GNGT2

GNGT2
Identifiers
Aliases	GNGT2, G-GAMMA-8, G-GAMMA-C, GNG8, GNG9, GNGT8, G protein subunit gamma transducin 2, HG3I
External IDs	OMIM: 139391; MGI: 893584; GeneCards: GNGT2
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 17 (human) Band 17q21.32 Start 49,202,791 bp End 49,210,574 bp
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 11 (mouse) Band 11 D|11 59.01 cM Start 95,728,042 bp End 95,736,560 bp
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in granulocyte monocyte spleen lymph node blood appendix mucosa of transverse colon smooth muscle tissue right lung gallbladder Top expressed in neural layer of retina granulocyte thymus yolk sac embryo right kidney spleen muscle of thigh interventricular septum esophagus More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function signal transducer activity GTPase activity G-protein beta-subunit binding Cellular component heterotrimeric G-protein complex plasma membrane membrane G-protein beta/gamma-subunit complex Biological process G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway signal transduction phototransduction Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Databases NCBI: entry; OMA: entry Species Human Mouse Entrez 2793 14710 Ensembl ENSG00000167083 ENSMUSG00000038811 UniProt O14610 Q61017 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001198754 NM_001198755 NM_001198756 NM_031498 NM_001038664 NM_001284393 NM_001284397 NM_023121 RefSeq (protein) NP_001185683 NP_001185684 NP_001185685 NP_113686 NP_001033753 NP_001271322 NP_001271326 NP_075610 Location (UCSC) Chr 17: 49.2 – 49.21 Mb Chr 11: 95.73 – 95.74 Mb PubMed search
Wikidata
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Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-T2 is a signalling protein protein that in humans and vertebrates is encoded by the GNGT2 gene. Either GNGT1 or GNGT2 is the gamma subunit of the G_βγ part of transducin (written G(T) or G_t), a heterotrimeric G-protein naturally expressed in vertebrate retina rod and cone cell of the eye, where it is thought to play a crucial role in phototransduction. GNGT2 only occurs in cone cells, and GNGT1 only occurs in rod cells.

As the gamma subunit (G_γ) of three different families of G proteins (G(I)/G_i, G(S)/G_s and G(O)G_o), GNGT2 is expressed in at least 23 tissues and other cell types, including monocytes of the vertebrate innate immune system, where at increased levels it has been shown to be a potential prognostic marker for some types of cancer, including esophageal cancer.

Several transcript variants encoding the GNGT2 protein have been found for the GNGT2 gene. There is evidence for use of multiple polyadenylation sites by this gene.

Further reading

• Cohen NA, Sha Q, Makhina EN, Lopatin AN, Linder ME, Snyder SH, et al. (December 1996). "Inhibition of an inward rectifier potassium channel (Kir2.3) by G-protein betagamma subunits". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 271 (50): 32301–32305. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.50.32301. PMID 8943291.
• Huang CL, Jan YN, Jan LY (1997). "Binding of the G protein betagamma subunit to multiple regions of G protein-gated inward-rectifying K+ channels". FEBS Letters. 405 (3): 291–298. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(97)00197-X. PMID 9108307. S2CID 44072628.
• Cook LA, Schey KL, Cleator JH, Wilcox MD, Dingus J, Hildebrandt JD (December 2001). "Identification of a region in G protein gamma subunits conserved across species but hypervariable among subunit isoforms". Protein Science. 10 (12): 2548–2555. doi:10.1110/ps.ps.26401. PMC 2374038. PMID 11714923.
• Cuello F, Schulze RA, Heemeyer F, Meyer HE, Lutz S, Jakobs KH, et al. (February 2003). "Activation of heterotrimeric G proteins by a high energy phosphate transfer via nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) B and Gbeta subunits. Complex formation of NDPK B with Gbeta gamma dimers and phosphorylation of His-266 IN Gbeta". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (9): 7220–7226. doi:10.1074/jbc.M210304200. PMID 12486123.
• Ivanina T, Rishal I, Varon D, Mullner C, Frohnwieser-Steinecke B, Schreibmayer W, et al. (August 2003). "Mapping the Gbetagamma-binding sites in GIRK1 and GIRK2 subunits of the G protein-activated K+ channel". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (31): 29174–29183. doi:10.1074/jbc.M304518200. PMID 12743112.

• DePuy SD, Yao J, Hu C, McIntire W, Bidaud I, Lory P, et al. (September 2006). "The molecular basis for T-type Ca2+ channel inhibition by G protein beta2gamma2 subunits". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (39): 14590–14595. Bibcode:2006PNAS..10314590D. doi:10.1073/pnas.0603945103. PMC 1600004. PMID 16973746.