Danda-Pariksha” or Governor General of all the four directions.[30][10][31] Another general named Srikarana Suru Senapati under the reign of Anangabhima Dev II of Eastern Ganga Dynasty is said to have donated lands to the Jagannath Temple of Puri as evidenced from inscriptions.[32] Ramananda Ray was the governor of the southern territories in the Suryavamsha Gajapati Empire; he was also a minister of Gajapati Prataparudra Deva. Governors in Gajapati Empire were designated as "Rajas" also known as "Parikshas" of their territory, Prataparudra Deva had appointed Ramananda Raya as the Raja of Rajahmundry in Gajapati Empire during his reign. Ramananda Raya belonged to an influential and aristocratic Karana family. Ramananda Raya’s brother Gopinatha Badajena Pattanayaka was also the governor of Midnapore in the northern frontier of the Suryavamsha Gajapati Empire. Ramananda Raya’s father, Bhavananda Ray Patnaik, was the Samanta, or feudal chief, of Bentapur in the Suryavamsha Gajapati Empire. As the governor of the southern territories, Ramananda Raya commanded a large royal entourage of elephants, horses and soldiers, he ruled over the southern territories of the Gajapati kingdom from his capital at Rajahmundry.[33][34][35][36][37][38][39] The Princely state of Athgarh was established by Raja SriKaran Niladri Bhagirath Barman Patnaik in the 12th century whose descendants ruled the kingdom with the hereditary title of “Raja Srikarana” until the kingdom’s accession to India. He was the minister of the Raja of Puri, who conferred on him the title of Raja and gave him Athgarh for his service.[40][41] Jagannath Temple inscriptions of the ruler Kapilendra Deva of Suryavamsha Gajapati Empire also mentions Pattanayaka Damodara Mahasenapati as a prominent courtier of Kapilendra Deva, it also records other officials like Srikarana Sivadas Mahasenapati who presented gifts to Kapilendradeva.[42] Pattanayak Damodara was an army general and one of the key associates of Kapilendra Deva who helped Kapilendra in usurping the throne from the last Ganga ruler Bhanudeva IV.[43][44] Bissamcuttack kingdom was founded by Mallu Mohanty, a trader from Karana community who migrated from Paralakhemundi, he is said to have won the confidence of the local tribal groups of the region and was elected by them as their ruler, his descendants were known as ‘Thatrajas’ who ruled over the kingdom, Mallu Mohanty maintained a military force of over 1000 armed Paikas (soldiers), this kingdom was known for it’s alliance and dispute with the neighbouring Jeypore kingdom, Bissamcuttack rulers provided 800 Paikas (soldiers) to Jeypore in times of alliance as a mark of support while the later Bissamcuttack rulers defied the authority of Jeypore rulers one of whom also declared his kingdom independent from the Jeypore state during the British rule under the influence of one of his Brahmin ministers.[45][46][47] Sridhara Pattanayak was the army general of the royal forces of Khurda kingdom during the reign of Gajapati Birakishore Deva I of Bhoi dynasty, he waged a war against the ruler of Banki kingdom, defeated him and took him as a prisoner in Khurda on the orders of the Gajapati. Sridhara Pattanayak had also renovated and constructed the roof of Mukti Mandapa temple complex for Brahmins in Jagannath temple of Puri during the reign of Birakishore Deva I.[48][49] Ramachandra Pattanaik and his father Paramananda Pattanaik were Dewans under Gajapati Dibyasingha Deva I of Khurda, they were instrumental in coronating the Gajapati amid invasions of Mughal subedars on Khurda and were also the founders of the fort of Rathipur.[50][51] An official named Mukunda Pattanayaka was appointed as chief temple superintendent or Pariksa of Jagannath temple of Puri by Ramachandra Deva I of Bhoi dynasty after he renovated the temple post the invasion of Kalapahad, Mukunda had reestablished the rituals of Jagannath temple and also recalled the servitors who moved to different places due to invasion.[52] A military general named Srikaran Patnaik of Athagada Patna Kingdom of Ganjam district under the ruler Govindchandra is said to have led a successful expedition against the Bhanja ruler and defeated him, the victorious army under his command had captured the Bhanja fort of Kakarsali and built a new fort named Mandaragad, Srikaran Patnaik had placed 300 soldiers to guard the captured fort.[53] An official named Trilochan Patnaik of the Karan Community who was in charge of collection of revenue during the Maratha Rule of Odisha had managed to acquire the zamindari of “Kotdesh” from the Marathas by paying a large amount of nazarana (money) in 1775, Trilochan Patnaik had made himself known in the Maratha administration through his intelligence and skills, he became the founder of one of the largest Zamindari estates of Odisha. Trilochan Patnaik was succeeded by his son Narayan Chotaraya in 1792, Narayan Chotaraya was the Zamindar of Kotdesh during the British conquest of Odisha, “KOTDESH” was one of the 7 great zamindaris of Odisha at the time of British conquest. The zamindari was later auctioned off by the British government in 1896 due to arrears of revenue and debt of the estate.[54][55]

Social status

Modern Period

In British colonial era, Karanas owned most Zamindaris in Odisha and were extremely rich.[11][12][56] They also received large amounts of land grants in Khurda administration of Khurda Kingdom.[57] Karanas also occupied the post of principal village headman of all the villages in Khurda Bhoi kingdom as evident from the administrative documents maintained in Karani script by the Bhoimuls or accountants of Khurda kingdom who themselves hailed from Karana community. Thus Karanas worked as Bhois/Accountants and Principal Village headman in Khurda Bhoi kingdom.[58]

In recent post-Independence era India, they have also played a dominant role in politics. Such is their prominence in politics that many members from the Karan community have been elected as the Chief Ministers of Odisha, hence they are also dubbed as the political caste of Odisha.[59]

Society and culture

Role in temple administration

Deula Karana and Tadhau Karana sub divisions of Karanas are the key servitors in the Jagannath Temple of Puri. They along with other key servitors manage the administration of temple.[60] Deula Karana and Tadhau Karana servitors are also the representatives of the Raja of Puri and assist him in performing the temple rituals associated with Lord Jagannath. As per Jagannath temple traditions Deula Karana and Tadhau Karana servitors hold the Pata Khanda sword of Lord Jagannath during Nabakalebara ceremony of the temple.[61] Deula Karana and Tadhau Karana servitors are also accorded “Mahanayaka” status alongside Rajguru and Gajapati Raja in Jagannath Temple of Puri.[62] Historian Hermann Kulke also states that the Turban worn by the Deula Karana servitors is tied on their head by the Brahmin priests of the temple unlike the other servitors whose turbans are different from the one worn by the Karana servitors and their turbans are tied on their head by the Karana servitors of the temple.[63] Other Karana servitors like Kotha Karana sub division act as the protective force of Lord Jagannath carrying swords and knives during the Chandan Yatra ceremony,[64] while Behera Karana sub division plays an important part during the Sari Bandha (turban tying) ritual of Jagannath temple on behalf of the Gajapati king.[65]

Notable people

Chief Ministers

  • Nabakrushna Choudhury; freedom fighter and former Chief Minister of Odisha who served twice from 1950 to 1952 and from 1952 to 1956. He played an important role in shaping the state’s early governance. He is especially known for his efforts to abolish the Zamindari system, which helped end feudal land ownership and improved the condition of farmers. He also worked for rural development, land reforms, and social justice, leaving a lasting impact on Odisha’s progress.[17]
  • Biren Mitra; Indian politician and freedom fighter who served as the first Deputy Chief Minister of Odisha from 1961 to 1963 and subsequently as the 4th Chief Minister of Odisha from 1963 to 1965. A key leader during Odisha's post-independence era, his administration focused heavily on modernization, economic growth, and expanding the state's heavy industrial infrastructure, notably promoting large-scale projects like the Rourkela Steel Plant.[17]
  • Biju Patnaik; a towering Indian statesman, freedom fighter, aviator, and industrialist, widely regarded as one of the most influential leaders in Odisha’s history. He served as the Chief Minister of Odisha twice (1961 to 1963 and 1990 to 1995), where he emphasized rapid industrialization, infrastructure development, and regional empowerment. His governance focused on transforming Odisha into a modern, self-reliant state. At the national level, Biju Patnaik also held important positions in the Union Government. He served as a Union Cabinet Minister for Steel and Mines (1977–79) under Morarji Desai. In this role, he contributed to strengthening India’s industrial and mineral sectors. Beyond politics, he gained international recognition for his daring role as a pilot during World War II and for assisting in the Indonesian independence movement, earning honors from Indonesia.[66]
  • Janaki Ballabh Patnaik; Indian politician, writer, and one of long-serving leader of Odisha. He served as the Chief Minister of Odisha in three terms (1980 to 1985, 1985-1989 and 1995-1999),making him one of the longest-serving CMs of the state. His tenure focused on industrial growth, rural development, and expansion of education. At the national level, he also held important responsibilities. He served as a Union Cabinet Minister for Tourism, Civil Aviation, and Labour (1970s–1980s) under the leadership of Indira Gandhi, contributing to policy development in these sectors. Later, he was appointed as the Governor of Assam (2009–2014).[66]
  • Naveen Patnaik; Indian politician and second longest-serving Chief minister in India. He is the leader of the Biju Janata Dal and the son of legendary Biju Patnaik. He has served as the Chief Minister of Odisha continuously from 5 March 2000 to 12 June 2024, completing five consecutive terms (2000–2004, 2004–2009, 2009–2014, 2014–2019, 2019–2024). His governance is known for clean administration, welfare schemes, disaster management, and development work in rural and urban areas. Before becoming Chief Minister, he served in the Union Government as Cabinet Minister for Mines from 1998 to 2000 under Atal Bihari Vajpayee. After the 2024 Odisha Assembly elections, he assumed the role of Leader of Opposition in the Odisha Legislative Assembly.[16]

Freedom Fighters & Social Reformers

  • Utkala Gouraba Madhusudan Das; a distinguished Indian nationalist, eminent lawyer, social reformer, and a key architect of modern Odisha, widely revered as “Utkal Gourab” (Pride of Odisha). He holds the distinction of being the first graduate and first barrister from Odisha, and was among the earliest leaders to advocate for the unification of Odia-speaking regions into a separate province. His efforts laid the foundation for the eventual creation of Odisha as a distinct state. He served as a minister in the Bihar and Orissa Province from 1921 to 1923, where he actively promoted industrial development, self-reliance, and the growth of indigenous enterprises. He was a strong supporter of local industries and worked to uplift artisans and promote economic independence. He was also championed social reform, education, and the preservation of Odia language and culture. His visionary leadership and lifelong dedication to public service have left a lasting legacy, making him one of the most revered figures in Odisha’s history.[67]
  • Gopabandhu Choudhury; a prominent freedom fighter, social reformer, and dedicated Gandhian leader from Odisha. He played a significant role in India’s independence movement and worked closely with the ideals of Mahatma Gandhi. He left his government job as a Deputy Collector under the British administration to join the freedom struggle and actively participated in movements like the Non-Cooperation Movement and Civil Disobedience Movement. He devoted his life to serving the poor, promoting rural development, and uplifting marginalized communities. He was deeply committed to social justice and worked towards the eradication of untouchability and the spread of education in rural areas. His simple lifestyle, selfless service, and dedication to Gandhian principles made him a highly respected figure in Odisha’s history.[68]
  • Ramadevi Choudhury; a prominent freedom fighter, social reformer, and dedicated follower of Gandhian principles from Odisha. She is widely regarded as one of the leading women figures in the state’s independence movement. She actively participated in major movements like the Non-Cooperation Movement and Civil Disobedience Movement under the guidance of Mahatma Gandhi. She played a key role in mobilizing women to join the freedom struggle and worked extensively for rural upliftment. She devoted her life to social service, especially in the areas of women’s empowerment, education, and the eradication of untouchability.
  • Annapurna Choudhury; freedom fighter, Gandhian, and social worker from Odisha, known for her lifelong dedication to social service and women’s empowerment. She was the daughter of Gopabandhu Choudhury and Ramadevi Choudhury. She actively participated in India’s freedom struggle from a young age and worked closely with the ideals of Mahatma Gandhi. She was involved in movements promoting self-reliance, khadi, and rural development. After independence, She continued her work in social reform, women’s rights, and upliftment of the underprivileged. She dedicated her life to education, village development, and promoting Gandhian values such as simplicity and non-violence.[69][70]
  • Braja Sundar Das; freedom fighter, social reformer, third graduate of Odisha and political leader from Odisha. He actively participated in India’s independence movement and worked for the upliftment of society. He was associated with the Indian National Congress and contributed to movements inspired by Mahatma Gandhi. He worked for rural development, education, and social equality. He also played an important role in public service after independence, focusing on welfare activities and development work in Odisha. He is remembered for his dedication to the people and his contributions to social reform.[71]
  • Sarala Devi; Independence activist, feminist, social activist, writer, She was remembered for her pioneering role in women’s empowerment and social reform in Odisha. She emerged as one of the early women leaders in the state who was the first woman to join the Non-cooperation movement also the first woman to be elected to the Odisha Legislative Assembly. She was actively participating in the freedom movement inspired by Mahatma Gandhi. She consistently worked for the advancement of women’s rights, education, and social equality, while also striving for the upliftment of weaker sections of society. Her leadership and dedication helped break societal barriers, making her a significant figure in promoting progressive change and inclusive development.[72]
  • Gopala Ballabha Das; writer, social reformer, deputy magistrate in British Government, assistant of Odisha commissioner during British rule who played an active role in India’s struggle for independence. Before joining the freedom movement, he worked in government service, but later left his job to dedicate himself to the national cause under the influence of Mahatma Gandhi. He was associated with the Indian National Congress and actively participated in movements such as the Non-Cooperation Movement, helping to spread political awareness among the masses. His contributions were significant in mobilizing people and promoting the ideals of self-reliance, unity, and social reform. After independence, he continued his public service, contributing to democratic development and welfare activities in Odisha.[73]
  • Jagabandhu Patnaik; Dewan of Porahat and the first martyr from Odisha in the Indian Rebellion of 1857 who played a courageous role in resisting British authority and stood firmly against colonial oppression. He is remembered for his bravery and sacrifice in the struggle against British rule, where he laid down his life for the cause of freedom. His martyrdom made him a symbol of resistance and patriotism in Odisha’s history.[74]
  • Bhagirathi Mahapatra; Indian lawyer, freedom fighter, and politician who co-founded the Utkal Pradesh Congress Committee in March 1921 alongside Pandit Gopabandhu Das, serving as its first founder secretary until 1937. A prominent leader of the Non-cooperation, Salt Satyagraha, and Quit India movements, his post-independence career included serving as a member of the Central Legislative Assembly (1945–1947) and representing Odisha in the Rajya Sabha from 1956 to 1962.[75]
  • Nityanand Kanungo; a prominent Indian politician, freedom fighter, and senior leader from Odisha. He played an active role in the Indian independence movement and was associated with the Indian National Congress. After independence, he held important positions in public life. He served as a Union Cabinet Minister for Commerce and Industry (1957–1962) under Jawaharlal Nehru, where he contributed to India’s industrial and economic development. He also served as the Governor of Gujarat (1965-1967) and later as the Governor of Bihar (1967-1971), continuing his service in administrative and constitutional roles.[76]
  • Binod Kanungo; a noted writer, freedom fighter, and encyclopedist from Odisha, best known for his remarkable contribution to Odia literature and knowledge dissemination. He actively participated in the Indian freedom movement and was influenced by the ideals of Mahatma Gandhi. Despite limited resources, he dedicated his life to spreading knowledge among the masses. His most significant achievement was the creation of the Odia encyclopedia “Jnanamandala,” which he developed almost single-handedly to make knowledge accessible to common people in their native language. He also founded the Jnanamandala Foundation to support this work.[77]
  • Biswanath Pattnaik; a noted social worker and Gandhian leader from Odisha, best known for his active role in the Bhoodan Movement led by Vinoba Bhave. He dedicated his life to land reform, rural development, and the upliftment of the poor and marginalized. As a key leader of the Bhoodan movement in Odisha, he worked tirelessly to persuade landowners to donate land to landless farmers, promoting the ideals of equality and social justice. He also focused on education, tribal welfare, and community development, working to improve the living conditions of underprivileged sections of society. His simple lifestyle and commitment to Gandhian values made him a respected figure in social reform. .[78]
  • Sarangadhar Das; a distinguished politician, social reformer, and leader from Odisha who played an important role in shaping modern India. He was a member of the Constituent Assembly of India, contributing to the drafting of the Indian Constitution. He was actively involved in advocating for social justice, education, and the rights of marginalized communities. His work in the Constituent Assembly reflected his commitment to democratic principles, equality, and regional development.

Vaishnav Saints

  • Achyutananda Dasa; a renowned 16th-century Vaishnava saint, poet, and spiritual leader from Odisha. He was one of the key figures in the Utkaliya Vaishnavism movement, which emphasized devotion to Lord Krishna and the spread of Bhakti (devotional worship). He was a disciple of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu's teachings and worked to propagate the principles of love, devotion, and moral living. He composed numerous devotional hymns and texts in Odia, contributing richly to Odia literature and spiritual thought. He is also known for his efforts in reforming society, promoting ethics, devotion, and spiritual discipline among people of all social backgrounds.[79]
  • Ananta Dasa; a prominent 16th-century Vaishnava saint, poet, and devotional leader from Odisha, associated with the Utkaliya Vaishnavism movement. He was a contemporary of Achyutananda Dasa and a follower of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu’s teachings. He played a key role in spreading Bhakti (devotion to Lord Krishna) and moral-religious values among people of all social backgrounds. He is especially famous for his literary contributions, including devotional poems, songs, and spiritual texts in Odia that enriched Odia literature and promoted religious devotion. One of his major achievements was the composition of Bhakti Paddhatis and Chautisha works, which provided guidance on devotional practices and ethical living.[80]
  • Balarama Dasa; 15th-century poet seer, litterateur, writer of Jagamohana Ramayana and Lakshmi Purana, considered one of the pioneers of Odia devotional literature. He was deeply influenced by the Bhakti movement and devoted his life to spreading devotion to Lord Krishna. He is especially known for his literary masterpiece, the Odia Mahabharat, which was one of the first comprehensive retellings of the epic in the Odia language. Through his writings, Balarama Dasa popularized religious teachings, moral values, and devotion among the common people. Apart from his literary contributions, he worked to promote Bhakti, spiritual discipline, and moral living. His teachings and compositions had a lasting impact on Odia literature and the Vaishnava tradition in Odisha.[81]
  • Dinakrushna Dasa; a prominent medieval Odia poet and a leading figure of the Vaishnava bhakti tradition in Odisha. He is best known for his lyrical masterpiece Rasakallola, which depicts the divine love of Radha and Krishna with remarkable poetic elegance. he spent much of his life in Puri as a devoted worshipper of Lord Jagannath. His devotional songs and poetic compositions occupy an important place in Odia literature and Odissi music. Among his notable works are Rasakallola, Artatrana Chautisa, Rasa Binoda, and Guna Sagara.[82]

Historical Figures

  • Bisara Mohanty; 16th-century Odia Vaishnava devotee and historical figure of Jagannath culture who rescued the ''Brahma Padartha'' (the indestructible, sacred divine core) of Lord Jagannath. Disguised as a wandering musician, he retrieved the unburnt navel core from the ashes or the Hooghly/Ganga river bank after the iconoclast general Kalapahad desecrated and burned the deity's wooden idol during the 1568 Afghan invasion. He smuggled the sacred substance back to Kujanga Garh safely hidden inside a ''mridanga'' drum, preserving it until it was ceremonially returned to Puri by Gajapati Ramachandra Deva I to perform the first historical Nabakalebara ritual.[83][84]
  • Ramananda Ray; 15th-to-16th-century statesman, scholar, and saint who served as the governor of Rajahmundry, the southern territory of the Suryavamsi Gajapati Empire under Emperor Prataparudra Deva. A foundational figure in Gaudiya Vaishnavism and one of the most intimate spiritual associates of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, he authored the celebrated Sanskrit devotional drama Jagannatha Vallabha Natakam, which explicitly synthesized standard Krishna-bhakti theology with Jagannatha culture.[40]
  • Madhavi Pattanayak; 16th-century CE devotional poet, mystic, and foundational figure of early Odia literature who is recognized as the first recorded female writer of Odisha. She became a close disciple of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu following her early widowhood, adoption of the ascetic name Madhavi Dasi, and association with her cousin, Governor Ramananda Ray. Her extensive early Odia and Sanskrit Brajavali compositions permanently introduced the complex theological concepts of Raganuga Bhakti into regional literature and historically document the formal institution of the specialized Pahili Bhoga food offerings inside the Jagannath Temple, Puri.[85]

Art & Literature

Education & Research

Jurists

Notable individuals

Surnames

Some titles associated with the Karan caste includes:

Patnaik, Mohanty, Choudhury, Das, Ray, Mohapatra, Samantaray, Routray, Chhotray, Kanungo, Bakshi, Raychoudhury, Bohidar, Srikarana, Dandapata, Das Mahapatra, Parija, Pruseth, Narendra, Mahasenapati, Srichandan, Harichandan, Bebarta, Mangaraj, Samantasinghar, Badajena, Behera, Pattajoshi, Paricha etc.[132][133][134][135][136][137][138][139][140][141][142][143][144]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Rajasekhar, D.; Patnaik, Pratyusna; Manjula, R. (2005). Affirmative Action and Political Participation: Elected Representatives in the Panchayats of Orissa. Institute for Social and Economic Change. ISBN 978-81-7791-122-0.
  2. ↑ Rabindra Nath Pati (2008). Family Planning. APH Publishing. pp. 116–. ISBN 978-81-313-0352-8.
  3. 1 2 3 Raut, L.N. (2004). "Jati Formation in Early Medieval Orissa: Reflection on Karana (Kayastha Caste)". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 65: 304–308. JSTOR 44144743.
  4. ↑ M. Kodanda Rao (1990). Cultural and Structural Dimensions of Family: A Study of Jalari Fishermen. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 34–. ISBN 978-81-7022-270-5.
  5. ↑ Pati, Rabindra Nath (2008). Family Planning. APH Publishing. ISBN 978-81-313-0352-8.
  6. ↑ Patra, Patitapaban (December 1994). "Archeological remains of Dhenkanal". Utkal University, Department of History. V: 205–206. hdl:10603/118750.
  7. ↑ Mohanty, Pramod Kumar (2007). Colonialism and South Asia: Cuttack, 1803-1947. R.N. Bhattacharya. ISBN 978-81-87661-52-8.
  8. ↑ Mohanty, Ramesh P.; Biswal, Durgesh Nandini (2007). Culture, Gender and Gender Discrimination: Caste Hindu and Tribal. Mittal Publications. p. 40. ISBN 978-81-8324-199-1.
  9. ↑ Sircar, D. C. (1 January 2017). Indian Epigraphy. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-4103-1.
  10. 1 2 Cultural Heritage of [Orissa]: pts. 1-2. Katak. State Level Vyasakabi Fakir Mohan Smruti Samsad. 2002. ISBN 978-81-902761-5-3.
  11. 1 2 Das, Bishnupada (1996). Some Aspects of Socio-economic Changes in South Western Frontier Bengal Since Introduction of Neo-Vaiṣṇavism. Firma KLM Private Limited. ISBN 978-81-7102-049-2.
  12. 1 2 Proceedings of the ... Annual Conference ... South Indian History Congress. 1995.
  13. ↑ Pradhan, Sadasiba (1986). Agrarian and Political Movements: States of Orissa, 1931 to 1949. Inter-India Publications. ISBN 978-81-210-0038-3.
  14. ↑ Williams, Joanna Gottfried (1 January 1996). The Two-headed Deer: Illustrations of the Rāmāyaṇa in Orissa. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-08065-2.
  15. ↑ "Reign of Patnaiks: 40 years and counting". The Times of India. 13 April 2019. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "How the Patnaiks, despite being 2% of Odisha's population, ruled the state for 45 years, and maybe beyond". The Economic Times. 11 May 2024. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  17. 1 2 3 "rediff.com: The evil that envelopes Orissa". m.rediff.com. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  18. ↑ The Orissa Historical Research Journal. Superintendent of Research and Museum. 1975.
  19. ↑ Prinsep, James (1905). Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Bishop's College Press.
  20. 1 2 Das, Biswarup (1980). "Kayasthas and Karanas in Orissa—A Study on Inscriptions". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 41: 940–944. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44141924.
  21. ↑ Proceedings of the ... Annual Conference ... South Indian History Congress. 1995.
  22. ↑ Orissa (India) (1966). Orissa District Gazetteers. Superintendent, Orissa Government Press.
  23. ↑ Mukherjee, Prabhat (1964). History of Orissa in the 19th Century. Utkal University.
  24. ↑ Panda, Shishir Kumar (2000). New Perspectives on the History and Culture of Orissa. Punthi Pustak. ISBN 978-81-86791-23-3.
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  30. ↑ Mahtab, Harekrushna (1959). The History of Orissa. Prajatantra Prachar Samity. p. 256. Visvanatha Mahasenapati was the Chaturdik-Danda-Pariksha-i.e. the governor general of four dandapatas in the east, west, north and south in a particular area of the Ganga Kingdom. The same officer is also mentioned as Puro-Srikarana Visvanatha Mahasenapati in the Sankarananda Matha plates of Narasima IV
  31. ↑ Pāḍhī, Ekādaśī (2004). The Cultural Heritage of Jajpur: The Ancient Capital of Orissa. Nijaswa Prakashan. p. 143. ISBN 978-81-902056-0-3.
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  33. ↑ Mukherjee, Prabhat (1979). History of the Chaitanya Faith in Orissa. Manohar. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-8364-0547-7. Ramananda belonged to an influential Karana family, of princely origin (Rajavamsotpannajana): Ray was an official title. His father Bhavananda Ray Patnaik was 'Samanta' (a chief) of Bentpur near Chilka lake. Ramananda was appointed the governor of the Rajya or province of Rajamahendri by Pratapa Rudra.
  34. ↑ Mukherjee, Prabhat (1981). The History of the Gajapati Kings of Orissa and Their Successors. Kitab Mahal. p. 81. Gopinatha Pattanayaka was known as Gopinatha Badajena.
  35. ↑ Mallik, Basanta Kumar (2004). Paradigms of Dissent and Protest: Social Movements in Eastern India, C. AD 1400-1700. Manohar Publishers & Distributors. p. 161. ISBN 978-81-7304-522-6. In Orissa, many prominent persons also became his followers. Ramananda Ray and Gopinath Badajena, the governors of Rajmuhendry and Midnapur respectively, had been ardent followers of the love cult of Radha and Krishna
  36. ↑ Ray, Dipti (2007). Prataparudradeva, the Last Great Suryavamsi King of Orissa (A.D. 1497 to A.D. 1540). Northern Book Centre. pp. 50–53. ISBN 978-81-7211-195-3. During the reign of Prataparudradeva Ray Ramnanda ruled over this province….. Viceroys and provincial governors were appointed by the emperor and were responsible for maintaining peace and order within their jurisdiction and protecting it from external invasions… The headquarters of these provincial governors or Pariksas were center of great activity and always were crowded and resounding with the noise of drums, horses, elephants and temple bells.
  37. ↑ Chaitanya Charitamrita, vedabase.io “Rāmānanda Rāya said, “My dear Lord, it is better that You proceed to Jagannātha Purī alone because with me there will be many horses, elephants and soldiers, all roaring tumultuously.”
  38. ↑ Mallik, Basanta Kumar (1996). Medieval Orissa: Literature, Society, Economy, Circa 1500-1600 A.D. Mayur Publications. p. 11. designated as Rajas and also as Parikshas. Ramananda Raya was appointed Raja of Rajahmundry by Gajapati Prataprudradev. The Governors were able to grant some villages and lands to Brahmins
  39. ↑ Paṭṭanāẏaka, Jagannātha (1988). Feudatory States of Orissa, 1803-1857. Vohra Publishers & Distributors. p. 450. Ramananda, a Karan by caste, was his prime minister who had governed his southern vice royalty from Vidyanagar near Rajmahendry
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  48. ↑ Tripathi, Gaya Charan; Kulke, Hermann (1987). Kaṭakarājavaṃśāvaliḥ: Text and translation. Vohra Publishers & Distributors. pp. 112–113. ISBN 978-81-85072-08-1. Then upon the orders of the king, Sridhara Pattanayaka, a general of the royal army, marched against Banki, took its ruler prisoner and bringing him to Khurudha incarcerated him.
  49. ↑ Orissa (India); Behuria, N. C. (1990). Orissa State Gazetteer. Gazetteers Unit, Department of Revenue, Government of Orissa. p. 373. Its roof was renewed about the middle of 18th century by Sridhara Pattanayak in the reign of Virakishore Deva.
  50. ↑ Tripathi, Gaya Charan; Kulke, Hermann (1987). Kaṭakarājavaṃśāvaliḥ: Text and translation. Vohra Publishers & Distributors. pp. 106–107. ISBN 978-81-85072-08-1. Hereafter his son Divyasimha Deva became the king. His two chief ministers were known as Ramachandra and Parmananda Pattanayaka. Both [had] built [a new] capital at the fort of Rathipur. He (Divyasimha Deva) was coronated in this fort.
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