Invasive species in Canada

Zebra mussels were first detected in the Great Lakes Basin in 1988, in Lake St. Clair.

Invasive species in Canada are non-native organisms including plants, animals, insects, viruses, fungi, and pathogens that have the potential to cause harm within various ecosystems due to their general adaptability and ability to outcompete native species for immediate resources such as food, habitat, and nutrient availability.[1]

Over 1400 invasive species of fish, plants, insects and invertebrates have been introduced to Canada through intentional and unintentional means.[2] Over 450 invasive flora and over 400 invasive insects have been identified.[3] The Great Lakes region is home to nearly 200 invasive species, making it one of Canada's most heavily affected ecosystems.[4] Freshwater ecosystems are disproportionately more imperilled compared to terrestrial ecosystems.[5]

Most invasive species are introduced and moved around through human activities such as the transportation of shipping vessels and other marine vehicles, the movement of firewood, as well as through the horticultural industry.[6] The regulation of these pests is managed on a provincial and federal level; It is the responsibility of each province/territory to monitor the spread of invasive species.[7]

While ecological invasion is a naturally occurring phenomenon, anthropogenic activities have increased the occurrence and scale of invasions. The spread of invasive species is increasing due to habitat fragmentation, climate change, increased global trade and mobility.[8] Invasive species are one of the top drivers of biodiversity loss globally, only second to habitat loss.[9] Significant ecological, economic, and environmental damage can occur due to invasive species spread.[10][8]

Impacts

Invasive species cause significant damage and pose threats to Canadian agriculture, forestry, commercial fishery, recreation, culture, and biodiversity.[11]

Economic Impacts

Invasive species have economic impacts across animal production, arts and recreation, construction, crop production, forestry, hunting, mining, private households, public administration, transportation, and utilities.[12] In 2004, it was estimated that the annual cost for 16 invasive species was between CAD $13.3 and $34.5 billion annually.[13][8] Leafy spurge, for example, has cost the province of Manitoba $19 million in treatment costs annually.[14]

Environmental Impacts

Environmental impacts include ecosystem diversity, structure and function, displacement of native species, and endangering other species at risk.[12] Ecosystem functioning can also be altered through the spread of invasive plants through changes in carbon sequestration and dense canopies that shade undergrowth.[12]

Pacific & Western Canada

In Western Canada, the ecological impacts of invasive species are increasingly intersecting with changing climate patterns, particularly through the amplification of wildfire cycles. Invasive flora fundamentally alters local fuel loads and forest compositions, transforming vulnerable ecosystems into volatile fire hazards. Invasive plants significantly modify regional fire regimes by changing the density, structure, and flammability of ground cover. For example, the rapid colonization of cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) across dry interior ranges in British Columbia introduces a highly flammable, continuous fine fuel bed. Cheatgrass dries out much earlier in the summer season than native perennial bunchgrasses, creating a continuous carpet of fine kindling that accelerates fire ignition and increases the rate of spread across provincial rangelands.[15]

Similarly, densely growing wood-heavy invasive species like Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius) pose a significant wildfire hazard as they act as fuel ladders. According to data tracked by the BC Ministry of Forests, Scotch broom actively invades recently cleared forest stands and resource corridors, altering soil chemistry and compounding fire behavior and control concerns.[16] Because of its high oil content, dry branch architecture, and capacity to form dense, impenetrable thickets, it functions as a volatile flash fuel in coastal areas like Vancouver Island and the Lower Mainland. These structural attributes allow low-intensity ground fires to climb easily into the forest canopy, dramatically elevating the likelihood of destructive crown fires and complicating suppression efforts by regional fire services.[17]

Invasive Species Strategy

In 2004 the federal government of Canada released their invasive alien species strategy.[13] Four key priorities for establishing an invasive species management strategy; prevention, early detection, rapid response, and management.[13]

Prevention

Prevention of invasive species introduction includes conducting comprehensive risk analysis for planned introductions and measures to reduce unintentional introductions.[18] There are many strategies for preventing unintentional invasions including the play clean go strategy: removing dirt and plant matter from boots and gear after outdoor activities and staying on designated trails.[19] The buy local burn local strategy encourages the use of buying firewood where you plan to burn it to prevent the unintentional spread of tree-killing insects and pathogens.[19] In addition, the plant wise strategy encourages gardening and landscaping with native or non-invasive fauna and flora to prevent the unintentional spread of invasives.[19]

Early Detection

Early detection through large-scale surveillance is a key step in effective management of invasive species.[20] It involves site specific monitoring around critical points of entry, and protected areas and can be done through government bodies, non-governmental organizations, or citizen science.[18][21] Once an unknown species has been reported, it can be identified and a determination of rapid response and management can be done.[21] Early detection is often low due to logistic and financial feasibility that limits the strength of detection programs.[20]

Invasive plants can be hard to identify in the early stages of growth resulting in their ability to establish strong populations before they have been detected.[22] The evolvement of technologies like remote sensing, environmental DNA, and artificial intelligence have improved the capabilities for early detection and response given their ability to detect new species in earlier stages.[23] Crowdsourcing through citizen science can also enhance early detection programs.[20]

Rapid Response

Rapid response is a systematic effort to eradicate or contain invasive species while infestations are still localized.[8][24] Integrated risk analysis is used to determine appropriate rapid response measures when an invasive species is identified.[18] Systems for rapid decision-making and implementation are essential for responding before a species can become established or cause harm.[18] Early and rapid responses are more likely to be effective than control or eradication attempts occurring later in established colonies.[25][26]

Management

Eradication, containment, control and public awareness are strategies used for management of invasive species.[18][25] Management can be undertaken through multiple methods including chemical, biological, or physical control.[27] Chemical control is the use of pesticides, herbicides, fungicides or insecticides, this strategy involves proper application to ensure application is limited to the appropriate area to prevent damage to other species.[27] Biological control is when another living organism is used to control or eradicate an invasive species, usually this involved the introduction of the invasive species' natural predator to contain the spread.[27] This method does run the risk of introducing additional invasive species or other unintended consequences if the other organism is not thoroughly assessed and monitored.[27] Mechanical or physical control involves many methods including hand-pulling, digging, flooding, installing physical barriers, prescribed burns, girdling, mowing.[27] Physical control is typically labour intensive and is most effective for small colonies or in conjunction with other methods. Public participation can also support management strategies through individual-scale actions and volunteer-based initiatives.[25]

Government goals and targets

2020 Biodiversity Goals and Targets

In 2015, the 2020 Biodiversity Goals and Targets were adopted by Canada with 19 targets to protect Canada's nature and biodiversity.[28] Goal B was to reduce the pressures on biodiversity and create more sustainable consumption of biological resorces.[29] Target 11 within goal B specifically addressed invasive alien species with the stated goal of developing management plans:

"By 2020, pathways of invasive alien species introductions are identified, and risk-based intervention or management plans are in place for priority pathways and species."[30]

Indicators of the target were the number of known invasive alien species in Canada, percentage of federally regulated unestablished invasive species, and the number of intervention or management plans in place.[29] In the 2020 final assessment, the target was met based on pathways of introduction being identified and management strategies in place for priority pathways and species.[29]

2030 Nature Strategy

After signing the 2022 Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, the 2030 Nature Strategy was introduced to provide a path forward for how Canada will implement the framework.[31]

Target 6 on Invasive Alien Species of Canada's 2030 Nature strategy is to

"Eliminate, minimize, reduce and or mitigate the impacts of invasive alien species on biodiversity and ecosystem services by identifying and managing pathways of the introduction of alien species, preventing the introduction and establishment of priority invasive alien species, reducing the rates of introduction and establishment of other known or potential invasive alien species by at least 50 per cent by 2030, and eradicating or controlling invasive alien species, especially in priority sites, such as islands."[31]

This target builds off of the existing pathways and management plans created through the 2020 Biodiversity Goals and Targets.[31]

Indigenous Perspectives and Management

As stewards of the land and water, Indigenous peoples' knowledge and experience of the land can be integrated into invasive species management for a more nuanced and wholistic approach to management.[32]

Invasive species management is typically focused on eradication through removal and management. Some Indigenous perspectives instead choose to look at the reasons invasions become present and what sort of relationship can be created with humans and the land.[33][34]

One Anishinaabe perspective focuses on the idea that every plant and animal is kin, this relational approach looks for benefits of invasive plants instead of focusing on their removal.[33] They view the arrival of new species as a natural form of migration and seek to discover the purpose of said migration.[35] Garlic mustard, for example, is an invasive plant from Europe that hinders growth of native plants, an alternative management response could be to use it as a foraged herb.[36]

In the Chilcotin region of British Columbia, the Indigenous Tsilhqot’in people offer a different perspective on the wild horse populations that are considered invasive by the provincial government.[34][37] The Xeni Gwet’in recognize the need to respect the animals and instead of considering if the horses should be on the land, they focus on the different relationships the horses have within the ecological system.[34]

Terrestrial species

Terrestrial species are those that have evolved to sustain life on land. Terrestrial invasive species often have the potential to harm environments such as agricultural fields, young and old-growth forests, waterways, and other sensitive ecosystems.[38]

A close-up image of the stem and leaves of Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum)
Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) has invaded the arid rangelands of interior British Columbia, increasing both the frequency and intensity of wildfires while simultaneously destroying fire-resistant native bunchgrass ecosystems.[39]

Plants

Invertebrates

Insects

Arachnids

  • Amphitetranychus viennensis - hawthorn spider mite[97][98]

Mollusks

Pathogens

Vertebrates

Feral pig walking in the snow. (Sus scrofa)
In Alberta, Feral pigs (Sus scrofa) act as highly destructive invasive pests that damage native ecosystems and riparian zones through extensive digging, rooting, and wallowing behavior.[157]

Aquatic species

Aquatic species are those that have evolved to sustain life in water. Aquatic invasive species in Canada are found on shorelines and in numerous waterways.[162]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Canada, Climate Change (2015-04-27). "Invasive alien species in Canada". Canada.ca. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  2. ↑ Reeves, Andrew (2 February 2026) [11 March 2019]. "Invasive Species in Canada: Animals". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Toronto: Historica Canada. Retrieved 18 June 2026.
  3. ↑ Tomás Schlichter; Leopoldo Montes (2011). Forests in Development: A Vital Balance. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 34. ISBN 978-94-007-2576-8.
  4. ↑ "The invasive species threatening Canada's biodiversity you may not know about". www.theweathernetwork.com. Pelmorex Weather Networks Inc. 22 May 2020.
  5. ↑ Dextrase, Alan J.; Mandrak, Nicholas E. (January 2006). "Impacts of Alien Invasive Species on Freshwater Fauna at Risk in Canada". Biological Invasions. 8 (1): 13–24. Bibcode:2006BiInv...8...13D. doi:10.1007/s10530-005-0232-2. S2CID 9422553.
  6. ↑ "Invasive Species Pathways of Spread". Invasive Species Centre. Retrieved 2026-02-06.
  7. ↑ "Legislation and Policy". Invasive Species Centre. 2023-12-11. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Thomas, Vernon G.; Hanner, Robert H.; Borisenko, Alex V. (12 July 2016). "DNA-based identification of invasive alien species in relation to Canadian federal policy and law, and the basis of rapid-response management". Genome. 59 (11): 1023–1031. doi:10.1139/gen-2016-0022. hdl:1807/73931. ISSN 0831-2796. PMID 27767334.
  9. ↑ Boyse, Elizabeth; Clark, Melody S.; Carr, Ian M.; Cook, Alison J.; Archambault, Philippe; Holloway, Jean E.; Luo, Zhewen; Milton, Michael; Roy, Mathieu; Dawson, Jackie; Peck, Victoria L. (8 Sep 2025). "Expanding Monitoring Capacity for Potential Invasive Species in Arctic Canada With Environmental DNA Metabarcoding". Global Change Biology. 31 (9) e70452. doi:10.1111/gcb.70452. ISSN 1354-1013. PMC 12415680. PMID 40916831.
  10. ↑ Canada, Service (2015-10-13). "Not Found". www.canada.ca. Retrieved 2026-03-14.
  11. ↑ Nichols, Gabby (2025-05-06). "What's The Big Deal?". Invasives Canada. Retrieved 2026-03-29.
  12. 1 2 3 Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Invasive Alien Plants in Canada. CFIA. Ottawa, ON, 2008.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Canada, Environment and Climate Change Canada (2015-10-13). "Invasive alien species strategy". www.canada.ca. Retrieved 2026-03-29.
  14. ↑ Reeves, Andrew (2 February 2026) [21 March 2019]. "Invasive Species in Canada: Plants". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Toronto: Historica Canada. Retrieved 18 June 2026.
  15. ↑ Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development, Province of BC. "Prescribed Fire and Invasive Plants: A Reference Guide and Manual of Best Practices" (PDF).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  16. ↑ "Reasons to support Scotch Broom Resolution at UBCM conference". Broombusters Invasive Plant Society. Retrieved 2026-06-27. BC Ministry of Forests notes that Scotch broom competes with tree seedlings, is highly flammable, and resprouts following fire.
  17. ↑ "Drought ignites earlier Scotch broom battle". Nanaimo News Now. Retrieved 2026-06-27.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 Environment Canada. 2004. An invasive alien species strategy for Canada. Ottawa - Ontario : Environment Canada September 2004. CW66-394/2004E-PDF
  19. 1 2 3 Nichols, Gabby (2025-05-06). "Take Action Programs". Invasives Canada. Retrieved 2026-03-29.
  20. 1 2 3 Koen, Erin L.; Newton, Erica J. (2021-08-01). "Outreach increases detections of an invasive species in a crowdsourced monitoring program". Biological Invasions. 23 (8): 2611–2620. doi:10.1007/s10530-021-02526-3. ISSN 1573-1464.
  21. 1 2 Forests, Ministry of. "Invasive species early detection and rapid response (EDRR) - Province of British Columbia". www2.gov.bc.ca. Retrieved 2026-03-29.
  22. ↑ MacLellan, Ainslie; Jones, Sabrina (18 Jan 2023). "How drones and AI could help stem the spread of a plant invading Quebec parks". CBC News.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Namitha, L. H.; Mudalkar, Shalini; Reddy, C. Sudhakar (2025-09-01). "From Pixels to Molecules: Innovative Strategies for Invasive Alien Plant Species Monitoring and Management". Anthropocene Science. 4 (3): 99–119. doi:10.1007/s44177-025-00100-3. ISSN 2731-3980.
  24. ↑ NISC (National Invasive Species Council). 2008. 2008–2012 National Invasive Species Management Plan
  25. 1 2 3 Haley, A. L., Lemieux, T. A., Piczak, M. L., Karau, S., D’Addario, A., Irvine, R. L., Beaudoin, C., Bennett, J. R., & Cooke, S. J. (2023). On the effectiveness of public awareness campaigns for the management of invasive species. Environmental Conservation, 50(4), 202–211. https://doi.org/10.1017/S037689292300019X
  26. ↑ "Early Detection and Rapid Response | National Invasive Species Information Center". www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov. Retrieved 2026-03-29.
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 "Response and Control". Invasive Species Centre. Retrieved 2026-03-31.
  28. ↑ Parks Canada (2015-10-13). "2020 Biodiversity Goals and Targets for Canada". www.canada.ca. Retrieved 2026-04-03.
  29. 1 2 3 "Canada Target 11". biodivcanada.ca. Retrieved 2026-04-04.
  30. ↑ Environment and Climate Change Canada. 2016. 2020 Biodiversity Goals & Targets For Canada. Retrieved from https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2016/eccc/CW66-524-2016-eng.pdf
  31. 1 2 3 Canada, Environment and Climate Change (2024-07-30). "Canada's 2030 Nature Strategy: Halting and Reversing Biodiversity Loss in Canada". www.canada.ca. Retrieved 2026-04-03.
  32. ↑ Wehi, Priscilla M.; Kamelamela, Katie L.; Whyte, Kyle; Watene, Krushil; Reo, Nicholas (17 July 2023). "Contribution of Indigenous Peoples' understandings and relational frameworks to invasive alien species management". People and Nature. 5 (5): 1403–1414. doi:10.1002/pan3.10508. ISSN 2575-8314.
  33. 1 2 Viswanathan, Leela. "Indigenous Perspectives to Understanding Invasive Species". indigenousclimatehub.ca. Retrieved 2026-04-03.
  34. 1 2 3 Bhattacharyya, J., & Larson, B. M. H. (2014). The Need for Indigenous Voices in Discourse about Introduced Species: Insights from a Controversy over Wild Horses. Environmental Values, 23(6), 663–684. https://doi.org/10.3197/096327114X13947900181031
  35. ↑ Reo, Nicholas J.; Ogden, Laura A. (2018-09-01). "Anishnaabe Aki: an indigenous perspective on the global threat of invasive species". Sustainability Science. 13 (5): 1443–1452. doi:10.1007/s11625-018-0571-4. ISSN 1862-4057.
  36. ↑ Vermes, Jason (22 April 2018). "'Every plant and animal is useful to us': Indigenous professor re-thinking how we deal with invasive species".
  37. ↑ "Free-roaming horses are feral and invasive, B.C. says — but biologist, First Nation argue they need protection". CBC British Columbia. 2023-12-03.
  38. ↑ "Invasive Land Animals and Invertebrates". Invasive Species Centre. 2025-06-24. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  39. ↑ Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development, Province of BC. "Prescribed Fire and Invasive Plants: A Reference Guide and Manual of Best Practices" (PDF).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  40. ↑ "Jointed Oatgrass". Government of Canada. 2025-07-24. Retrieved 2026-03-19.
  41. ↑ "Weed Seed: Aegilops cylindrica (Jointed Goatgrass)". Government of Canada. 2017-09-22. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  42. ↑ "Slender Foxtail". 2024-12-16. Retrieved 2026-03-19.
  43. ↑ "Weed Seed: Alopecurus myosuroides (Slender foxtail)". Government of Canada. 2017-09-22. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  44. ↑ "Giant reed". inspection.canada.ca. 2019-05-16. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  45. ↑ "Notice of Decision: Arundo donax (giant reed) a regulated pest plant for Canada". Government of Canada. 2018-01-05. Retrieved 2026-03-19.
  46. 1 2 3 "D-01-04: Plant Protection Import and Domestic Movement Requirements for Barberry (Berberis, Mahoberberis and Mahonia spp.) under the Canadian Barberry Certification Program". Government of Canada. 2012-03-20. Retrieved 2026-03-19.
  47. 1 2 3 "RMD-21-02: Pest risk management document for barberry (Berberis, Mahoberberis and Mahonia spp.) as a biological obstacle to the control of black stem rust (Puccinia graminis)". Government of Canada. 2022-06-03. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  48. ↑ "Cheatgrass". Invasive Species Council of BC. 2026-06-26. Retrieved 2026-06-26.
  49. ↑ "Iberian starthistle". Government of Canada. 2025-06-19. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  50. ↑ "Weed Seed: Centaurea iberica (Iberian starthistle)". Government of Canada. 2017-11-07. Retrieved 2026-03-19.
  51. ↑ "Yellow starthistle - Centaurea solstitialis". Government of Canada. 2019-05-14. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  52. ↑ "Weed Seed: Centaurea solstitialis (Yellow starthistle)". Government of Canada. 2017-09-27. Retrieved 2026-03-19.
  53. ↑ "Spotted knapweed - Centaurea stoebe". Invasive Species Council of BC. 2026-06-26. Retrieved 2026-06-26.
  54. ↑ "Common crupina". Government of Canada. 2025-11-28. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  55. ↑ "Weed Seed: Crupina vulgaris (Common Crupina)". Government of Canada. 2017-09-22. Retrieved 2026-03-19.
  56. ↑ "Dodders". Government of Canada. 2026-01-19. Retrieved 2026-03-19.
  57. ↑ "Weed Seed: Cuscuta spp. (Dodder)". Government of Canada. 2026-02-10. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  58. 1 2 3 "D-98-06: Interim Import Requirements of Parasitic Plants: Cuscuta, Striga, and Orobanche". Government of Canada. 2006-03-28. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  59. ↑ "Scotch Broom". Invasive Species Council of BC. 2026-06-26. Retrieved 2026-06-26.
  60. ↑ "Chinese yam". Government of Canada. 2025-10-06. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  61. ↑ "Weed Seed - Chinese Yam (Dioscorea polystachya)". Government of Canada. 2014-04-16. Retrieved 2026-03-19.
  62. ↑ "Paterson's curse". Government of Canada. 2025-09-08. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  63. ↑ "Weed Seed: Echium plantagineum (Paterson's curse)". Government of Canada. 2017-09-27. Retrieved 2026-03-19.
  64. ↑ "Woolly cup grass". Government of Canada. 2025-06-05. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  65. ↑ "Weed Seed: Eriochloa villosa (Woolly cup grass)". Government of Canada. 2017-09-27. Retrieved 2026-03-19.
  66. ↑ "D-11-03: Phytosanitary Requirements to Prevent the Spread of Eriochloa villosa (Woolly Cup Grass) and Control Infestations in Canada". Government of Canada. 2012-08-27. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  67. ↑ "Giant Hogweed". Invasive Species Council of BC. 2026-06-26. Retrieved 2026-06-26.
  68. ↑ "Tansy Ragwort". Invasive Species Council of BC. 2026-06-26. Retrieved 2026-06-26.
  69. ↑ "Japanese stiltgrass – Microstegium vimineum". Government of Canada. 2021-05-31. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  70. ↑ "Japanese stiltgrass". Government of Canada. 2025-08-28. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  71. ↑ "Weed Seed - Japanese stiltgrass (Microstegium vimineum)". Government of Canada. 2019-10-28. Retrieved 2026-03-19.
  72. ↑ "Serrated tussock". Government of Canada. 2025-11-18. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  73. ↑ "Weed Seed: Nassella trichotoma (Serrated tussock)". Government of Canada. 2017-09-27. Retrieved 2026-03-19.
  74. ↑ "Broomrapes". Government of Canada. 2026-01-27. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  75. ↑ "Weed Seed: Broomrape (Orobanche spp.)". Government of Canada. 2026-02-10. Retrieved 2026-03-19.
  76. ↑ "Dallis grass". Government of Canada. 2025-11-18. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  77. ↑ "Weed Seed: Paspalum dilatatum (Dallis grass)". Government of Canada. 2017-09-28. Retrieved 2026-03-19.
  78. ↑ "Devil's-tail tearthumb". Government of Canada. 2025-11-18. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  79. ↑ "Weed Seed: Persicaria perfoliata (Devil's-tail tearthumb)". Government of Canada. 2017-09-29. Retrieved 2026-03-19.
  80. ↑ "Himalayan Knotweed". Invasive Species Council of BC. 2026-06-26. Retrieved 2026-06-26.
  81. ↑ "Phragmites fact sheet". Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. October 19, 2018. Retrieved 2026-03-19.
  82. ↑ "Kudzu". Government of Canada. 2025-09-10. Retrieved 2026-03-19.
  83. ↑ "RMD-10-11: Pest risk management decision for the regulation of Kudzu (Pueraria montana)". Government of Canada. 2025-09-02. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  84. ↑ "Weed Seed: Pueraria montana (Kudzu)". Government of Canada. 2017-09-29. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  85. ↑ "Japanese Knotweed". Invasive Species Council of BC. 2026-06-26. Retrieved 2026-06-26.
  86. ↑ "Giant Knotweed". Invasive Species Council of BC. 2026-06-26. Retrieved 2026-06-26.
  87. ↑ "Bohemian Knotweed". Invasive Species Council of BC. 2026-06-26. Retrieved 2026-06-26.
  88. ↑ "South African ragwort". Government of Canada. 2025-10-06. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  89. ↑ "Weed Seed: Senecio inaequidens (South African ragwort)". Government of Canada. 2017-09-25. Retrieved 2026-03-19.
  90. ↑ "Madagascar ragwort". Government of Canada. 2025-10-06. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  91. ↑ "Weed Seed: Senecio madagascariensis (Madagascar ragwort)". Government of Canada. 2017-06-02. Retrieved 2026-03-19.
  92. ↑ "Silverleaf Nightshade". Government of Canada. 2016-08-09. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  93. ↑ "Weed Seed: Solanum elaeagnifolium (Silverleaf nightshade)". Government of Canada. 2017-09-27. Retrieved 2026-03-19.
  94. ↑ "Witchweeds". Government of Canada. 2026-02-03. Retrieved 2026-03-19.
  95. ↑ "Syrian bean-caper". Government of Canada. 2025-04-16. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  96. ↑ "Weed Seed: Zygophyllum fabago (Syrian bean-caper)". Government of Canada. 2017-09-29. Retrieved 2026-03-19.
  97. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 "Appendix 1: Summary of phytosanitary import requirements for temperate fresh fruit and tree nuts approved for entry into Canada". Government of Canada. 2026-02-09. Retrieved 2026-03-26.
  98. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 "D-95-08: Phytosanitary import requirements for fresh temperate fruits and tree nuts". Government of Canada. 2025-09-18. Retrieved 2026-03-26.
  99. ↑ "Hemlock wooly adelgid". Government of Canada. 2025-08-26. Retrieved 2026-03-26.
  100. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "D-01-12: Phytosanitary Requirements for the Importation and Domestic Movement of Firewood". Government of Canada. 2018-11-14. Retrieved 2026-03-26.
  101. ↑ "Emerald ash borer". Government of Canada. 2025-04-30. Retrieved 2026-03-26.
  102. ↑ "Scientific fact sheet: Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky)". Government of Canada. 2025-08-08. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  103. ↑ "Scientific fact sheet: Anoplophora chinensis". Government of Canada. 2025-08-08. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  104. ↑ "D-11-01: Phytosanitary Requirements for Plants for Planting and Fresh Branches to Prevent the Entry and Spread of Anoplophora spp". Government of Canada. 2020-07-29. Retrieved 2026-03-26.
  105. ↑ "Red-necked longhorn beetle – Aromia bungii". Government of Canada. 2020-07-06. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  106. ↑ "Carnation tortrix, Cacoecimorpha pronubana Hubner". Government of Canada. 2022-11-07. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  107. ↑ "Cydalima perspectalis (Walker) – (Box tree moth) – Fact sheet". Government of Canada. 2019-06-17. Retrieved 2026-03-26.
  108. ↑ "D-22-04: Box tree moth (Cydalima perspectalis) – domestic and import phytosanitary requirements". Government of Canada. 2026-02-26. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  109. ↑ "Light brown apple moth". Government of Canada. 2024-12-13. Retrieved 2026-03-26.
  110. ↑ "RMD-22-01: Pest risk management decision for the regulation of light brown apple moth (Epiphyas postvittana)". Government of Canada. 2024-12-06. Retrieved 2026-03-26.
  111. ↑ "Black pine bark beetle – Hylastes ater (Paykull)". Government of Canada. 2019-07-09. Retrieved 2026-03-26.
  112. ↑ "Brown Marmorated Stink Bug". Invasive Species Council of BC. 2026-06-26. Retrieved 2026-06-26.
  113. ↑ "European spruce bark beetle – Ips typographus L." Government of Canada. 2019-07-09. Retrieved 2026-03-26.
  114. ↑ "D-98-01: Import Requirements for Seed Potatoes and Other Potato Propagative Material". Government of Canada. 2016-12-28. Retrieved 2026-03-26.
  115. ↑ "Argentine Ant". Invasive Species Council of BC. 2026-06-26. Retrieved 2026-06-26.
  116. ↑ "European grapevine moth – Lobesia botrana". Government of Canada. 2019-07-09. Retrieved 2026-03-26.
  117. ↑ "European grapevine moth: Fact sheet". Government of Canada. 2025-03-11. Retrieved 2026-03-26.
  118. ↑ "Scientific fact sheet: Lycorma delicatula". Government of Canada. 2025-11-03. Retrieved 2026-03-26.
  119. ↑ "D-24-01: Spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula) – Domestic and import phytosanitary requirements". Government of Canada. 2025-10-03. Retrieved 2026-03-26.
  120. 1 2 3 4 "D-95-03: Plant protection policy for marine vessels arriving in Canada from areas regulated for flighted spongy moth complex (FSMC) (Lymantria dispar, Lymantria albescens, Lymantria postalba, Lymantria umbrosa)". Government of Canada. 2024-04-06. Retrieved 2026-03-26.
  121. ↑ "Spongy moth: Fact sheet". Government of Canada. 2024-11-05. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  122. ↑ "Lymantria mathura Moore". Government of Canada. 2019-06-11. Retrieved 2026-03-26.
  123. ↑ "Nun moth – Lymantria monacha". Government of Canada. 2019-06-11. Retrieved 2026-03-26.
  124. ↑ "Lymantria monacha (Nun moth) - Factsheet". Government of Canada. 2012-01-19. Retrieved 2026-03-26.
  125. ↑ "European Fire Ant". Invasive Species Council of BC. 2026-06-26. Retrieved 2026-06-26.
  126. ↑ "Movement prohibitions and restrictions in Canada under the Plant Protection Act". Government of Canada. 2025-12-03. Retrieved 2026-03-26.
  127. ↑ "Allium leaf miner". Government of Canada. 2026-03-09. Retrieved 2026-03-26.
  128. ↑ "Japanese beetle". Government of Canada. 2025-12-03. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  129. ↑ "Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica) - Fact Sheet". Government of Canada. 2018-05-14. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  130. ↑ "Scientific fact sheet: Popillia Japonica". Government of Canada. 2025-12-03. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  131. ↑ "European cherry fruit fly – Rhagoletis cerasi". Government of Canada. 2023-06-01. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  132. ↑ "Rhagoletis cerasi (European cherry fruit fly) - Fact sheet". Government of Canada. 2023-06-01. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  133. ↑ "Blueberry maggot – Rhagoletis mendax". Government of Canada. 2020-03-10. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  134. ↑ "Rhagoletis mendax (Blueberry Maggot) - Fact sheet". Government of Canada. 2019-04-25. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  135. ↑ "Apple maggot – Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh)". Government of Canada. 2025-02-21. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  136. ↑ "Rhagoletis pomonella (Apple maggot) - Fact sheet". Government of Canada. 2024-06-04. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  137. ↑ "D-96-08: Import and Domestic Movement Requirements, Sorghum spp". Government of Canada. 2014-08-05. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  138. ↑ "D-95-28: Plant Protection Import and Domestic Movement Requirements for Corn (Zea mays)". Government of Canada. 2022-04-14. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  139. ↑ "Sirex wasp – Sirex noctilio F." Government of Canada. 2019-06-12. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  140. ↑ "Brown spruce longhorn beetle – Tetropium fuscum". Government of Canada. 2025-02-21. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  141. ↑ "Tetropium fuscum (Fabricius) - Fact sheet". Government of Canada. 2019-05-14. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  142. ↑ "Khapra beetle – Trogoderma granarium everts". Government of Canada. 2019-11-04. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  143. ↑ "Trogoderma granarium (khapra beetle) - Fact sheet". Government of Canada. 2019-11-04. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  144. ↑ "Tomato leafminer – Tuta absoluta". Government of Canada. 2023-04-20. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  145. ↑ "Tuta absoluta (Tomato Leafminer) - Fact Sheet". Government of Canada. 2019-05-14. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  146. ↑ "Grape phylloxera – Daktulosphaira vitifoliae or Viteus vitifoliae". Government of Canada. 2025-05-06. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  147. ↑ "Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Grape phylloxera) – Fact sheet". Government of Canada. 2020-09-28. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  148. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Importing and handling live snails for commercial or personal purposes". Government of Canada. 2021-08-11. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  149. ↑ "Black slug". Invasive Species Council of BC. 2026-06-26. Retrieved 2026-06-26.
  150. ↑ "European brown garden snail – Cornu aspersum (Müller)". Government of Canada. 2018-06-11. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  151. ↑ "Cornu aspersum (European brown garden snail) - Fact sheet". Government of Canada. 2014-01-14. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  152. ↑ "D-09-01: Phytosanitary Requirements to Prevent the Introduction and Spread of the European Brown Garden Snail (Cornu Aspersum [Müller], Syn. Helix Aspersa [Müller]) from the Continental United States". Government of Canada. 2018-06-04. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  153. ↑ "Apple proliferation phytoplasma - inspection.canada.ca".
  154. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Invasive Pathogens". Invasive Species Centre. Retrieved 2026-04-04.
  155. ↑ "Dutch elm disease - inspection.canada.ca".
  156. ↑ "Oak wilt - inspection.canada.ca".
  157. ↑ "About wild boar at large". Government of Alberta. Retrieved 2026-06-27.
  158. ↑ "American Bullfrog". Invasive Species Council of BC. 2026-06-26. Retrieved 2026-06-26.
  159. ↑ "European Wall Lizard". Invasive Species Council of BC. 2026-06-26. Retrieved 2026-06-26.
  160. ↑ "Eastern Grey Squirrel". Invasive Species Council of BC. 2026-06-26. Retrieved 2026-06-26.
  161. ↑ "Wild boar in Alberta". Government of Alberta. 2026-06-27. Retrieved 2026-06-27.
  162. ↑ "About aquatic invasive species". Fisheries and Oceans Canada. 2019-05-03. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
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