Jornada of Alexis Menezes

Jornada of Alexis Menezes

Original title	Jornada do Arcebispo de Goa Frey Aleixo de Menezes Primaz da India Orientali, Religioso da Ordem de S. Agostinho. Quando foy as Serras do Malavar, & Lugares em que marâo os antigos Christâos de S. Thome & os tirou de muytos erros & obdeiencia da Santa Igreja Romana, da qual passava de mil annos que estavâo & reduzio à nossa Sancta Fè Catholica, & obediencia da Santa Igreja Romana, da qual passava de mil annosqhe estavâo apartados.
Translators	François Muñoz (Spanish) Jean-Baptiste de Glen (French) Pius Malekandathil (English)
Language	Portuguese language
Publication date	1606
Publication place	Coimbra, Habsburg Empire

Jornada of Alexis Menezes (Jornada do Arcebispo de Goa Dom Frey Alexio de Menezes...) or The Journey of Alexis Menezes is a seventeenth century travelogue. Written originally in Portuguese by Augustinian friar Antonio Gouvea, it provides a detailed account of the journeys and activities of Alexis Menezes during his term as the Archbishop of Goa and Governor of Portuguese India. It provides a Portuguese account of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth century South India, Ethiopia and, especially, the Saint Thomas Christian community and the region of Malabar.

Alexis Menezes

Content

The Jornada of Menezes provides a detailed hagiographic account of the activities of Alexis Menezes in order to subjugate the Indian Saint Thomas Christians (Nazranis) to the Portuguese crown and the Latin Church, during his tenure as Archbishop of Goa during 1595–1612 and thereby the defacto caeseropapist figure of the Portuguese possessions in India and the Far East. It details his extensive journeys and political engagements with local rulers in Malabar in order to consolidate support for his latinization programme and the Portuguese trade and territorial ambitions. This work glorifies the person of Menezes' and his tenure in India in order to create a charismatic impression in the European Catholic circles to advance his personal political and ecclesiastical claims in Portugal. Gouvea, by portraying Menezes as an Augustinian Messiah, also seeks to promote the Augustinian efforts to reassert their ecclesiastical footing which had been heavily impacted by the Protestant reformation triggered by Martin Luther, a former Augustinian. In addition, this work provides primary information about the socio-political situation in the then Malabar and the social background of the Nazranis. It also mentions the various kingdoms and towns in the sixteenth century Malabar while describing the churches and Nazrani settlements.

The Jornada is written in three parts. The first consists of 22 chapters and describes the origins and history of the Christian community in India. This book claims that the Nasranis originate from the apostolic mission of Thomas the Apostle in South India and that they fell into the Nestorian heresy by associating with the Church of the East. This book describes Menezes' accession as Archbishop of Goa in 1595 and details his first trip to the churches in Malabar, the difficulties he faced during his journey, and the opposition he faced from the Christians. The book also details his political and strategic maneuvers to convene the Synod of Diamper and advance his Latinization programme in Malabar by forcibly curbing local dissent and securing the submission of the Nazranis and their archdeacon.

The second part describes Menezes' visits to the churches of the Nasranis after the Diamper Synod. The purpose of this visit is to implement the decisions of the Synod in local parishes. Meanwhile, the author portrays the resistance from the Christians in many places as isolated incidents. The author also describes how Menezes, through his personal charisma, neutralizes such resistance and brings the locals under his sphere of influence. The author exaggerates the isolation of Menezes' opponents, their punishment by incurring divine wrath, and their return to the right path under the influence of Menezes.

The third book begins with Menezes' departure from Malabar. It portrays the Christians' request for Menesis to become their metropolitan in Malabar and the his outward readiness if the Pope and the Portuguese king so decide. It also mentions the activities carried out during the journey through Calicut, Mangalore, Basrur, and Honawar. Unlike the first two parts, the last book also describes the extensive activities of the Portuguese in wider Asia. It mentions the island of Socotra in the Arabian Sea, the christian Bedouins there, and their customs. The book also describes Menezes sending Augustinian monks to Shah Abbas I of Persia. It also mentions his missionary activities in Ethiopia. The author here indicates that Menezes, who brought the East Syriac metropolitan province of India under his control, assumed and fulfilled its ancient responsibilities in the wider maritime regions of the Indian Ocean and China.

List of churches

Alexis Menezes' Jornada provides the first detailed information about the Saint Thomas Christian churches that existed during the Synod of Diamper. It lists 77 churches among which 72 are mentioned Saint Thomas Christian parish churches. These 72 churches are classified as constituents of the Diocese of Angamaly in the Synod of Diamper.

List of Churches in Jornada (based on Malekandathil's translated edition of the Jornada)

Name of Settlement	Location	Name of Church	Patron Saint	Description	Current Identification	Earlier Accounts	Later Accounts
Pallur	Kingdom of Zamorin	Cyriacus the Martyr		It is the northernmost of the Christian settlements and is located five leagues away from Panane. Menesis did not personally visit the churches in the Kingdom of Zamorin. Some of the members of the church were present in the Synod of Diamper. They were asked to implement the decisions in the churches under Zamorin. Menesis exchanged letters with the church in Pallur.	Palayur, Thrissur district	Denha	Roz Campori Fenichio Sebastiani Raulin Du Perron Paulinus
Anamaque	Kingdom of Zamorin				Enamavu, Thrissur district	-	Roz Campori Raulin Duperron Paulinus
Mutem	Kingdom of Zamorin				Mattom, Thrissur district	-	Roz Campori Raulin Duperron Paulinus
Chatacolangaree	Kingdom of Zamorin				Arthat, Thrissur district	-	Raulin Duperron
Angamale	Kingdom of Mangate	Cathedral	Hormusio the Nestorian, Homisdas	Cathedral Church of the Saint Thomas Christians. It was built by Mar Abraham and he chose his tomb there. Menesis changed its name from 'Hermusio the Abbot' to 'Hormisda the Martyr of Persia'.	Angamaly, Ernakulam district	Menezes	Sebastiani Raulin Duperron Paulinus
		Church - 2				Carneiro Gīwārgīs Shem'ōn	Sebastiani Raulin Duperron Paulinus
		Church - 3				Varma Gīwargīs of Christ Alvares Gīwargīs of Christ	Sebastiani Raulin Duperron Paulinus
Agaparambim	Kingdom of Mangate	Marxabro and Marprod the 'Nestorians'; All Saints.		After the Udayamperoor Synod, the church was renamed All Saints.	Akaparambu, Ernakulam district	-	Roz Sebastiani Duperron Paulinus
Mangate	Kingdom of Mangate	Parish	Holy Virgin		Alangad, Ernakulam district	-	Roz Sebastiani Raulin Duperron Paulinus
		Monte Mangate	Holy Cross	Shrine located on a hilltop near Mangate. It was arsoned by the Amoucos of the King of Paru at night during which the Cross placed on its altar remained unaffected.			Roz Duperron
Great Paru	Kingdom of Paru	Church - 1	Thomas the Apostle	Referred to as the most noble of the settlements of Christians of Malabar. Two churches in Paru were two independent parishes.	North Paravur, Ernakulam district	Stone plaque	Raulin Duperron Paulinus
		Church - 2	Marxabro and Marprod 'the Nestorians', All Saints			Jacob	Roz Sebastiani Raulin Duperron Paulinus
Molecalão	Lands of king Muricale	Alexis the Martyr		One of the churches founded by Alexis Menezes. The church was dedicated to the Latin Catholic saint Alexis of Rome.	Mulakulam, Ernakulam district	none	Raulin Duperron Paulinus
Diamper - 1	Kingdom of Cochin	Marxabro and Marprod the 'Nestorians', All Saints		The church hosted the Synod of Diamper in 1599 under Menesis. It was a seat of bishops of the Christians in the past. A tomb of a 'Nestorian' bishop inside the church was highly venerated.	Udayamperoor, Ernakulam district		Roz Sebastiani Raulin Duperron Paulinus
Vaipicota, Chanota	Kingdom of Cochin	Holy Cross		It was a capital of the Villarvattom king. The seminary of the Jesuits was functioning there. It was the first Nazrani church visited by Menesis and the first to submit to the Portuguese.	Chendamangalam, Ernakulam district	-	Sebastiani Raulin Duperron Paulinus
Molandurte	Kingdom of Cochin	Thomas the Apostle		The Christians here received Menezes disregarding the Archdeacon's explicit approbation. Along with Cartute and Diamper, it became one of the most important three Nazrani settlements that supported Menezis.	Mulanthuruthy, Ernakulam district	-	Roz Sebastiani Raulin Duperron Paulinus
Matancher	Kingdom of Cochin			It was known as the 'Cross of the Saint Thomas Christians in Cochin'. This church was located in the vicinity of the Bishopric of Cochin. The Latin bishops of Cochin used to not let the Syrian archbishop or priests enter this church. Here, Menezes, before his departure to meet the Zamorin, converted a local Hindu noble woman. The Nairs of a prince of Cochin murdered her and later uprooted the cross that was planted on a spot in her memory.	Mattancheri, Ernakulam district	-	Roz Raulin Duperron Paulinus
Nhagrica	Kingdom of Cochin			Here, Menesis absolved people who had been excommunicated for the past 20 years though the cases should not have been absolved.	Njarackal, Ernakulam district	-	Sebastiani Raulin Duperron Paulinus
Cheguree	Kingdom of Cochin	Our Lady		Here, Menesis signed an agreement, which says that he would abstain from performing episcopal activities in Syrian churches and simply be a guest, as required by the archdeacon.	Chowara, Ernakulam district	-	Sebastiani Raulin Duperron Paulinus
Canhur	Kingdom of Cochin	Our Lady			Kanjoor, Ernakulam district	-	Sebastiani Raulin Duperron Paulinus
Maleatur	Kingdom of Cochin	Our Lady			Malayattur, Ernakulam district	-	Sebastiani Raulin Duperron Paulinus
Narame	Kingdom of Cochin				Thrippunithura, Ernakulam district	-	Sebastiani Duperron Paulinus
Pallurte	Kingdom of Cochin			Jacob Cassanar of the church of Pallurte was the spokesman and Malabari interpreter of Menesis at the Synod of Diamper.	Pulluruthy, Ernakulam district	-	Raulin Duperron Paulinus
Vaipin	Kingdom of Cochin	Holy Virgin		Belonged to the Franciscans.	Vypin, Ernakulam district	-	Raulin Duperron
Codemangalão	Principalities of Tacheta and Muna Caimal	Our Lady		The principalities of Tacheta and Muna Caimal in which the church belonged to were independent and confederated with the Kingdom of Cochin.	Kothamangalam, Ernakulam district	Mattāi	Raulin Duperron Paulinus
Muttão	Kingdom of Muterte			This church had a bell which was placed inside the church, just as in other churches which had bells, and rang only before divine offices to avoid inconvenience to the non-Christians.	Muttom, Alappuzha district	-	Roz Sebastiani Raulin Duperron Paulinus
Palliporão	'Land of the Pepper Queen'			Majority of the Christians who attended the church lived in Baiquetta on the opposite river bank, but a church or cross could not be founded there due to opposition by the Brahmins. Here the Portuguese triggered unrest among the Brahmins by killing a dove in a temple nearby.	Pallippuram, Alappuzha district	-	Sebastiani Raulin Duperron Paulinus
Collegayra mangalão, Colligeira mangalão	'Land of the Pepper Queen'	Thomas the Apostle			Kulashekhara mangalam, Kottayam district	-	Campori
Carturtte	'Land of the Pepper Queen'	Church - 1	Holy Virgin	Caturte is noted to be the most noble of the places of the Christians in the 'Pepper Kingdom'.	Kaduthuruthy, Kottayam district		Roz Sebastiani Raulin Duperron Paulinus
		Church - 2	Holy Virgin
Corlengate	'Land of the Pepper Queen'	Virgin Mary		The Archdeacon was a native of this place. Cassanar Jacob the archdeacon of Mar Simon preached his last homily in this church.	Kuravilangad, Kottayam district	Gīwārgīs	Roz Sebastiani Raulin Duperron Paulinus
Ignhaperi, Ignapeli	'Land of the Pepper Queen'	Holy Spirit		Cassanar Jacob the supporter of Mar Simon used to live there.	Elanji, Ernakulam	-	Raulin Duperron Paulinus
Nagpili		Holy Spirit		The 'Nestorian' Cassanar Jacob Pakalomattom had first been there.	Muttuchira, Kottayam district	-	Sebastiani Raulin Duperron Paulinus
Little Paru (Paru pequeno)	'Land of the Pepper Queen'	John the Baptist		Called 'little' to distinguish it with the other settlement with the same name.	South Paravur, Ernakulam district	-	Sebastiani Duperron Paulinus
Diamper - 2	'Land of the Pepper Queen'			Located near the border of the 'Land of the Pepper Queen' with the lands of Porcaa and Thecancutes. The church was very small and in a rudimentary condition.	Athirampuzha, Kottayam district	-	Raulin Duperron Paulinus
Poligunde	'Land of the Pepper Queen'	Our Lady			Pulinkunnu, Alappuzha district	-	Raulin Duperron Paulinus
Prouto	'Land of the Pepper Queen'	Three Kings		Here, Menezes saw opposition against his attempts to enforce the sacrament of confession.	Piravom, Ernakulam district	-	Raulin Duperron Paulinus
Baragore	'Land of the Pepper Queen'	John the Baptist			Vadakara, Ernakulam district	-	Duperron Paulinus
Aracore	'Land of the Pepper Queen'	Our Lady			Arakkuzha, Ernakulam district	-	Duperron Paulinus
Turubule, Terubulie, Turugure	Kingdom of Turubule	Thomas the Apostle		The King of Turubule is affiliated to the 'Queen of the Pepper Kingdom'	Thodupuzha, Idukki district	Carneiro	Roz Sebastiani Raulin
					Chunkom, Idukki district		Sebastiani Raulin Duperron Paulinus
Marubuli	Kingdom of Turubule	Our Lady			Muthalakodam, Idukki district	-	Raulin Duperron Paulinus
Malucombil	Kingdom of Turubule	George the Martyr			Maylacombu, Idukki district	-	Raulin Duperron Paulinus
Cotette	Kingdom of Tecancutes	Church - 1		Cotette had two parish churches. Here Menesis forced a sick young priest to abandon his wife.	Kottayam, Kottayam district	-	Roz Sebastiani Raulin Duperron
		Church - 2					Roz Raulin Duperron
Canharapally, Canharapilly	Kingdom of Tecancutes	Holy Virgin			Kanjirappalli, Kottayam district	-	Raulin Duperron Paulinus
Iratur	Kingdom of Tecancutes	George the Martyr			Aruvithura, Kottayam district	-	Raulin Duperron Paulinus
Palla	Principality of Gnamacata Caimal	Thomas the Apostle		The principality of Gnamacata Caimal in which the church belonged to were independent and confederated with the Kingdom of Tecancutes.	Pala, Kottayam district	-	Raulin Duperron Paulinus
Changanagere	Lands of King Perata Mutaa Iorinaram	Our Lady		Here, the king came to visit Menezes.	Changanassery, Kottayam district	-	Raulin Duperron Paulinus
Calucate	Kingdom of Porca			At Calucate, Menezes changed the names of those who bore the name Iyo, the name 'Jesus' in the Malabar language, which was very common among the Nazranis especially of the south.	Chambakkulam, Alappuzha district	-	Sebastiani Raulin Duperron Paulinus
Porca	Kingdom of Porca	Holy Cross		Porca is an important port and it used to be full of robbers and pirates. The church of the place was founded by the king of Porca as gratitude for the support given by Christians, who bore a flag printed with a cross, in a war against the 'Pepper Queen'. People from Calucate were brought to the church in Porca. It was handed over to the Jesuits but later the Nasranis took over its control.	Purakkad, Alappuzha district	-	Raulin Duperron Paulinus
Coramallu	Kingdom of Porca			Here, Menesis notes that the Chaldean practice of Absolution was followed instead of confessions and hence he forced the priests to hear confessions. He also forced a married priest to abandon the wife. From here, Menezes initiated attempts to convert the tribesmen called Malleas to Catholicism.	Kudamaloor, Kottayam district	-	Sebastiani Raulin Duperron Paulinus
Carathnarat, Caratnara	Caranarete Nobility	Augustine of Hippo		It is one of the churches founded in Malabar by Alexis Menezes, at the end of the 16th century. Under Menezes's instructions, religious conversion among the Malleas community in the area was common	Ramapuram Kottayam district	none	Raulin Duperron Paulinus
Naranão	Lands of Charavacoil	Our Lady		Charavacoil is an independent lord of the caste of the kings of Cochin. Menezes took the journey to this plae through a broad river full of crocodiles.	Niranam, Pathanamthitta district	-	Raulin Duperron Paulinus
Calupare	Kingdom of Rapelim	Thomas the Apostle		The Cassanars here did not attend the Synod of Diamper.	Kallooppara, Pathanamthitta district	-	Raulin Duperron Paulinus
Changanor	Kingdom of Changanor	Our Lady		Located in the lands of the Changanor Temple. Here, Menesis compelled an influential Cassanar to 'throw away' his wife and children, which he did not heed to.	Chengannur, Alappuzha district	-	Raulin Duperron Paulinus
Maruquitil	Kingdom of Changanor	Our Lady			Manarcaud, Kottayam	-	Raulin Duperron
					Maramon, Pathanamthitta district		Raulin Duperron Paulinus
Tuumpone	Lands of Chemparanura Bil	Our Lady		Menesis went there during his visit to Maruquitil. The priests there had not attended the Synod of Diamper. Chemparanura Bil is said to be a king-like independent lord and a relative of the kings of Cochin.	Thumpamon, Pathanamthitta district	-	Raulin Duperron Paulinus
Calecoulão	Kingdom of Calecoulão	Old Church	Marxabro and Marprod the 'Nestorians' 'All Saints'	It was located in the interior of the land and was the oldest of the two churches in Calecoulão.	Kayamkulam, Alappuzha district	-	Duperron Paulinus
		Church - 2	Holy Virgin	This church was under the Franciscans and was included in the Diocese of Cochin. It was destroyed by the king of Calecoulão. Portuguese were not allowed to sail from Cochin to Coulão through rivers and their sea pearls were thus detained in Coulão. Here, the king visited Menezis and allowed a plot of land for the church and access of rivers for the merchants.		-
Caramanate	Kingdom of Calecoulão	Holy Virgin		Here, Menezis triggered communal tensions among Nairs against Saint Thomas Christians by insulting the Nair deities and their beliefs.	Kadampanadu, Kollam district	-	Duperron Paulinus
Corico Langare	Kingdom of Panapely	George the Martyr		St. George is also called Marbarguida. Here Menezes found a large number of books which he burnt.	Cheppad, Alappuzha district	-	Raulin Duperron Paulinus
Batimena	Kingdom of Panapely	Our Lady			Venmony, Pathanamthitta district.	-	Duperron Paulinus
Catiapeli	Kingdom of Batimena			Here, the king of Batimena visited Menezes	Karthikappalli, Kollam district	-	Duperron Paulinus
Mauelicare, Podiagabo	Kingdom of Marta	Holy Virgin		Since there were two bazaars nearby, Mavelikkara and Puthiyakavu, the church was known by both of them.	Mavelikkara, Alappuzha district	-	Raulin Duperron Paulinus
Gundara	Kingdom of Gundara	Thomas the Apostle		It is said to be a small church lying in a clearing of a forest.	Kundara, Kollam district	-	Raulin Duperron Paulinus
Calare	Kingdom of Changanate (Coulão)	Our Lady		This church was first located in the other side of the river in the lands of King Charaua. It was relocated to its location in the Kingdom of Changanate after being destroyed by king Charaua. After the death of the King of Changanate, his territory was inherited by the King of Travancore.	Kallada, Kollam district	-	Raulin Duperron Paulinus
Teualecare	Kingdom of Changanate (Coulão)			Tarisappalli Copper Plates were preserved in the church during Archbishop Menesis' visit to the place in the early 17th century. Here, Menezis was saved by the Christians from the attack of Muslims.	Thevalakkara, Kollam district	-	Raulin Duperron Paulinus
Coulão	Kingdom of Changanate (Coulão)	Old Church	St. Thomas the Apostle	It was founded by Marxabro and Marprod the two 'Nestorians', called saints who came from 'Babylonia' and secured great privileges from the king in Coulão 733 years ago. Due to differences with the Portuguese and wars, the Saint Thomas Christians left the church to the Portuguese and shifted to upper Coulão. The Portuguese occupied the church and started to build a fort around it. Menesis directed the completion of the fortification which had been stopped.	Kollam, Kollam district	Thiruvatikal Polo Jordanus Marignolli Albuquerque Empoli Dionysii	Roz Raulin Duperron Paulinus
		Coulão de Cima	Our Lady	It was founded by the Saint Thomas Christians who shifted to interior due to Portuguese hegemony in their old church. It was located close to a fort being built by the King of Travancore.
Travancore	Kingdom of Travancore			Menesis did not visit the church of Travancore personally. It is the first church to be reconstructed following the Synod of Diamper as per Portuguese norms.	Thiruvithamcode, Kanyakumari district	Menezis	Roz Raulin Duperron Paulinus
Maliapore		Holy Virgin			Mylapore, Chennai district	Denha	Roz

Translations

• A now lost undated and unpublished translation to Spanish by François Muñoz.
• de Glen, Jean-Baptiste (1609). Histoire orientale, des grans progres de l'eglise cathol. apost. & rom. en la reduction des anciens chrestiens, dits de S. Thomas, de plusieurs autres schismatiques & heretiques a l'vnion de la vraye eglise. Conuersion encor des mahometains, mores & payens (in French). Antwerp; Brussels: Hierosme Verdussen; Rutger Velpius. This is the translation of the Spanish bridge version translated by François Muñoz.
• Malekandathil, Pius (2003). Jornada of Dom Alexis de Menezes: A Portuguese Account of the Sixteenth Century Malabar. Kochi: Liturgical Research Centre..

References

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