Hickmanoxyomma gibbergunyar

Hickmanoxyomma gibbergunyar
At Marakoopa Cave, Mole Creek Karst National Park
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Opiliones
Family: Triaenonychidae
Genus: Hickmanoxyomma
Species:
H. gibbergunyar
Binomial name
Hickmanoxyomma gibbergunyar
Hunt, 1990
Distribution of Hickmanoxyomma gibbergunyar[1]

Hickmanoxyomma gibbergunyar, commonly known as the Mole Creek Cave harvestman, is a rare species of harvestman endemic to the Mole Creek karst system in Tasmania, Australia.[2]

The species name gibbergunyar is reportedly derived from the Australian Aboriginal word "gibber-gunyar", which means "a cave dwelling".[3]

Taxonomy and phylogeny

H. gibbergunyar was first described by arachnologist Glenn Hunt in 1990.[3] The species belongs to the genus Hickmanoxyomma, of the harvestman family Triaenonychidae.[3][1][4] Triaenonychidae represents an ancient Gondwanan lineage that diversified approximately 200 million years ago, prior to the breakup of the supercontinent Gondwana.[4] As a result, members of this family are largely restricted to temperate regions of former Gondwanan landmasses in the Southern Hemisphere.[4] The genus Hickmanoxyomma is endemic to Tasmania and currently comprises seven described species, six of which are cave-dwelling.[3] Hickmanoxyomma are the most widely distributed harvestmen in Tasmania's caves.[3]

Speciation within Hickmanoxyomma was likely facilitated by climatic changes during the Pleistocene, when glacial conditions are thought to have caused the extinction of surface-dwelling ancestors, isolating surviving populations within caves.[3][5][6] Many cave fauna are descended from hygrophilic soil- and litter-dwelling ancestors, pre-adapting them to the cool, wet, conditions of caves.[5][6]

Within the genus, H. gibbergunyar is most closely related to Hickmanoxyomma tasmanicum, with the two forming the tasmanicum species group.[3] The two species can be distinguished by the size of the tubercles (bumps) along the posterior margin of the scute and the free tergites; H. tasmanicum possesses large, rounded tubercles in this region, whereas H. gibbergunyar has much smaller bumps or fine granules.[3]

Description

Dorsal view

The body of H. gibbergunyar ranges from 5–7 mm (0.20–0.28 in) in length, and is light brown with darker brown patterning.[3] IT has elongated legs that are more than three times the length of the body.[3] It has a low, oval body with a prominent eye mound bearing a small upward-projecting spine, a feature that distinguishes Hickmanoxyomma from a similar genus, Odontonuncia.[3]

The jaws (chelicerae) are small but armed with a large spine and several smaller dorsal spines, and the short "pincer‑like" appendages (pedipalps) beside the mouth are fairly strong and spiny, helping it to grip prey or detritus.[3][7][8]

Females are similar to the males, but have a smaller body, with shorter, narrower pedipalps that have thinner, less developed spines.[3]

Habitat and distribution

Distribution

Hickmanoxyomma gibbergunyar is only found in the Mole Creek karst system of central northern Tasmania,[2][3] where it is widespread and seldom common in any given cave, though occasionally locally abundant.[2][9]

This species has been recorded in at least 10 caves within this karst system,[2][5][6][9] including:

  • Anastomosis
  • Baldocks Cave
  • Cow Cave-Pyramid Link
  • Cyclops Cave
  • Georgies Hall
  • Herberts Pot
  • Honeycomb Cave
  • Kubla Khan Cave
  • Westmorland Cave
  • Wet Cave
  • Wombat Cave

However, it is likely to be more widespread than currently known.[2] As of 2005, there is no evidence that the distribution of this species has recently declined.[2]

Habitat

H. gibbergunyar lives on the floors, ceilings and walls of these caves, in both dark and transition zones.[2] It is often observed near glowworms.[2]

Cave adaptations

H. gibbergunyar is a troglobite, meaning it lives exclusively within dark, underground habitats such as caves.[2][9] Species of the Hickmanoxyomma genus, including H. gibbergunyar, exhibit several morphological adaptations to cave environments, including depigmentation, and reduced eye size associated with the absence of light.[3][10] Other adaptations include reduced lateral branches on the claws of legs III and IV, and elongation of pedipalps and legs.[3][10]

The second pair of legs is particularly elongated, a trait also seen in Hickmanoxyomma cavaticum and other cavernicolous harvestmen species.[11][12] These legs contain a high concentration of sensory structures and function as "feelers", enabling individuals to detect vibrations and prey and compensate for reduced eyesight.[11][12][13] All legs of H. gibbergunyar are elongated, which may improve locomotion across uneven cave terrain.[14][15]

Ecology

H. gibbergunyar is one of 195 species found in the 509 known caves of the Mole Creek karst area; this high species diversity partially reflects the intensity of study in Mole Creek relative to other karst systems.[16] As an invertebrate within a Tasmanian cave community, H. gibbergunyar lives in a low-nutrient environment that relies on both natural organic input from the surface and the recycling of nutrients within the karst ecosystem.[17] This relative lack of nutrients means that abundance and biomass of Tasmanian cave fauna tends to be low, even if diversity is high. [18]

Diet

Ventral view of the chelicera and pedipalps

Aside from the Tasmanian cave spider (Hickmania troglodytes), harvestmen such as H. gibbergunyar act as the top predator within the Mole Creek Karst system,[8][11] feeding on invertebrates like crickets (eg. Micropathus cavernicola, Parvotettix goede), beetles (eg. Tasmanotrechus cockerilli) , and potentially glow worms.[2][9] They search for prey using their long legs and sensory organs, before ambushing them using their thorny, highly armoured chelicerae and pedipalps (pictured right).[8][11]

They may also scavenge on detritus, such as epigean animals, rotting vegetation, and other organic matter washed in through creeks and streams, as well as faeces and carcasses.[15]

Predation

Direct predators of H. gibbergunyar have not been documented, but may include Hickmania troglodytes (Tasmanian Cave Spider), or opportunistic cave visitors such as lizards, snakes, possums and Tasmanian devils.[19]

Life history and reproduction

The life history of H. gibbergunyar, and the Hickmanoxyomma genus more broadly, is largely unknown.[2]  No specific data exists on its life cycle, reproduction, development time, longevity, or breeding habits in published sources. H. gibbergunyar likely reproduces sexually, as indicated by detailed descriptions of male genitalia and sexual dimorphism.[3]

Threats and conservation

H. gibbergunyar is listed as 'Rare' under the Tasmanian Threatened Species Protection Act 1995,[2][9] and was deemed secure following its last assessment in 2005.[2] However, individual cave populations may become threatened, because many are situated on private property, where land practices may threaten individual habitats.[8][9]

Potential threats to H. gibbergunyar populations include land clearing, quarrying and changes to drainage, water, and nutrient levels due to agricultural practices.[2][5][8][9] Cave users may represent a threat to this species through trampling; both of individual harvestmen, and of their habitat.[2][8][9]

References

  1. 1 2 Australia, Atlas of Living. "Species: Hickmanoxyomma gibbergunyar". bie.ala.org.au. Retrieved 2026-04-03.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Threatened Species Unit 2005, Listing Statement Mole Creek Cave Harvestman Hickmanoxyomma gibbergunyar, June, Nature Conservation Branch, Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment, Tasmania.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Hunt, GS 1990, 'Hickmanoxyomma, a New Genus of Cavernicolous Harvestmen from Tasmania (Opiliones: Triaenonychidae)', Records of the Australian Museum, vol. 42, Australian Museum, no. 1, pp. 45–68.
  4. 1 2 3 Sharma, Prashant P.; Giribet, Gonzalo (2011-09-30). "The evolutionary and biogeographic history of the armoured harvestmen – Laniatores phylogeny based on ten molecular markers, with the description of two new families of Opiliones (Arachnida)". Invertebrate Systematics. 25 (2): 106–142. doi:10.1071/IS11002. ISSN 1445-5226.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Eberhard, Stefan (1992-01-01). The invertebrate cave fauna of Tasmania : ecology and conservation biology (Thesis). University of Tasmania. doi:10.25959/23232260.
  6. 1 2 3 Eberhard, S. (Stefan); Swain, R. (Roy); Richardson, A. M. M. (Alastair Mackenzie Martyn); University of Tasmania. Department of Zoology (1991), The invertebrate cave fauna of Tasmania / Stefan M. Eberhard, Alastair M.M. Richardson, Roy Swain, Zoology Dept., University of Tasmania, ISBN 0646060724
  7. ↑ Wolff, Jonas O.; Schönhofer, Axel L.; Martens, Jochen; Wijnhoven, Hay; Taylor, Christopher K.; Gorb, Stanislav N. (July 2016). "The evolution of pedipalps and glandular hairs as predatory devices in harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 177 (3): 558–601. doi:10.1111/zoj.12375.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Clarke, A 1997a, Management Prescriptions for Tasmania's Cave Fauna, Report to the Tasmanian Regional Forest Agreement Environment and Heritage Technical Committee, March.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Eberhard, S.; Tasmania. Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment, host institution; Tasmania. Nature Conservation Branch, issuing body; Tasmania. Parks and Wildlife Service, host institution (2000), "1 online resource (iii, 38 pages)", Reconnaissance survey of cave fauna management issues in the Mole Creek Karst National Park, Tasmania, Nature conservation report (Tasmania. Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment), Hobart, Tasmania: Nature Conservation Branch, Department of Primary Industry, Water and Environment, p. 5, ISSN 1441-0680, nla.obj-1382383013, retrieved 3 April 2026 – via Trove{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. 1 2 Hunt, GS 1970, 'Notes on Australian Cave Harvestmen', in Proceedings of the 8th National Conference of the Australian Speleological Federation (Cave Biol. Sect.), pp. 76–80, viewed 11 March 2026, <http://st1.asflib.net/JNS/AUNat/ASF/ASF-ConfProc/ASF-8thConfMat-1970-SandyBay/ASF-8th-CaveHarvestmen.pdf>.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Clarke, A 1999, 'Cave Fauna Interpretation: Hastings Karst (Newdegate Cave)', in J Butt & J Allison (eds), The Speleo Spiel , no. 314, p. 12, viewed 12 March 2026, <https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1438&context=speleo_spiel>
  12. 1 2 Willemart, Rodrigo H.; Farine, Jean-Pierre; Gnaspini, Pedro (July 2009). "Sensory biology of Phalangida harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones): a review, with new morphological data on 18 species". Acta Zoologica. 90 (3): 209–227. Bibcode:2009AcZoo..90..209W. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6395.2008.00341.x. ISSN 0001-7272.
  13. ↑ Gainett, G, Sharma, PP, Giribet, G & Willemart, RH 2018, 'The Sensory Equipment of a Sandokanid: an Extreme Case of Tarsal Reduction in Harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones, Laniatores)', Journal of Morphology, vol. 279, no. 9, pp. 1206–1223.
  14. ↑ Liu, W, Golovatch, S, Wesener, T & Tian, M 2017, 'Convergent Evolution of Unique Morphological Adaptations to a Subterranean Environment in Cave Millipedes (Diplopoda)', in C Wicker-Thomas (ed.), PLOS One, vol. 12, no. 2, p. e0170717
  15. 1 2 Barr, TC 1968, 'Cave Ecology and the Evolution of Troglobites', in T Dobzhansky, MK Hecht & WC Steere (eds), Evolutionary Biology, Volume 2, Springer, Boston, MA, pp. 48, 92
  16. ↑ Clarke, A 2005, 'An Overview of Cave Areas and the Invertebrate Cave Fauna of Tasmania', in Proceedings of the 25th Biennial Conference of the Australian Speleological Federation, p. 10.
  17. ↑ Clarke, A 1997b, 'Karst Bio-space', in Proceedings of the 21st Biennial Conference of the Australian Speleological Federation, Australian Speleological Federation Incorporated, p. 83, viewed 12 March 2026, <http://st1.asflib.net/JNS/AUNat/ASF/ASF-ConfProc/ASF-21stCnfProc1997.pdf>.
  18. ↑ Doran, NE, Kiernan, K, Swain, R & Richardson, AMM 1999, 'Hickmania Troglodytes, the Tasmanian Cave Spider, and Its Potential Role in Cave Management', Journal of Insect Conservation, vol. 3, pp. 257–262.
  19. ↑ Goede, A 1967, 'Tasmanian Cave Fauna: Character and Distribution.', in A Lane & AM Richards (eds), Helictite Journal of Australasian Cave Research, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 71–85.
This page is issued from Wikipedia. The text is available under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.